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243 viewsAll in One Science Ch-3
(CH-3) science All in one pdf.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 21
Atoms and Molecules
In the present chapter, we shall discuss about the various laws (which explains how atoms
combine co form molecule), symbols and formulae of atoms and molecules and various
ways of expressing their masses.
Laws of Chemical Combination
‘Whenever reactants react together to form the products or the elements combine together
to forma compound, they do this according to certain laws. These laws are called laws of
chemical combination.
Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical sciences by establishing cwo
important laws of chemical combination which are as follows:
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
Ik sates thar, ‘mass can neither be created nor be destroyed during a chemical reaction.’
This means that in any chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the
‘ota mass of the products and there is no ch
ss during the chemical reaction,
Example 1. 1/ 4.0 q of sodium carbonate reacts with 10 g of hydrochloric acid,
ittesults in the formation of 2.5 g of carbon dioxide and 11.5 g of sodium chloride
solution. Show that these results are in accordance with the law of conservation
of mass,
Sol Sodium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid—+ Carbon dioxide + Sodium ehloride
8
He toxl mas of actans= 40-410
Toa massa pacte= 25-615 #148
Se rd archer thsame mass means ths her wa no lam o kin of
Sate aca a eda in agreement with thew of conscration a mass,
Giysie cutie
+ Laws of Chemical Combination
+ Atoms
+ Molecules:
+ fons
+ Valency
+ Writing Chemical Formulae
+ Molecular Mass. | 48
2. Law of Constant Proportions/
Law of Definite Proportions
compound), the elements are always present
proportions (or ratios) by mass.
source of water. Th
hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen are always obtained.
Similarly, carbon dioxide (CO,) always contains carbon
and oxygen intheratio of 3:8, Iasampleof CO, contains
36 g of carbon then itis compulsory thatthe sample has
96 g oxygen.
“This is ealeulted as 2 = 28,
ao
3x8
3
Example 2. Copper oxide was prepared by two
different methods. In one case, 1.75.4 ofthe metal
gave 2.19 g of oxide. In the second case, 1.14 g of the
‘metal gave 1.43 g of the oxide. Show that the given
data illustrate the law of constant proportions
Sol Cael Massof copper = 175 g
‘Anu mass ofcopperaide= 2.19,
17
vn
Nowe in fi smpef copper oxide compound
Mas of copper: Mas of nen = 1.752044
1B
out
= 3onitaast
Goell Mass ofeopper= 14
‘And, ass of copper aide = 143
Sona orn
43-114 =0.29g
[Now ia sceond sample of copper oxide compound,
Mas of copper: Masso oxen = 1.14: 0.29,
14
29
O34
From the above calculations we can sce shat the ratio
{or proportion) of copper and oxygen elements in the tw
samples of copper oxide compound s the same, ie 4 |
So, the given dia verily the aw of constane proportions
According to this law, ina chemical substance (or
definite
cg: Ina compound such as water, the ratio of the mass of
Inydrogen o the mass of oxygen isalways 1:8, whatever the
if goof water is decomposed, I g of
copper onde ~ Mass of copper
asf copper oxide —Mass of copper
Allnane Sdience Class 9th
Explanation of Laws of Chemical
Combination ; Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Dalton’s atomic theory provided an explanation for the lay
of chemical combination, According, to Dalton’s atomic
theory, all matter (whether an element, a compound or a
minute), is compoved of small particles, called atoms
“The main esate of Dulon' atom theory:
«Every matter is made up of very small particles, called the
+ Ato
nor be destroyed
indivisible particles which can neither be created
‘chemical reaction.
+ Acoms of a given element are identical in mass as well asin
chemical propert
+ Atoms of different clements have different masses and
chemical propertis.
+ Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to
form compound.
1+ “The rdative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a
given compound,
fotos tr slate aot
Aagolestien
2 whic in states, natn a chernical compound, uments aways
combina ved proper?
23 209 silver nae solution is added to 20 9 ot»
es eboria
alain Vina change m mace do you enpaet ate th taco
nd?
5 Filinthe bank
es
particles, which cannct be created or
sroyedin achernea action
Atoms
‘Atoms are dhe smal partces ofan clement which may or
may not have independent existence but take pare ba
«hema reaction. Thetaethe building ocksof ll ater
4, atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc. aren
of independent ee
nee whereas atoms of helium, neon ete
ate capable of existing independently.
