SIN 325: Formulas and Tables for EC2 (EN1992)

2019

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 1. Material Properties
Steel:

Concrete:

25 kN/m3

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 2. Limit state design

3. Analysis and design for flexure

Steel:

Concrete:

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Relationship between strain and neutral axis:

Singly reinforced rectangular sections:

s=0.8x

Doubly reinforced rectangular sections: (when > 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖 𝒃𝒅𝟐 )

x= 0.45d s=0.8x

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 4. Shear design
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢

Design process:

1. Determine ultimate design shear force (VEf at face of support and VEd at distance d from the
face of support).
2. Check crushing strength of concrete compression strut (VRd,max):

𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.36 𝑏𝑤 𝑑(1 − )𝑓
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 𝑐𝑘
(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)

With Θ = 22o ; cotΘ=2.5; tanΘ=0.4

If VRd,max ≥ VEf : go to step 3

If VRd,max < VEf : Θ > 22o and must be calculated:

𝑉𝐸𝑓
𝜃 = 0.5 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 { } ≤ 45°
𝑓
0.18 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (1 − 𝑐𝑘 )𝑓𝑐𝑘
250
With VEf = shear at the face of the support

If θ > 45o: resize beam or increase concrete strength

3. Calculate bent-up bars required (optional and < 50% of shear reinforcement):

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 0.78 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘 (cot 𝛼 + cot 𝜃) sin 𝛼

With Asw = the cross sectional area of bent-up bar and s the spacing ( 𝑠 ≤ 0.6𝑑 (1 + cot 𝛼) )

4. Calculate shear links required:

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 0.78 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘 cot 𝜃

With Asw = the cross sectional area of the link legs and s the spacing of links (s ≤ 0.75d)

The shear resistance of the links can be calculated:

𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.78 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘 cot 𝜃
𝑠
5. Calculate minimum links required (nominal links):
0.5
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤
=
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘

6. Calculate the additional longitudinal tensile force caused by shear:

∆𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5 𝑉𝐸𝑑 cot 𝜃

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The shear capacity of concrete without stirrups:
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𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0.12 𝑘 (100 𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

With a minimum value of:

3 1
2
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0.035 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Where:

200
𝑘 = (1 + √ ) ≤ 2.0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑑

𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑

5. Torsion design

a) Determine ultimate design torsional moment (TEd ).

b) Check the maximum torsional moment that can be carried by the section (TRd, max):
1.33 𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑓 𝐴𝑘
𝑇𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)
Where:
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑣1 = 0.6 (1 − )
250
tef = total cross-section area/outer circumference
Ak is the area enclosed within the centre line of hollow section.

c) Calculate the torsional reinforcement required:

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑇𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 2 𝐴𝑘 0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 cot 𝜃
Where Asw is the area of one leg of a link

d) Calculate the additional longitudinal reinforcement (Asl) required:

𝑇𝐸𝑑 𝑢𝑘 cot 𝜃
𝐴𝑠𝑙 =
2 𝐴𝑘 0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑙𝑘

e) For combined torsion and shear:

𝑇𝐸𝑑 𝑉𝐸𝑑
+ ≤1
𝑇𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥

f) For complex shapes:

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𝑇𝐸𝑑 𝐾𝑖 (ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑖
𝑇𝑖 = 3
∑(𝐾 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

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St Venant’s torsional constant K
hmax/hmin K hmax/hmin K
1.0 0.14 3.0 0.26
1.2 0.17 4.0 0.28
1.5 0.20 5.0 0.29
2.0 0.23 10.0 0.31
2.5 0.25 >10 0.33

6. Footing design
𝒇𝒄𝒌
Shear force at column face < 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒗𝟏 ( )𝒖 𝒅
𝟏.𝟓

𝒇𝒄𝒌
where 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔 (𝟏 − )
𝟐𝟓𝟎

7. Anchorage bond
Design values for bond stresses fbd (MPa)
fck
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
(MPa)
fbd
2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.7
(MPa)

8. Serviceability, durability and stability

Exposure classes: Minimum concrete cover (mm)

Conditions of exposure
Mild Moderate Severe Very severe Extreme
20 30 40 50 60

Minimum dimensions for fire resistance:

