Design and Optimisation of Battery Thermal

Management by Computer Modelling

Project Proposal
Team Members:

Keerthi Priya Poshala (2249265)

Kanthak Samrat Wagh (2317782)
Parth Pradyumna Kulkarni (2352726)
Yusuf Akgun (2372621)
Pranav B Mandne (2352884)

Supervisor:
Dr. Jun Xia
Co-Supervisor:
Dr. James Tyacke
Table of Content

FIGURE ......................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Project Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
2.Literature review for entire project .............................................................................................. 3
2.1 Battery Types for Electric Vehicles ...................................................................................... 3
2.1.1. Lithium-Ion Battery (Li-ion) ......................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) ....................................................................................... 4
2.2. Battery Cooling Methods ..................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Air Cooling System: ...................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2. Liquid Cooling System: ................................................................................................. 7
2.2.3. Phase Change Material (PCM): ..................................................................................... 8
3. Product design specifications ...................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Examine linked ion/electron, flow, and heat transport within a battery to determine the
possible reasons of temperature increases in the battery: ........................................................... 8
3.2. Create and enhance a heat management system specifically for an electric vehicle's battery
stack:............................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3. Project scope: ....................................................................................................................... 8
3.3.1. Design and optimize an air-cooling system for a battery pack: .................................... 8
3.3.2. Design and optimize a liquid-cooling system for the same battery pack: ..................... 8
3.3.3. Simulate coupled lithium-ion/electron, flow, and heat transport inside a new battery: 9
3.3.4. Simulate ion/electron, flow, and heat transport inside a degraded battery: ................... 9
3.3.5. Analyze thermal and mechanical stresses on electrode materials: ................................ 9
4. Project methodology for entire project ....................................................................................... 9
4.1. Battery selection: .................................................................................................................. 9
4.2. Determine the reasons for the chosen battery's temperature increases: ............................... 9
4.3. Subtopic investigation in this project. ................................................................................ 10
4.3.1. Developing and refining the air-cooling system for the chosen battery pack: ............ 10
4.3.2. Design and optimization of liquid cooling system: ..................................................... 10
4.3.3. Simulate coupled lithium ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a selected
battery: ................................................................................................................................... 10

i
 4.3.4. Simulate coupled lithium ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside the degraded
battery: ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.3.5. Examine the mechanical and thermal stresses exerted on the electrode materials: ..... 10
4.4. Data collection and calculation: ......................................................................................... 11
4.5. Design and optimize thermal management system that suits the battery stack: ................ 11
5. Project management .................................................................................................................. 12
5.1. Battery Selection: ............................................................................................................... 12
5.2. Reasons for the increase in temperature:............................................................................ 12
5.3. Design of Air-Cooling Systems: ........................................................................................ 12
5.4. Design of Liquid-Cooling Systems: ................................................................................... 12
5.5. Battery Simulation - New Battery: ..................................................................................... 12
5.6. Battery Simulation - Degraded Battery: ............................................................................. 12
5.7. Stress Analysis: .................................................................................................................. 13
5.8. Compiling and calculating data: ......................................................................................... 13
5.9. BTMS design and optimisation:......................................................................................... 13
5.10. Finalize Project Plan: ....................................................................................................... 13
5.11. Continuous Reporting and Monitoring: ........................................................................... 13
5.12. Individual Reports: ........................................................................................................... 13
6. Description of individual tasks ................................................................................................. 14
6.1 Design and optimise an air-cooling system for a battery pack. (2372621-Yusuf Akgun) .. 14
6.2. Design and optimise a liquid-cooling system for the same battery pack. (2317782-Kanthak
Samrat Wagh) ............................................................................................................................ 15
6.3. Simulate coupled lithium-ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a new battery.
(2249265-Keerthi Priya Poshala) .............................................................................................. 16
6.4. Simulate ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a degraded battery. (2352884- Pranav
B Mandne) ................................................................................................................................. 17
6.5. Analyse thermal and mechanical stresses on electrode materials. (2352726- Parth
Pradyumna Kulkarni) ................................................................................................................ 18
7. References ............................................................................................................................. 19

ii
Table of Figures

Figure 1 Lifecycle analysis of UK road vehicles. GOV.UK. 2022 ................................................ 1

