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8 Application Area of Polar Curves

The document discusses finding the area of regions bounded by polar curves using integration. It provides examples of calculating the area enclosed by the curves r=2sinθ and r=2+2cosθ. It also reviews other curves that have simple expressions in polar coordinates such as limacons, rose curves, and lemniscates.

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Ellery Salas
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62 views

8 Application Area of Polar Curves

The document discusses finding the area of regions bounded by polar curves using integration. It provides examples of calculating the area enclosed by the curves r=2sinθ and r=2+2cosθ. It also reviews other curves that have simple expressions in polar coordinates such as limacons, rose curves, and lemniscates.

Uploaded by

Ellery Salas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5

INTEGRALS
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Area in Polar Coordinates

In this section, we will learn about:


Using integration to find out
the area of region bounded by polar curves.
Review: Polar coordinate system
Review: Rectangular to polar coordinates

Rectangular to Polar to rectangular


polar coordinates: coordinates:
Review: Plotting points using polar coordinates
Finding the area in polar coordinates

Consider the area bounded by the radial lines


𝜃 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 𝛽, and the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) where
𝑓(𝜃) is a continuous single-valued function.
Finding the area in polar coordinates (cont’d)

If the area is divided into 𝑛 equal parts by means


of radial lines from the origin, the area is divided
into 𝑛 increments of area (such as the shaded
section).
Area of a circular sector

Area of the circular sector:


1 2
𝐴 = 2𝑟 𝜃
INTEGRALS Equation 1
Approximating each of these increments by elements
of area in the form of circular sectors (such as the
1 2
shaded part) we find by *, that 𝑑𝐴 = 2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃.

𝟏 𝜷 𝟐
Hence, 𝑨 = 𝟐
‫׬‬𝜶
𝒓 𝒅𝜽

* area of circular sector:


1
𝐴 = 2 𝑟2𝜃
Example 1
Find the area enclosed by the curve r = 2 sin 𝜃.
Solution:

𝜃 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 2
𝑟 0 2 2 0

1 𝑏 2 1 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = න (2 sin 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = 2 න sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑎 2 0 0

𝜋 𝜋
1 − cos(2𝜃) sin 2𝜃 sin 2𝜋 sin 0
= 2න 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 − =𝜋− −0+
0 2 2 0
2 2
= 𝜋−0−0+0=𝝅
Example 2
Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of
𝑟 = 2 + 2 cos 𝜃.
Solution:

1 𝑏 2 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 2 න 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = න (2 + 2 cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = 4 න 1 + cos 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑎 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
2
1 cos 2𝜃
= 4 න 1 + 2 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4 න 1 + 2 cos 𝜃 + + 𝑑𝜃
0 0 2 2
𝜋
𝜃 sin 2𝜃
= 4 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 + +
2 4 0

𝜋 sin 2𝜋 sin 0
= 4 𝜋 + 2 sin 𝜋 + + − 0 − 2 sin 0 − 0 − = 𝟔𝝅
2 4 4
Additional Review Notes: Other curves in polar
coordinates

Some curves have a simple expression in polar


coordinates, whereas they would be very complex
to represent in Cartesian coordinates.

Polar equations can be used to generate unique


graphs such as limacons, rose curves, and
lemniscates.
a) Limacons (Snails)

The limaçons containing sine will be above the horizontal axis if the sign
between a and b is plus or below the horizontal axis if the sign if minus. If
the limaçon contains the function cosine then the graph will be either to
the right of the vertical axis if the sign is plus or to the left if the sign is
minus.
b) Rose curves
Rose curves have a petal-like shape. The graphs look
complex but a simple polar equation generates the pattern.
c) Lemniscates
Lemniscates have the shape of a figure-8 or a propeller.
They have a general polar equation of:
𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 sin 2𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0

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