=
Allinone
—
size of A
‘om ate
enone
Hydrogen ao
Modern
Atoms 0
In chemistry
simple 10
whole word «
Fntroduced sy
on
ou
@c
oo
Syrnbats
As Dalton’s 9
introduced by
hand represen
In the begin
the name of
Pureand Apj
symbols of th
cone oF eo le
‘The fies lene
and the secon
eg. chlorine
Symbols of
indifferent
eg: Iron
Gold
Potassiu
Chlorin
Coble
Sodium Allnone Atoms and Molecules
49
a ee OL
Size of Atoms
‘Atoms are very small and their radius is measured in
puanometres.
1/10? m=1nm
or Im =10? nm
Hydrogen atom is the smallest atom and its radius is 0.1 am.
Modern Day Symbols of
Atoms of Different Elements
In chemistry, symbols are the representation of an clement.
Ieis simple to use the symbol of an element rather writing
whole word of an clement. Dalton was the scientise who
introduced symbols for representing elements for the firs time.
© Hydrogen © Carbon Oxygen
® Phosphorus GB Sulphur — © ton
© Copper — © Lead © Siiver
© Gold @® Platina €} Mercury
Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton
As Dalton’s symbol for elements were difficult to draw and.
inconvenient to use, modern symbols for the elements were
introduced by J J Berzelius. These are defined as “a shore
hand representation of the name of an element
In the beginning, the names of elements were derived from
the name of the place where they were found for the first
time, Now a days, i is the IUPAC (International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry) who approves the names and
symbols of the elements, Many of the symbols are the first
one or two letters of the element's name in English.
The first letter of a symbol is always written in capital letcer
and the second letter as a small leter
eg, chlorine (Cl), zine (Zn) and aluminium (Al).
Symbols of some elements have been taken from thei
in different languages such as Latin, German, Greek etc,
in name)
eg Iron — Fe fiom Ferru (
Gold — Aw from Aur (Latin name)
Potassium — _K from Klinon (Latin name)
Chlorine Cl fvom Chor (Greek name)
Cobalt — Co from Kobold (German name)
Sodium © — Na from Nutri (Latin name)
‘Symbols for Some Elements
Elements Symbols Elements Symbols Elements Symbols
‘Alursnium Al
Argon Ar
Barium
Boren
Bromine
Cok
Carbon
Chlorine
Chromium Cr
Coban co
Atomic Mass
According to Dalton’s, each clement has a characteristic
atomic mass. But determining the mass of an individual
atom was a relatively difficult task due to its very small size.
Hence, their relative atomic masses were determined using
the laws of chemical combinations and the compounds
formed.
For this purpose, initially 1/16 of the mass of an atom of
naturally occurring oxygen was taken as standard unit
because of the following two reasons:
(® Oxygen reacted with a large number of elements and
formed compounds.
(i) This unit gave masses of most of the elements as whole
numbers,
However in 1961, carbon (C-12 isotope) was chosen as
standard reference for measuring atomic masses universally.
Relative Atomic Mass
Ic is defined as the number of
than 1/12th of mass of atom of earbon-12 (C-12) of itis
the average mass of the atom as compared t0 1/12th the
mass of one carbon-12 atom,
atom is heavier
Atomic Mass Unit
ass unit equal to exactly IM12th of the
mass of one atom of C-12 isotope. Earlier, it was abbreviated
to latest recommendations of IUPAC,
I is defined as the
is now written as ied mass. Ally none Sdence Class 91h
Atomic Masses of Few Elements
“Blomont
Hyon ain
Caron 2
totogen
Ong 6
‘edu Ey
Molecules
‘The smallest particle
‘compound whic
festence and shows all the properties of that
Substance” is called rmolevule. In genera,
molecule i a group of hwo oF more atoms that
ate chmially bonded together. Atoms of the
Shove element oro! diferent clement ean join
oper 1 frm mest.
fof an dlement or
is capable of independent
‘Molecules cam be livid into no exteyories
1. Molecules of Elements
The mokculesof an clement cotins same ype
of atoms, Meleces of many elements are mate
Uupof only one atom ofthat clement. eg. noble
gases like argon (Ar), helium (He) ete. The
molecules af mast of the non-metals are made
tipo more than ome atom.