Fire Minimum dimensions(mm)
rating Simply supported Continuous
R60 bmin= 120 160 200 300 120 200
a= 40 35 30 25 25 12
R90 bmin= 150 200 300 400 150 250
a= 55 45 40 35 35 25
R120 bmin= 200 240 300 500 200 300 450 500
a= 65 60 55 50 45 35 35 30
R240 bmin= 280 350 500 700 280 500 650 700
a= 90 80 75 70 75 60 60 50
Where: a is the minimum concrete cover to the main bar axis and
bmin is the minimum width of the beam.
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Minimum reinforcement:
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
Tension reinforcement in beams: 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
> 0.26 𝑓𝑦𝑘

where bt is the mean width of the tension zone and

fctm is the tensile strength of concrete.
Secondary reinforcement: 20% of main reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement in columns: 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0.002 𝐴𝑐

Maximum reinforcement:
100 𝐴𝑠
≤ 4% (8% 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠)
𝐴𝑐

Maximum bar diameters for 0.3 mm crack widths:

Steel stress Maximum bar

(MPa) size (mm)
160 32
200 25
240 16
280 12
320 10
360 8
400 6
450 5

Span-effective depth ratios:

Structural system l/d ratio

Simply supported beam 20
End span of continuous beam 26
Interior span of continuous beam 30
Cantilever 8

Mean 28 day tensile strength and modulus of elasticity

Strength class
C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
fctm
2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1
(MPa)
Ecm
30 31 33 34 35 36 37
(GPa)
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 9. Effective span lengths:

10. Simplified analysis for continuous beams

Conditions for the use of the simplified method:
a. LL ≤ 1.25 DL;
b. Substantially uniformly distributed loads;
c. Beam must have 3 or more spans;
d. Span lengths must not vary by more than 15% of longest span.

Ultimate design bending moments and shear forces:

11. Flanged beams

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖

Where: 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2 𝑏𝑖 + 0.1 𝑙0 ≤ 0.2 𝑙0 ≤ 𝑏𝑖

𝑙0 is the distance between zero moments (0.7l in continuous

beams)

2 𝑏𝑖 is the clear distance between webs of adjacent beams

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12. Simplified curtailment of bars

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 13. SLABS

13.1 One way spanning slab

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Ultimate bending moments and shear forces in a one-way slabs

13.2 Two way spanning slab – simply supported

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Bending moment coefficient for simply supported two-way spanning slabs
ly/lx sx sy
1.0 0.062 0.062
1.1 0.074 0.061
1.2 0.084 0.059
1.3 0.093 0.055
1.4 0.099 0.051
1.5 0.104 0.046
1.75 0.113 0.037
2.0 0.118 0.029

Bending moments for simply supported two-way spanning slabs:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛼𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥2

𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛼𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥2

lx = length of the shorter span

ly = length of the longer span

msx = maximum moment at midspan on a unit width of slab with span lx

msy = maximum moment at midspan on a unit width of slab with span ly

n = total design load (kN/m2) at ultimate = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

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Two way spanning slab – corners restrained

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Bending moments for two-way spanning slabs with corners restrained:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥2

𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥2

lx = length of the shorter span

ly = length of the longer span

msx = maximum moment at midspan on a unit width of slab with span lx

msy = maximum moment at midspan on a unit width of slab with span ly

n = total design load (kN/m2) at ultimate = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

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13.3 Flat slabs
Simplified method / Equivalent Frame Method

Bending moment and shear force coefficients for flat slab panels of three or more equal spans:

Position Moment Shear

Outer support 0 0.4F
Near centre of end span 0.086FL -
First interior support -0.086FL 0.6F
Centre of interior span 0.063FL -
Interior support -0.063FL 0.5F

Apportionment between column and middle strip moment:

Code Column strip Middle strip

Negative moment 75% 25%
Positive moment 55% 45%

Column and middle strip

Column strip width = lx/4 (lx = short span length) as shown in the Figure below, if a slab drop is present then
the column strip is taken as the width of drop. The drop is ignored if its width is less than lx/3.