Figure 2 Change of Properties of Li-ion Batteries According to Temperature .............................. 2
Figure 3 Working Principle of Li-ion Batteries .............................................................................. 4
Figure 4 Working Principle of NiMH Batteries ............................................................................. 5
Figure 5 Comparison of Li-ion battery and NiMH battery ............................................................. 6
Figure 6 Different Battery Cooling Techniques ............................................................................. 7
Figure 7 Methodology flowchart .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8 Studying cycle ................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 9 Basic indirect liquid cooling system............................................................................... 15

iii
 1. Project Introduction
Due to the increasing global population and rising living standards, the demand for energy has
surged like never before. The environmental concerns caused by internal combustion engines
(ICE), used in transportation vehicles, and contributing significantly to energy consumption,
include greenhouse gas emissions, ozone layer depletion, as well as tightening emission
regulations, maintenance and fuel costs, and their short lifespan. Consequently, there has been a
growing interest in seeking alternative solutions for transportation vehicles. In recent times, some
of the alternatives being researched as replacements for internal combustion engines (ICE)
include:

• Electric Vehicles
• Hybrid Vehicles
• Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines
• Fuel Cell Technology

However, it is essential to consider not only the emissions generated during vehicle
operation but also the environmental pollution produced during the manufacturing and
maintenance of vehicles and powertrains.

Figure 1 Lifecycle analysis of UK road vehicles. GOV.UK. 2022

1
As shown in the table above, electric vehicles excel in terms of energy savings during
production, fuel/electricity production cycles, operational emissions, maintenance, and end-of-
life disposal. Nevertheless, this does not imply that electric vehicles are without drawbacks. For
instance, the time required for recharging during usage can be a limitation, especially with
current battery technologies. However, advancements in technology have opened the possibility
of new battery types in vehicles, such as Solid-State Batteries, which offer shorter charging times
and extended range. The focus of this research is particularly on a critical aspect of battery
technology, which is battery thermal management. The significance of battery thermal
management lies in:

• Safety, especially concerning flammable Li-ion battery types.

• Efficiency
• Longevity
• Reliability

The table below illustrates how battery properties change with temperature.

Figure 2 Change of Properties of Li-ion Batteries According to Temperature

Arora, S. (2018, March 7). Selection of thermal management system for modular battery packs of electric vehicles:

A review of existing and emerging technologies.

The purpose of this project is to optimize and ensure the long-term performance of battery design

for use in modern road vehicles through battery design, optimization, and chemical and physical

analysis.

2
2.Literature review for entire project

2.1 Battery Types for Electric Vehicles

Under this section, an understanding will be developed, knowledge will be gathered, a
benchmark will be established, and a decision will be made on how to proceed with the Battery
Thermal Management project.

2.1.1. Lithium-Ion Battery (Li-ion)

Lithium-ion batteries have become increasingly popular in recent years, being widely used in
both electric vehicles and everyday devices like smartphones. Although the initial discovery of
these batteries dates back to 1912, commercial development and usage, particularly by SONY,
began in 1991 due to safety concerns and their toxic effects.

2.1.1.1. Operating Principle

Modern lithium-ion batteries primarily consist of four different components. The first component
is the cathode, typically composed of a metal oxide material, which can significantly impact the
battery's characteristics. Common cathode materials include lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and
lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4). The cathode is the fundamental component that
determines the battery's capacity and voltage, containing positively charged lithium ions.
The second component is the anode, responsible for allowing the flow of electricity within the
battery or from an external circuit. Graphite is commonly used as the anode material in today's
batteries.
The third essential component is the electrolyte, which enables the movement of lithium ions
between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. The electrolyte prevents the
flow of electrons, allowing only lithium ions to pass, while electrons travel through the external
circuit.
The fourth component, the separator, serves as a safety feature to prevent short-circuits between
the anode and cathode, particularly in the event of the battery reaching higher temperatures than
intended. Its particle-based structure acts as a barrier, allowing only the passage of lithium ions,
and used to prevent short circuit.

3
 Figure 3 Working Principle of Li-ion Batteries
Kato, Y., Zempachi Ogumi and Perlado, M. (2019). Lithium-Ion Batteries. CRC Press.