eg. a molecule 0 ©,
arom of waygen and is known ax diatomic
consists of tw
molecule, ezonc(O,) consists of thee atoms of
tnygen is known a triatomic molecules,
Alomicity
Ins defined a5 de numberof atoms presen in
rnvolecule, On the basis of atomiciy, molecules
can be classified as
{) Monoatomic molecules They 60"
Nes Ans Xe, Fe Ad ete
ecules They consist of two a0
TyeliysClyy HCL Nach ete,
eg Hes
(ii) Diatomie mol
eg Ha O2-Nos
iid “Triatoric molecules They 60s
ey OyyCOy, NO} &E
mie molecules They consist
11,03 0
(0) Polystomie
jst of nly one atom.
of thece atoms
of fouratons
slecales ‘They consis oF more than Four atoms.
cog Cy (pentatonic), Sq (oct
‘Atomicity of Some Elements (Non-metals) _
ome Atomiciy Namo Atomicity
‘hgon Mawr Corns Ortaie
iets Marasomic Ozone ‘Toso
Gmger Dsimc—_Phosphenus Terao
FigiogenDalome Sur Plyatore ra tome)
itooen oe
2. Molecules of Compounds
‘Atoms of diferent elements join sogether
inolecles of compounds
Molecules of Some Compounds
‘Combining Elements
pound
Wiae.01
yhoo ans 00/00"
Carton coxida(C0,) Cotton ec onyoen
Hyeeogen cup (5) Hyctoos and ut
uiphure ack (H,90,) Hydrogen, euphurt and onygen
Garowe AHL.) Cixben Ieogen and oxyan
Lest C2C0,}—Clonen eavon and owe
definite ps
portions 19
ato by Mass
a8
auiinone Noms
a
areal
. ind calcula
reat of amon
Mass allo?
io)
Tha act hence te
are presen
4 Sato Teo False
Syerbots ave toe
7 An cue ot toger
Conbiceatagetnen Allynone Atoms and Molecules
51
a
Prediction of Number of
Atoms from Mass Ratio
In order to predict the number of atoms from mass ratio,
divide the given mass of cach element by the atomic mass of
the element and calculate the simplest ratio between the
obtained moles, eg. we know that mass ratio of nitrogen
and hydrogen in ammonia molecule is 14:3, The
number of atoms of nitrogen and hydrogen present in the
molecule of ammonia can be calculated as,
Element Mass Ratio Atomic Mass
o W
N 4
‘Mole Ratio Simplest
(xly)
Ratio
H 3
Thus, in ammonia molecule, one N and three H-atoms
are present hence, the formula of ammonia is NH,
1. State True 0: False for the following statement
Symbols are the representation of an element
2 What is wrong inthe following symbols?
Give the correct symbol in each case:
@ Sodium (So)
(i) Hydrogen (Ha)
(it) Copper (Co)
() Sulphur (8)
(0) Cateium (Ca)
3 Name any two elements whose symbols do not start withthe
same letter as that of the name ofthe element.
4 Why the symbols of few elements, like sodium, do not start
‘with the intial letter of the name?
5 What is the difference between 2Cl and Cl,? Which one of
these two forms exisis in nature? Also, give the alomic mass
ol this element
6 The atomicity of|, andNa,SO, respectively
ae....and
7. An oxide of nitrogen is found to contain ritrogen and oxygen
Combined together in the ratio of 7 : 16 by mass.
Derive the formula ofthe oxide and name it
lons
‘When atoms, groups of atoms or molecules ose or gain
electron(s) they become charged. These charged species are
known as ions. Atoms in solution generally exist in the form
of ions. These can be negatively or positively charged, thus can
be categorised into two groups.
Cations
The positively charged ions are known as cations.
eg. Na’, K*,Ca™,AP* etc. These are formed when
elements loses electrons. Usually, metals form cations.
Anions
‘The negatively charged ions are known as anions.
eg.Cl”, Br, 07, N** etc, These are formed when elements
gain electrons. Usually, non-metals form anions.
Polyatomic lon
A group of atoms carrying charge and act as a single entity is
known as a polyatomic ion, It carties a fixed charge. e.g. NO3
(nitrate ion), CO} (carbonate ion) and SO} (sulphate ion)
Some lonic Compounds
Constituting Elements Ratio by Mass
Tonic Compounds
Calcium exide
Calcium and onygen 5:2
hide Magnesium and sulphur 3:4
ium and chlorine 23:35.5,
onic compounds are formed by cations and anions. eg.