Figure: Division of panels into columns and middle strips, no slab drop (Robberts et al,. 2009)

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13.4 Slab Design
13.4.1 Flexure

In general for less than 15% moment redistribution and K < 0.167 then no compression reinforcement is
𝑀
required for 𝐾 = 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓 < 0.167.
𝑐𝑘

Where:

K = ratio to determine if compression reinforcement is required

M = factored design moment (Nmm)
b = width of the section (mm)
d = effective depth of the section (mm)
fck = cylinder strength = 0.8fcu

𝑀
For tension reinforcement only: 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓
𝑦𝑧

Where:

As = amount of tensile reinforcement required (mm2)

M = factored design moment (Nmm)

z = lever arm between the centre of the concrete compression block and tensile reinforcement

13.4.2 Beam type shear

Concrete resistance to beam types shear is given by the formula for vRd,c (shear stress):

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3

But not less than

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.035√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑘 3/2

Where:

200
𝑘 = [1 + √ ] ≤ 2.0
𝑑

𝐴𝑠1
𝜌= ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Where:

As1 = the area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the section considered by at least a full anchorage
length plus one effective depth
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bw = the smallest width of the section in the tensile area (mm)

Table: Ultimate shear stress, vRd,c (MPa) for 30MPa cube strength concrete

100𝐴𝑠 Effective depth (mm)

𝑏𝑤 𝑑 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 400 500 750 1000 2000
0.25 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.29
0.5 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.36
0.75 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.41
1 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.59 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.46
1.25 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.49
1.5 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.52
2 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.74 0.71 0.66 0.63 0.57

13.4.3 Punching shear

The shear stress at the column perimeter should first be checked that is does not exceed the maximum value
for the concrete strength:

1000𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = ≤ 0.2 (1 − ( )) 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑢0 𝑑 200

Where:

Veff = the effective shear force in kN, the shear force magnified by the effect of moment transfer V eff = V (See
Figure below for  values)

d = the average of the effective depth of the tension reinforcement in both direction

u0 = column perimeter in mm

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Figure: Recommended values for 

The shear stress should then be checked at the basic control perimeter, 2d from the column perimeter:

1000𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑣𝐸𝑑 =
𝑢1 𝑑

Where:

vEd = shear stress at the basic control perimeter, a distance 2d from the column perimeter

u1 = the length of the basic control perimeter in mm. See Figure 23 for columns close to a free edge.

Figure: Basic control perimeters for loaded areas close to or at an edge (Pike et al., 2006)

If the applied shear applied is less than the permissible ultimate shear stress of the reinforced concrete no
further checks are required. If vEd > vRd,c, the outer control perimeter, uout at which vEd ≤ vRd,c is then
determined. The concrete shear resistance stress is calculated similarly to the beam type shear resistance.

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If shear reinforcement is required it must be provided within the area between the column face and 1.5d
inside the outer control perimeter such that:

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐𝑠 − 0.75𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 =
𝑑 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓
1.5
𝑠𝑟 × 𝑢1 𝑑

Asw = area of one perimeter of shear reinforcement around the column

sr = radial spacing perimeter of shear reinforcement = 0.75d

fywd,ef = effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement

𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓 = 250 + 0.25𝑑 ≤
1.15

d = mean effective depths in the orthogonal directions

vRd,cs = punching shear resistance (stress in MPa) of the reinforced concrete slab

 = angle between the reinforcement and the plane of the slab, so that sin  = 1 for vertical reinforcement.

This expression allows for a 75% contribution from the unreinforced concrete slab.

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐𝑠 − 0.75𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑤 =
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑,𝑒𝑓
1.5 𝑠 𝑢
𝑟 1

13.5 Staircases
The unit weight of the waist, measured horizontally, is determined by multiplying the unit weight
measured along the slope of the stair.

√𝑅 2 + 𝐺 2
𝐺

The unit weight of stairs (without the waist), is measured horizontally by approximating it as a slab
with thickness R/2. If a stair is supported by elements spanning at right angles to the span of the
stair, the effective span of the stair may be taken as the clear distance between supports plus half
the width of the supporting elements, up to a maximum distance of 900mm at both ends.