2.1.1.2 Advantages
• Due to lithium's high tendency to lose electrons (Li-ion≈3.6V), lithium-ion batteries
exhibit higher energy density compared to other battery types.
• Lithium-ion battery types require less maintenance compared to other battery types.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be produced in diverse sizes to accommodate multiple
applications.

2.1.1.3 Disadvantages

• In lithium-ion batteries, there is a risk of short-circuiting, explosion, and combustion if

the electrolyte loses its properties due to excessive internal temperatures.
• Lithium-ion batteries require careful management of charging levels, avoidance of
overcharging, complete discharging, and temperature control. This is typically achieved
through protective circuits.
• If left unused, lithium-ion batteries tend to self-discharge over time.

2.1.2 Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

Nowadays, widely used hybrid vehicles, the commonly employed battery type is Nickel-Metal
Hydride (NiMH). This battery type is the second most prevalent after lithium-ion batteries. It is
frequently utilized in portable handheld devices such as cameras and flashlights due to safety
features, high charge cycles, and high-power capacity.

4
2.1.2.1. Operating Principle
The operating principle closely resembles that of lithium-ion batteries. Similar to lithium-ion
batteries, NiMH batteries also consist of four fundamental components, and the roles of these
components are the same as those in lithium-ion batteries.

Materials used include Nickel Hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) for the cathode, Hydrogen storage alloy
(MH) for the anode, Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) for the electrolyte, and Polyolefin material for
the separator.

Figure 4 Working Principle of NiMH Batteries

Arun, V., Kannan, R., Ramesh, S., Vijayakumar, M., Raghavendran, P.S., Siva Ramkumar, M., Anbarasu, P. and
Sundramurthy, V.P. (2022). Review on Li-Ion Battery vs Nickel Metal Hydride Battery in EV. Advances in
Materials Science and Engineering, 2022

2.1.2.2. Advantages

• NiMH batteries are more resistant to temperature variations compared to lithium-ion

batteries.
• They require less material in production and contain almost no rare elements, unlike
lithium-ion batteries.
• NiMH batteries are more cost-effective than lithium-ion batteries.

5
2.1.2.3. Disadvantages

• They have significantly lower energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries

(NiMH≈1.2V).
• Their lifespan decreases rapidly when subjected to continuous discharge and high-current
operating conditions compared to other battery types.
• They have a high self-discharge rate.

Figure 5 Comparison of Li-ion battery and NiMH battery

Aditya, J.P. and Ferdowsi, M. (2008). Comparison of NiMH and Li-ion batteries in automotive applications. 2008
IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. [online]

2.2. Battery Cooling Methods

In batteries, where temperature optimization is of paramount importance, there are several
cooling techniques available. Three common cooling methods used in modern electric vehicles
are as follows:

2.2.1. Air Cooling System:

Still widely used today, the air-cooling system is a type of cooling that remains prevalent.
However, it is often deemed insufficient for electric vehicles due to the thermal properties of air.
The most challenging issue with this system is the inability to homogeneously cool the cells,
which are the heat source within the batteries. Therefore, air cooling systems aim to maximize
the use of fins and plates, and the battery design should incorporate a high surface area. To
overcome potential limitations in cases where the airflow directed by the vehicle's speed is
inadequate, supplementary materials like fans can be used to increase air intake.

6
 Figure 6 Different Battery Cooling Techniques
Roe, C., Feng, X., White, G., Li, R., Wang, H., Rui, X., Li, C., Zhang, F., Null, V., Parkes, M., Patel, Y., Wang, Y.,
Wang, H., Ouyang, M., Offer, G. and Wu, B. (2022). Immersion cooling for lithium-ion batteries – A review. Journal
of Power Sources

2.2.2. Liquid Cooling System:

Liquid cooling systems are more efficient compared to gas cooling systems due to their high
thermal conductivity. Liquid cooling systems theoretically operate in two different ways.

2.2.2.1. Immersion Liquid Cooling System:

In this system, a liquid is used within the battery pack to surround the battery cells. For electric
vehicles, this allows for a more compact and lighter battery design. It effectively cools the
batteries without the need for cooling plates and fins. However, the liquid used inside the pack
must not lose its properties over time, even after potential leakage, corrosion, or temperature
fluctuations. This system is commonly employed in High-Performance Computing systems.