sodium chioride or common salt (Nach consists of a positively
‘charged sodium ion (Na cation) and negatively charged
chloride ion I” anion)
Valency
The combining power (or capacity) of an clement is called its
valency. Valency can be used to find out how the atoms of an
clement will combine with the arom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound. The valency of an ion is equal to
the charge on the ion. A Y, Names, Symbols and Valency of Some lons
Ton of
anol Polyatoric
Valency Metalic Symbol Non-Matalic Symbol POSt2™ symbol
Frement cll
7 ta Hyeegen marti NRE
poomum 'K* Hae «yore OH
cer dot Chie
vor Gr Bande Br Hye COs
oe todide T carbonate MOOS
{tearoom
Fagen gh Otte OF Caonte COP
Coc ca Subhdo «SSeS
ae sumac of
von" Foe
copper (0° Eee
3 Aluminum AP Niide Phosphate
tron it Fe" Phosphide —_P
Note These elements show more than one valency. Here, the Roman numeral
‘Wren in brackets shows thle valency
Writing Chemical Formulae
The shortest way’ to representa compound with the help of symbols and
valeney of elements is known as chemical formula}Chemical formula of a
compound shows its constituent elements and the-number of atoms of
each'combining element)In ionic compounds, the charge on each fon is
used 0 determine the chemical formula of a compound.
There are some rules for writing the chemical formula:
9 The valencies or charges on the ion must be balanced,
(2 When a compound consists ofa metal and a non-metal, the symbol
of the metal is written first and on the lefe whereas of non-metal on
its right. eg. calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride (NaC), ieon
sulphide (Fe8), copper oxide (CuO) ete, where oxygen, chlorine,
sulphur are non-metals and are writen on the right, whereas
calcium, sodium, ion and copper are metals and are wetten on lee.
(Gi When compound is formed with polyatomic ions, the ion i enclosed
in a bracket before writing the number to indicate the ratio. ©
Ca(OH). In case if the number of polyatomic ion is one, the
bracket i not required. eg. NAOH.
Formulae of Simple Compounds
To write the chemical formula for
imple compounds :
(0 write the symbols of const
shown below,
nt elements and their valencies as
Gi wrice the symbol of cation fies followed by the symbol of anion.
(Gif) then criss-cross theie charges or valencies to get the formula
(Gt) the positive and neg:
overall structure must be n
jges must balance each other and the
al
Note The simplest compounds made up of two efferent elements are aso called
binary compounds
Allynane Science Class 9
eg.
Hydrogen sulphide
Symbol ee
Charge 410 0-2
Formula HAS
when the subscript is number 1, subscrpg
Carbon tetrachloride
Symbol coa
Charge +47 a1
per | Geb
Magnesium chloride
Symbol Mg >< OH
Charge B04
Formula (OH),
‘Ammonium sulphate
Symbol NH, SSO,
Charge nase
Formula (NH,),SO,
All subscripts must be reduced to lowest term (except for
molecule of covalent compound), e.g.
Tin (IV) oxide
Symbol sn 00,
By the law of conservation of mass
Mass of reactants = Mass of pois
Mass of Ce Mass 0; = Mass of CO,
aged
‘Therefore, 44 ga CO, w
2 Which of the following statement is ol
true about an atom?
(a) Atoms ate not able to exist independently
() Atoms ate the basic tits tr heh
imoleeutes snd ons te fore
(0) Atoms are always neutral in natin
{a} Atoms aggregate i late munbers to for
the matter that we: ean see, feel or tic
INCERT Exeny
Sol, (a Statement (2) is mot tre
‘The correct statement isa» The molecules al fons
matice We cannot sce chemise oectlesfins
ith our eyes; nl we can se he wats substances
hich area Big collection of molevlesions
3 Ina science project, Aditya has to make a
chart, illustrating various elements and
their atomicity. Aditya decided to show
elements of different atomicity by different
shapes.
Monoatomic = (@)
Diatomic
Triatomic
Tetratomic
Potyatomie
onwetly
sont wll twat 10
an (a)
Pek the
to CEL)
wor
J pha en eva fee Gan
inte i ao
{4 Wiles af the folowing He
fa) Mina hg me
14 ao
wd amt
Tru
(oy ota
{c) Mw al O-12 ato
(a) Massa Co
sol, (6) Varn Edel mane of C12 atom
5 Which of the followings tepronents a cortect
chemical formula
fay Cae (HBP, 0 (a) Nast
Sit, (HO, the carte fart inen
plunphate
6. ‘The formula of chloride of a inetal Mie
MCI, then the farniela of the: phosphate of
rela ME will be
G9 MNO, (HD MPD, (0 MLO,
Sol, (0) Vabency of Ais 8
WM ro,
Symbol
chago
Fora Mv,
he formula of phosphate of
MO,
Fill in the Blanks.