The allowable l/d may be increased by 15% if the stairs make up 60% or more of the span.
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 14. Columns

14.1 Effective length of a column

For braced members:

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘1

For unbraced members the larger of:

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑘1 × 𝑘2 or 𝑙0 = 𝑙 (1 + ) (1 + )
𝑙0 = 𝑙√(1 + 10 ) 1 + 𝑘1 1 + 𝑘2
𝑘1 + 𝑘2
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Where:
l is the clear height of the column between end restraints
k1 and k2 are the relative flexibilities of the rotational restraints at the ends 1 and 2

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 ) (𝐼⁄𝑙 )

𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝑘= = =
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∑ 2(𝐸𝐼⁄ ) 𝐼
𝑙 𝑏𝑚 ∑ 2( ⁄𝑙 )𝑏𝑚

The Concrete Centre has developed a Table shown below to help simplify the calculations

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14.2 Short vs Slender Columns
The slenderness () of a column is defined be the ratio of the effective height (length) to the
dimension of the section perpendicular to the axis of bending consideration. A column is slender if:
𝑀 𝑀1𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑧 (1.7− 1𝑧 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑦 (1.7−
𝑀2𝑦
)
𝑀2𝑧
> 5.6 𝑁𝐸𝑑
or > 5.6 𝑁
𝑏 ℎ 𝐸𝑑
√𝑏ℎ𝑓 √𝑏ℎ𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑘

Where:
• M and M are the smaller end moment about the z and y axes
1z 1y
• M and M are the larger end moment about the z and y axes
2z 2y
• l and l are the effective length about the z and y axes
oz oy
• b and h are the width and depth of the column (see sketch)
• N is the compressive axial force applied to the column
Ed

14.3 Moment – Axial Force Interaction Diagrams

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 s

Horizontal equilibrium:

Moment equilibrium: (take moments about N)

See column interaction tables at the end of the booklet

14.4 Short Columns

When ≤  i.e. when non-slender (or stocky), the design bending moment in a column is:
lim

Design moment M = Max {M , e N }

Ed 02 0 Ed

e = Max{h/30,20mm}
0

M = M + eN
02 i Ed

Where:
M = max moment from first order analysis (M2
e = eccentricity due to imperfections =  l /2
i i 0

(For columns in braced systems e = l /400

i 0

 = inclination used to represent imperfections

l = effective length of column
0

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14.5 Slender Columns
When a column is classified as “slender” allowance must be made in the design for the possible
effects of the ultimate deflection of the column.
The possible design conditions are the design ultimate axial load (Ned), combined with the most
critical of:
1) The maximum moment arising from first order (initial) analysis
2) The moments at about mid-height of the column arising from the first order analysis
combined with additional moments due to:
a) the ultimate deflection of the column (e2)
b) an accidental eccentricity due to the column being out of plumb (e0)
MEd = Max of {M02, M0e + M2, M01 + 0.5M2, NEde0}

When  > lim, i.e. when ‘slender’, the design bending moment in a column in a braced
structure is
MEd = maximum of {M0Ed + M2; M02; M01 + 0.5M2} (see Figure)

Where:
M0Ed = equivalent first order moment including the effect of imperfections (at about
mid height) and may be taken as = M0e

Where:
M0e = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) ≥ 0.4 M02

Where M02 and M01 are the larger and smaller end moments
M2 = nominal second order moment in slender columns = NEde2
l0 2 −6
e2 = fy ( ) 10 mm
d

Where:
fy = strength of reinforcement (MPa)
l0 = effective length of column in the direction considered
d= effective depth of section in the direction considered

This has been derived for concrete with a cylinder strength of 30MPa.
e2 can be reduced by using a K factor given by:
Where:
K = (Nu – N) / (Nu – Nbal) ≤ 1.0

Where:
Nu is the ult. axial load of the col. = 0.567fckAc + 0.87Asfy
N = Design axial force
Nbal = balanced load (axial load that maximizes the moment capacity) = 0.267f ckAc
fck = cylinder strength (MPa)

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26
10. Reinforcement areas (mm2/m)

27
11. Reinforcement areas (mm2)

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