Assignment-7

Study & Implementation of

 Sub queries
 Views

SQL - Using Views

A view is nothing more than a SQL statement that is stored in the database with an associated name. A view is actually a
composition of a table in the form of a predefined SQL query.

A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table. A view can be created from one or many tables which
depends on the written SQL query to create a view.

Views, which are kind of virtual tables, allow users to do the following:

 Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or intuitive.

 Restrict access to the data such that a user can see and (sometimes) modify exactly what they need and no more.

 Summarize data from various tables which can be used to generate reports.

Creating Views:
Database views are created using the CREATE VIEW statement. Views can be created from a single table, multiple tables,
or another view.

To create a view, a user must have the appropriate system privilege according to the specific implementation.

The basic CREATE VIEW syntax is as follows:

CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2.....
FROM table_name
WHERE
[condition];
You can include multiple tables in your SELECT statement in very similar way as you use them in normal SQL SELECT query.

Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:
++++++
| ID | NAME| AGE | ADDRESS| SALARY|
 ++++++

SQL Sub
| 1 | Ramesh| 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan| 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |

Queries
| 5 | Hardik| 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal| 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy| 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
++++++

Q .1 create a view from CUSTOMERS_VIEW from CUSTOMER

table , VIEW should contain all records with column
Name , AGE
Q.2 Display all records from CUSTOMERS_VIEW

Updating a View:
A view can be updated under certain conditions:

 The SELECT clause may not contain the keyword DISTINCT.

 The SELECT clause may not contain summary functions.

 The SELECT clause may not contain set functions.

 The SELECT clause may not contain set operators.

 The SELECT clause may not contain an ORDER BY clause.

 The FROM clause may not contain multiple tables.

 The WHERE clause may not contain subqueries.

 The query may not contain GROUP BY or HAVING.

 Calculated columns may not be updated.

 All NOT NULL columns from the base table must be

included in the view in order for the INSERT query to
function.

So if a view satisfies all the abovementioned rules then you

can update a view. Following is an example to update the age

SQL > UPDATE CUSTOMERS_VIEW

SET AGE = 35
WHERE name='Ramesh';
of Ramesh:

Q. 1 Execute above query to check updated AGE of Ramesh.

SQL Subquery
A Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another SQL query and embedded within the WHERE
clause.

A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be
retrieved.

Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements along with the operators like =, <,
>, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN etc.

There are a few rules that subqueries must follow:

 Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses.

 A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause, unless multiple columns are in the main query for the
subquery to compare its selected columns.

 An ORDER BY cannot be used in a subquery, although the main query can use an ORDER BY. The GROUP BY can be
used to perform the same function as the ORDER BY in a subquery.

 Subqueries that return more than one row can only be used with multiple value operators, such as the IN operator.

 The SELECT list cannot include any references to values that evaluate to a BLOB, ARRAY, CLOB, or
NCLOB.

 A subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set function.

 The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a subquery; however, the BETWEEN operator can be used within the
subquery.

Subqueries with the SELECT Statement:

Subqueries are most frequently used with the SELECT statement. The basic syntax is as follows:

SELECT column_name [, column_name

] FROM table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE column_name OPERATOR
 (SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE])

Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

++++++
| ID | NAME| AGE | ADDRESS| SALARY|
++++++
| 1 | Ramesh| 35 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan| 25 | Delhi| 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota| 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai| 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal| 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore| 10000.00 |
++++++

Now, let us check the following subquery with SELECT statement:

SQL> SELECT *
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;

This would produce the following result:

++++++
| ID | NAME| AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY|
++++++
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik| 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy| 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
++++++

Subqueries with the INSERT Statement:

Subqueries also can be used with INSERT statements. The INSERT statement uses the data returned from the subquery to
insert into another table. The selected data in the subquery can be modified with any of the character, date or number
functions.

The basic syntax is as follows:

INSERT INTO table_name [ (column1 [, column2 ]) ]

SELECT [ *|column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[ WHERE VALUE OPERATOR
]
Example:
Consider a table CUSTOMERS_BKP with similar structure as CUSTOMERS table. Now to copy complete CUSTOMERS
table into CUSTOMERS_BKP, following is the syntax:

SQL> INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS_BKP

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
 WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
FROM CUSTOMERS) ;

Subqueries with the UPDATE Statement:

The subquery can be used in conjunction with the UPDATE statement. Either single or multiple columns in a table can be
updated when using a subquery with the UPDATE statement.

The basic syntax is as follows:

UPDATE table
SET column_name = new_value
[ WHERE OPERATOR [ VALUE ]
(SELECT COLUMN_NAME
FROM TABLE_NAME)
[ WHERE) ]

Example:
Assuming, we have CUSTOMERS_BKP table available which is backup of CUSTOMERS table.

Following example updates SALARY by 0.25 times in CUSTOMERS table for all the customers whose AGE is greater
than or equal to 27:

SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS

SET SALARY = SALARY * 0.25
WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP
WHERE AGE >= 27 );

This would impact two rows and finally CUSTOMERS table would have the following records:

++++++
| ID | NAME| AGE | ADDRESS| SALARY|
++++++
| 1 | Ramesh| 35 | Ahmedabad |125.00 |
| 2 | Khilan| 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik| 27 | Bhopal | 2125.00 |
| 6 | Komal| 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy| 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
++++++

Subqueries with the DELETE Statement:

The subquery can be used in conjunction with the DELETE statement like with any other statements mentioned above.

The basic syntax is as follows:

DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME

[ WHERE OPERATOR [ VALUE
] (SELECT COLUMN_NAME
FROM TABLE_NAME)
[ WHERE) ]
 Example:
Assuming, we have CUSTOMERS_BKP table available which is backup of CUSTOMERS table.

Following example deletes records from CUSTOMERS table for all the customers whose
AGE is greater than or equal to 27:

SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP
WHERE AGE > 27 );

This would impact two rows and finally CUSTOMERS table would have the following records:

++++++
| ID | NAME| AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY|
++++++
| 2 | Khilan| 25 | Delhi| 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota| 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
++++++

Q. Execute all above query to understand Subqueries concept In SQL .