7 Law of conservation of
established by
Antoine 1.1 asus
Amine Ua-avsisiercatablishel (wer important law
inervaton of
i a a a
Allinone Aoms and Molecules
ee
8
Atoms combine in the ratio of small
to form compounds, Sol. A-¥(1), B4(2), C403), D4)
Sol. whole numbers; ‘A. Calcium oxide, CaO
‘According to Dalton atomic thy eee aoe
in the tat of inal macho 2f0m8 combine B. Magnesium chloride, MgCl;
‘compounds. numbers to form 2442x355 =95u
" . Aluminium phosphide. AIP
9 The chemical name of the compound with 2743 =58u
formula CaCO, is, . eee
Sol. calcium carbonate; rrr
oo e 40+12+3%16= 1004
tame of CACO, is calcium carbonate E. Aluminium oxide, AO,
10 The chemical formula of potassium e273 16 std
carbonate is...
Sol. KsCOy: Assertion-Reason
‘The chemical formula of potassium cal
Tis po rbonate is
True and False
v
Formation of 56 g of calcium oxide and 44
g leand 44
of carbon dioxide, when 100g of chalk ie
decomposed is in accordance with law of
definite proportions,
Direction (Q.Nos. 16-19) In each of the following
questions, a statement of Assertion is given by the
corresponding statement of Reason. Of the statements, mark
the correct answer as
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and.
Reason
(b) Both As
the correct explanation of Assertion,
ertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
{c} Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
{a) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct,
Sol, Fake
sen stat 16 Assertion Pure water obtained from
‘he oem statement isin accordance with Law of different sources such as river, well, spring,
ete. always contains hydrogen and
12 Different proportions of oxygen in various oxygen in the ratio of 1:8 by mass.
oxides of nitrogen provide law of multiple Reason A chemical compound always
Proportions contains elements combined in a fixed
Sol, Tie proportions by mass,
13 Dalton suggested that all, whether an Sol, (2) The le of conseane proportion states that in a
clement, a compound or a mixture, is, chemical substance the elements ate always present
composed ol small particles, called eloms in dete propaton by mas So, pure wae
which take part in chemical reactions. sping, et. contain Hand O in the ato LS
Sot, Teves Hence, both Awertion and Remon are correct and
14 The symbol of silver is Si Reason isthe correct explanation of Assertion
Sol. Fabs: V7 Assertion Atomic mass of aluminium is 27.
The symbol of ser s Ag Reason An atom of aluminium is 27 times
heavier than 1/12th of the mass of
Match the Columns carbon-12 atom
1S Match the formula units given i Sol, (a) Atomic mass of aluminium is 27. fe shows how
Column 1 with their masses given in ‘nny tienes at atom ofthat clement is heave chan
Saat Width of the tase of C12 atom, Hence, both
Column Column it contest explination of Assertion
A Cain onc 1 860 18 Assertion Atomic mass has no unit but
node 2 95u expressed in amu
7 eu
io eu Reason [tis the average mass of an atom
1D Caloum carbonate 4.100 toking cate of relative abundance of its all
DAummun ove 8
isotopes, Allynone Science Class 94,
Average mass of an atom
mass of an atom 7C
2
Average mass of an atom
BA), X 2, +(RA)s x2
RA), +A),
Here, RA= relative abundance and = mass
‘Asatomic massisa ratio, soit ia unitles quantity
Hence, both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason isthe correct explanation of Assertion,
19 Assertion Magnesium ion and chloride
ion combine to form a compound having
chemical formula MgCl,
Reason Magnesium ion and chloride ion
contain +1and -2 charges respectively.
(@ Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. The
correct reason is follows
Magnesium and chloride ions contain +2 and —1
charges respectively
Sol
Case Based Questions
Direction (Q.Nos. 20-23) Answer the questions on the
basis of your understanding of the following pastage and
related studied concept:
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the
atomic masses of all che atoms in a molecule of the
substance. It is therefore, the relative mass of a molecule
expressed in atomic mass units (u). Depending upon the
number of atoms of same or different elements present
in the molecule, it can be monoatomic, diatomic,
triatomic, tetra-atomic or plyatomic molecule. The
formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as
the molecular mass calculated. Ic is a sum of the atomic
‘masses ofall atoms ina formula unit of compound.
20 Explain polyatomic molecule with
‘example
Sol. Shas more than 4 atoms. Therefore, itisan example
‘of polyatomic molecule (octz-atomic).
