IDEAL SOLUTION

CLASS-12 BOARDS Interaction of A-B are equal to interaction of A-A

and B-B

ingmen Nanoanim Di-

De
= DA + PB
-Pi AYmix

AUnix =
= 0

i
STREETEEM
eg n -
Nexane + n-Heptan

xA 1 =
more fraction xA 0
=

xB 0 =

xB 1
=

NON-IDEAL SOLUTION

Positive Deviation Negative Deviation

A-B interaction
A-B interaction are weaker are

than A-A and B-B interaction stronger thanA-Aanda

&Umix = tre & Unix = -
ve
DUmiX=tVe & Umix = -
ve

+ PB
DA Dis DA + PB
Dis
-

X
-
-

X
De
-
=
De
=

Di- Di-

SOLUTIONS a a
Mass Percentage w2x100
~

(W(w)!. =

W, t W2 xA=1 mole Fraction (A=0 xA=1 mole Fraction (A=0

xB 0
=

xB 1
=

xB 0 =

xB 1
=

Volume Percentage (V(% =

100
x form minimum boiling for Maximum boiling
A
zeotropes a zeotropes
Mass by Volume Percentage (w() =
w2
X 100
↓Cm mL)
e.g Acelone + Ethanol acelone
e.g
alorotom
Mass fraction

X1 =
100 Nz =
wz Colligative Properties depend on number of solute

+ wz W2 Relative lowering
is
wi wit
-> a or iCB
of X.P
as

Parts per million (ppm) 106

EwaX
->

levation
= in i Kxm
Point -> DTb =16M or

Boiling
Molarity (M) Unit
Xoom moblite
=

or Depression in
=
1 Kfm
->
* Tf: km or

freezing Point
Pressure-T=COT
Molality (m) =

BxZ(g) Unit =

moles/kg
Osmotic or
RT or
iNX*XT
↳molacity is inversely proportional unit of Kb and
Kf=Kkg mol
to temperature &To -
Elevation in B.Ot
&Tb Tx T
(X)
=

Mole Fraction
-

Alf- Depression in F.Ot

AT =
Tj -

TS ↑- S.Ot
of solution
tup
Us
XA =
XB=
MA +UB kb T - B.Ot
of pure solvent
Xwxg)
DTb =

xATXB=1 mole fraction is a unitless

#
-foot of pure solvent
Fpt of solution
q, uantity DT:
-
If
-bartial pressure of gas Kfxxs Ko a moral elevation
Henry Law e
constant
p =
kuYB " motal depression
Vault Hot factor (i) constant
a mole fraction of solute
Normal Molecular mass
RAOULT'S LAN Purujia.0= observed Molecular Mass

PACYA PBCXB is solute undergoes dissociation

PA =
PAXXA PB=bsXYr i <1 solute undergoes association
i =
1 no association no dissociation
for Volatile solute For Non-Volatile solute
PT =
PA+PB Dy PA =

DEXTCA
=
X dissociation =

Cassociation =
 Electrochemistry Kohlrausch's Law
Cell-which convert one form of energy into

of
am Electrolyte =
SCation + An Anion
another form energy
degree of dissociation
Electrochemical Cell Eleckolytic cell
concentrations in
m[Molar conductivity
2- at
chemical - electrical electrical - chemical
2Molar conductivity at infinite dilution

Representation of cell Dissociation constant ((c)-

C
a ~

+ // on+1M
-
faraday's first law
Oxidation half cell Reduction half cell
MarMass
=
w zxIXt
=
IX
Two solution separation x

InC+//Cr<+ Faraday's second law

[where E equivaled
a
NERNST EQUATION wts weight]
Mnttheo Mist
->
Fuel Cell
Ecar: Ecu-591 lng nts At Anode- 2Hc+40U
-
-> 4H10 +400
At Cathode-OctCH0+feo -> HOU

Ecel =

Ecell-0531 lg ox
a at 298K Overall Reaction &He + Oz ->CH2O

Dry cell
At Equilibrium Eceu = 0
At Anode -
In ->In2t+2ee
Ecen =

0591 egg c at 298K Atcathode 2 MnOzt2NYu teO ->CMno(on) +INHs

Overalloyn In+&NUa +2MnOz ->>n2t+& MrO(OU) +CNHs

Gibbs Free Energy Lead. Storage Battery-
Ac= -
nfFell
At Anode Pb+s0?-> PbS0+ +228
2.303RTIng
-

Ac = -
Kc
Cathode-PbOctsOp- > PbSor
At + CHLO

CONDUCTIVITY OF IONIC SOLUTIONS corrosion of iron...

Unit = ohm-
conductance (4) =

= 5 =
k* or n At Anode- 2Fe->2Fe2++ 4ee
or siemens
~increases dilution larger nog ions At Cathode
on as
O2+4n+ + 400 -> <H0
are produced
Specific Conductance [CONDUCTIVITYS 8 verall reaction
CFe +Oz+4H+ -> CECt+CH20
Unit: ohm-1
1.or9X 9XG*
k = cm-
or
I or 5cm 1
Formula of rust fezos.C+cO
-
-

-> decrease on dilution as number of long bee cm3 decrease

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY
Unit-1cm motor
CHEMICAL KINETICS
1300
am =
15XY or
or s m2mol- R - 0

-Increase with dilution due to large innease in U. Rate of Reaction

AtR] tSEEI
-

Conductivity cam an
Limiting Molar or
UNIT OF RATE MolL sect or mol (min-
when concentration of electrolyte abbroaches zero
rate Instantaneous rate
Average
Go variation of molar conductivity with concentration change in concentration at change in concentration at
instant of time
large time interval any
R- O
dTR) +dTp]

:I
-

-
ATR] + DTD] At
=
At
=

DE It

# strong electrolyte
likekcl
am weak electrolyte
like
chycoon
NE ⑭

↳
Debye-Huckel Equation
Am dm =
- ANC

Am Molar
=
conductivity at x dilution
c =
concentration
A =
constant which depends upon

is Rate rate constant or speakin

Plot of am and against NE a straight line with
(aN-aA+bB-> Product
*
rate

intercept aim slope equal KTA)<Ty

to to -A.
equal
">"
and
Rate of Reaction =

actual used
for weak electrolyte, on dilution very large increasecondy order = c+B

or dilution only a small increaseconducthe

strong electrolyte, on
 Half life
tyech; where as order of COLLISION THEORY
Zero Order of collision blow the molecules
The number
reacting
is
rate= KTATO
takingplace per second ber unit volume
known as collision
#It =
1t + TASo
frequency
-

RFR
t =

rate =
PEAre-EaIRT
tl
=
unit of K Mol (15-1
P-P called the probability steric factor
=

or

fist Order
tyz 0.69)/K
=
IAD + collision frequency for reactant A&B.
Rate =
KIATL
Unit of K = Sec-
In [ATt=-Kt tIuTAJo

asoseg Chemistry
t=

PSEUDO FIRST ORDER-

Those reaction which
are not truely of first order but under
certain conditions becomes of first order

inversion of sugar
Hs <sH1zO6 +CsN12Oo
C12H220114 HO
Rate k [CinH22One]
=

Arrhenius Equation
k = Al-FaIRT

lg -
A
log k =

BRT
where K: Rate constant

A: Pre-exponential factor
Ea=Activation Energy Toteak

log =

osa[I
Role of Catalyst: a chemical substance which
alters the rate of reaction
without chemical
undergoing any change
A Rx*PateCatalysnation path

not EEEEEEEINR
with Catalyst

Catalyst

Reaction Co-ordinate