21 What is the relative molecular mass of
1,07
Sol, The relative molecular mass of water (H,0)
214116 = 18
22 How many kinds of atoms are present in a
molecule of copper carbonate (CuCO,)?
Sol. Copper carbonate (CoCQ,) isa triatomic molecule,
contains three type of atoms, ie. one copper atom,
‘one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms,
ata
23 Calculate the ratio by mass of the combing
elements in the compound : Methanol.
Sol, Methanol(CH,OH) C:H:0
Al
oe
Direction (Q.Nos. 24-27) Answer the questions 07 the
basis of your understanding of the following passage ang
related soudied concepts:
Ravi was performing some experiments related t0 the
laws of chemical combi
tation in his science laboratory
under the guidance of his chemitry teachet Mr. John,
Mr. John gave him different samples of reacting speciey
having different masses, Ravi performed the experimen,
and collected data as:
‘Compounds
“Reactant | Masses of reactant —
‘species | species (in gram)
7
8
Ho
ololz
©,
nay
z|z\o)
24
Sol.
25
Sol.
26
Sol,
a7
Sol,
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas
formed,
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
Mass of carbon dioxide
Mass of carbon + Mass of oxygen
+3:
Ina given sample ammonia coutains 3 g of
hydrogen and 14 g of nitrogen. If another
sample contains 5g of hydrogen then how
much amount of nitrogen present in
second sample?
The ratio of mass of hydrogen and nitrogen = 3: M4
5x14
15 of hydrogen, then nitrogen =
Mass of nitrygen =23.3¢
Which law of chemical combination govern
these experiments?
These experiments governed by lve of conservation
fof mass In this, the total mass of the reactants is
equal to the total mass of the product and there is 0
change in mass curing chemical reactions,
Write the balanced chemical reaction fot
the reaction between nitrogen and
hydrogen,
The chemical reuction for che reaction berwees
nitrogen and hydrogen fallows as
Ny + 3H; —> 2NH,
\Ve
ve Allyone Atoms and Molecules
61
eg
very Short Answer Type Questions
28 How did Berzolius assign symbol
to the elements ? a
Berzelius assigned symbols to the elements
by taking first one of two lecters of the
element’ name in english and in some
cases the symbols have been taken from the
names of elements in different languages
such as Latin, German, Greek ete.
Write one example of each.
(i) tetra-atomic molecule
(ii) diatomic molecule
Sol.
29
Sol. (9) Phosphorus(P,)
(i) Nitrogen (N,)
30 Is argon monoatomic or diatomic?
Sol. Argon is monoatomic because its atom can
exist independently.
31 Give the difference between a
cation and an anion.
Sol. Cation _Icis the positively charged ion.
eg. Na’, K',Ca"", Mg” ere
Anion Icis the negatively charged ion.
eg. CI, BE FON ete
32 Choose an ionic compound among Sp, Cu(NO3)2+
P,,H, andO,?
Sol. Cu(NOy)y is an ionic compound becaus
No;
33 What is the chemical formula of ammonium
phosphate?
Nive?
sot, NTO = OH PO,
it has Cu?* and,
34 Ian element x has its valency equal to3, what will
be its formula with carbonate ion?
Xx ,C0,
So, SLO! = X41C0))
35 Calculate the formula unit mass of
NaICO,
[Atomic mass of Na =23 u, H=1u,C=12u,
O=16u)
|, NaHCO, = (Atomic mass of Na) + (Atomic mass of H) +
mass of ©)
(Atomic mass of C) + Gx Atomic
= (23 4141243 x16)= B4u
36 Calculate the molar mass of sugar (Cy2H22011)-
[Atomic mass of C =12u, O= 16u,H =1u]
Sot, Cyhts0,, = 12 X12 + 22 x14 11x 16= 42 g/mol
Short Answer (SA) Type Questions
1) State the law of constant proportion.
(i) In acompound carbon and oxygen react
in a ratio 3 : 8 by mass to form carbon
dioxide. What mass of oxygen is required
to react completely with 9 g carbon?
Sol. (Law of constant proportion states that, “2 pure
chemical compound alvways consists ofthe same
tlements that are combined together in a fixed
{or definice) proportion by mass”
Carbon : oxygen (by mass) =3:8, ie. 3 g of
carbon requires 8 g of oxygen 10 form carbon
dioxide.
2.9 g of carbon requite (3 x 8) 24 g of oxygen 10
orm carbon dioxide,
a
2 (i) (a) What mass of silver nitrate will
react with 5.85 q of sodium chloride
to produce 14.35 g of silver chloride
and 8.5 g of sodium nitrate?
(©) On what law is the above reaction
based and state the law?
Sol. (i) (a) Silver nicrate + Sodium chloride —>
sa5e
Silver chloride +
Mase
Sodium nirate
858.
“Total mas of reactants = Total mass of products
e585 =14.35 48.5 = x 45,85 = 22.85,
= 2.85 -585 2x =17g
Therefore, silver nitrate is 17 g
(b) Itis based on law of conservation of mass
which states that matter can neither be
created nor be destroyed in a chemical
reaction,
5
i¥¥/saate three points of differences between
isc atom and amolocula
sol. Molecule
5 ‘Amolecule is the omallest
ssmalest particle of paricle ofan element or
an clement that Compound which has the
an take partina_ properties ofthat element
__chemealveacton. 6 compound
GH Anatom may or — Amoleculeis capable of
may not exist independent exstence.
independent
@ Examples ‘amples: hydrogen
hydrogen tH), molecule Ha} onygen
oxyoen (0) molecule (O,), water
molecule (H,0) 4 Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating
to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxidk
When 10q of calcium carbonate is
decomposed completely then 5.69 of
calcium oxide is formed? Calculate the
mass of carbon dioxide formed. Which law
‘of chemical combination will you use in
solving this problem? State the law.
Sot, The reaction occurs as fllows
©2020, 3 GO+00;
Asvoeding to the bw of conservation of mass
Foal masofreactant())= Tor! mas of product)
= 1g=56g +Nasof CO;
= Mas of CO, =10-56= 448
“This problem i sabe using lw of conservation of
amass scconding ro which mas can neither be created
nore destroyed during 3 chemical reaction.
55 Classify each of the following on the basis
of their atomici NCERT Exemplar
WR (ii) NO;
(i NO (iv) GH
Ww (9 HO;
(i PO (itd 5
(is) HCL (x) CH
(a) He (ain Ag
Sol, Monoaromic
Diatos
Triacomic
Teera-atomic
Polyaromic
6 Give the formulae of the compounds
formed from the following sets of elements.
(i) Calcium and fluorine NCERT Exemplar
(i) Hydrogen and sulphur
iil) Nitrogen and hydrogen
{iv) Carbon and chlorine
(s) Sodium and oxygen
(vi) Carbon and oxygen
Sol.
0) Cacumn and fone
7 Fiyckogen and suphur
(a Nivogen and hydrogen NF
(0) Carbon andchowne C™FSCr
() Sodum and oygen
“W) Carbon and oxygen
Allfnone Sdence Class 9th,
x formulae {OT the
7 Write the molecular
NCERT Exempla
following compounds :
i) Copper (11) bromide
) Aluminium (111) nitrate
(iii) Cateiam (1 phosphate
(iv) Tron (HD) sulphide
{v) Mercury (1) chloride
(vi) Magnesium (II) acetate
“uBey [Copper (1) bromide]
(att PSNOP =AKNO))s
[Aluminium (IUD) nitrate)
(a) CA POY = Ca(POD:
[Calcium (1) phosphate]
{Iron (III) sulphide]
(i) FPS S
(o Hg scl [Mercury (I) chloride]
(9) CH,COO™ > Mg"* = (CH,COO), Mg,
[Magnesium (Il) acetate]
8 (i) Anclement X has a valency of 2
Write the chemical formula for
(a) bromide of the element
(b) oxide of the element.
(ii) Define formula unit mass of a substance,
Sol, (2 (2) Valency of X
Valency of bromine=1
Mg : Cl = 24:2% 35,5 = 24:71
i) HySO, 9 H:8:0 «2% 1:32:4% 16
32: 64= 1:16:
(i) CHOH C211: 0 = 2% 12:6% 1:16
24:6:16 =12:3:8
(o) NH NH =14:3%1=14:3
(ei) CalOH), > CaO: H= 402% 1622041
(0:32: 2= 20:16:21
2
11 Nitrogen and hydrogen atoms combine in
the ratio 14: 3 by mass to form ammonia
molecule, Find the formula of ammonia
molecule by calculating the molar ratio.
[Given atomic mass of
14 wand H= 1}
Sol. Number of nitzogen atom present in the molecule
"Proportion by mass _ 14 _
~ Atomic mass 14
Number of hydrogen atom present in the molecule
Proportion by mass _ 3
"Atomic mass 1
‘This means number af nitrogen and hydrogen atoms
combine in ratio = 1:3,
‘Thus, the formula of molecule of ammonia is NHy,
12 Give the chemical formulae for the
following compounds and compute the ratio
by mass of the combining elements in each
‘one of them, NCERT Exemplar
() Ammonia
Gi) Carbon monoxide
(ii) Hydrogen chloride
(iv) Aluminium fluoride
() Magnesium sulphide
Sol.
Chemical Ratio by Mass of the
SNe. Compound Formula Combining Elements
@ Ammonia NH, NiH= 14:9
Carbon’ CO C:0=12:16=3:4
monovide
Wi) Hydrogen “HCI «H C= 1795.5
chloride
@ Auminum AR, A= 27:67=9:19
fluoride
(Magnesium MoS a2 = 8:4
sulphide
131. Anelement }‘A exists as diatomic gas in
nature which is relatively inert and
forms 78% of earth’s atmosphere.
(i) Identify the gas and write its
molecular formula. Write the
formulae of nitrite and nitrate ions.
(ii) Calculate the molecular mass of
(@)NH,NOgnd —(b) HNO,
[Given atomic masses N
O=16u, H
II, Calculate the formula unit mass of
Na,S
[Atomic mass of Na =23 u,
°
6u, H= Tuan
022 x 10% mol”
Sol. 1. (A) Nierogen gas(N,), aitvte ion (NOT
(xo)
(49) (@) Molecular mass of NH NO),
S144 1x4 +14 +3.x16=800
(2) Molecular mass of HNO,
H1+14 43 x16=63 4
HL, Formula unit mass of Na,SO,
S 2X BHAI XIG
2464324 48-1260
14 (i) SO, is an air pollutant released during
burning of fossil fuels and from
‘automobile exhaust’
(a) Write
prese
names of elements
in this gas.
(b) What are the valencies of sulphur in
SO, and SO,?
(i) Define the term molecular mass. (iii) Determine the molecular mass of
ZnSO, [Atomic mass of Zn = 65 u,S=32
uand O=16ul.
Sol. (3) (a) Sulphur and oxygen
(6) Valenc of sulphur in SO;
Allsone Science Class 9)
eel
Valency of sulphurin $03 = 6
Molecular mass It is the sum of the atone
masses ofall the atoms present in a molecule of
the substance.
(ii) ZnSO, = 6
“a
“432-44 x16=161
Long Answer (LA) Type Questions
1. (@ Explain, why the number of atoms in one
‘mole of hydrogen gasis double the number
of atoms in one mole of helium gas?
(i) Explain atomic mass unit.
(iii) How many atoms are present in
(a) MnO,molecule (b) CO molecule?
Sol. () Hydrogen gas exist as diatomic molecule, ie.
cach hydrogen gas molecule (H,)has ewo atoms.
While helium gas exist a monoatomic particle
tha is its atoms exist individually. Thus, one
mole of hydrogen gas has double number of
atoms as compate 1 one mole of helium gas
(a) Theunitof mass equivalent co the twelfth parcof
the mass of C-12 isotope of carbon is called
atomic mass unit (amu) o¢ unified mass (1).
(il) (a) In MnO, molecule hee atoms ate present:
‘ome manganese atom and two oxygen atom.
(8 In CO molecule, ewo atoms are present
cone carbon atom and one oxygen atom.
2 Fillin the blanks.
() Ima chemical reaction, the sum of the
masses of the reactants and products
remains unchanged. This is called
(i) A group of atoms carrying a fixed
charge on them is called ..
iii) The formula unit mass of Cas(PO,) is
(iv) Formula of sodium carbonate is... and
that of ammonium sulphate is...
NCERT Exemplar
Sol. (A law of conservation of mass
(ii) polyatomic ion
(i) 3100
[Caj(PO,); =3 x40+2 x31 +8 x16=310u]
(ia) NasCO,; (NH,)»S0,
3 Write the molecular formulae of all the
compounds that can be formed by the
combination of following ions :
Cu**, Na’, Fe, CI, SO}, POY”
NCERT Exemplar
Sol, Compounds of Cu
(a with Cr > Cu ><” = CuCl,
(ii) with SOF Cu® > Cu? >< POY = Cus(PO,),
Compounds of
(a with Cr Na" >< = NaCl
(ii) with SO} Na! * >< Cll” = FeCl,
(i) with SOF Fe" > Fe* >