2.2.2.2. Indirect Liquid Cooling System:

In internal combustion engines, liquid cooling involves the circulation of cooling water, which is
cooled by a radiator, through a closed-loop system outside the combustion area (cylinder). The
reason for this example is that the indirect liquid cooling system works in a similar manner, with
a closed-loop cooling line circulating inside the battery pack, but without direct contact with the
cells, as seen in Figure 6. By considering that increasing the surface area enhances heat transfer,
it is less efficient compared to the Immersion Cooling System but offers greater safety. Tesla
primarily utilizes this system in its vehicles, employing glycol as coolant.

7
2.2.3. Phase Change Material (PCM):
This system operates by taking advantage of the fact that, during a phase change, the temperature
of the material remains constant in the transient region. It dissipates the latent heat within the
material by utilizing it to dampen the heat generated at the battery's optimal or hottest operating
areas. Typically, paraffin is used as a material, and it can be blended with different substances to
enhance thermal conductivity.

3. Product design specifications

Project Objective: The primary aim of this group project is in two-fold:

3.1. Examine linked ion/electron, flow, and heat transport within a

battery to determine the possible reasons of temperature increases in the
battery:
• This involves a thorough investigation of the flow, heat transport, and linked ion/electron
processes within a battery, with a focus on identifying the fundamental causes of
temperature rises. The goal is to learn more about how batteries behave thermally,
especially when they are working.

3.2. Create and enhance a heat management system specifically for an

electric vehicle's battery stack:
• The main goal is to create a thermal management system that works effectively and fits
into an electric vehicle's battery stack. By successfully regulating the battery's
temperature, this method should improve life expectancy, safety, and performance.

3.3. Project scope:

The project will be divided into five related subtopics, each of which will concentrate on
different aspects of battery performance and the thermal management system:

3.3.1. Design and optimize an air-cooling system for a battery pack:

• Develop and enhance an air-cooling system to effectively remove heat from the battery
pack and keep it operating within safe temperature limits.

3.3.2. Design and optimize a liquid-cooling system for the same battery pack:
• Create a liquid cooling system that can regulate the battery pack's temperature and handle
its heat, particularly in high-stress situations.

8
3.3.3. Simulate coupled lithium-ion/electron, flow, and heat transport inside a
new battery:
• To replicate the various relationships between heat transfer, fluid flow, and lithium-ion
and electron mobility within a battery cell, use computer modelling approaches.

3.3.4. Simulate ion/electron, flow, and heat transport inside a degraded

battery:
• Examine how a damaged battery behaves by simulating heat transfer, fluid movement,
and ion/electron transport to observe how deterioration affects thermal performance.

3.3.5. Analyze thermal and mechanical stresses on electrode materials:

• Analyse the possible thermal and mechanical strains on the battery's electrode materials,
paying particular attention to possible failure modes and degradation processes.

4. Project methodology for entire project

4.1. Battery selection:

One of the most crucial tasks for carrying out the project's goals and objectives is choosing the
right kind of battery.

4.2. Determine the reasons for the chosen battery's temperature

increases:
Using simulation software (ANSYS, COMSOL, etc.), causes are found by examining coupled
ion/electron, flow, and heat transport inside the chosen battery.

9
4.3. Subtopic investigation in this project.
4.3.1. Developing and refining the air-cooling system for the chosen battery
pack:
• Create a three-dimensional representation of the battery pack and the suggested air
conditioning system with design software such as SolidWorks or Catia.
• To maximize cooling efficiency, simulate the battery pack's airflow and exchange of heat.

4.3.2. Design and optimization of liquid cooling system:

• Using design software (SolidWorks, CATIA, etc.), create a 3D model of the battery pack
and the suggested liquid cooling system.
• To maximize cooling efficiency, simulate the fluid dynamics and heat transmission inside
the battery pack.

4.3.3. Simulate coupled lithium ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a
selected battery:
• Construct a thorough model of the structure and chemistry of the chosen battery
• The battery's internal heat, ion, and electron transfers are simulated during the charging
and discharging cycles.
• Examine performance metrics and temperature fluctuations.
4.3.4. Simulate coupled lithium ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside
the degraded battery:
• Construct a model of a damaged battery with identified structural problems.
• Ion, electron, and heat transfer in the deteriorated battery simulation.
• Examine how degradation affects battery performance and temperature rise.

4.3.5. Examine the mechanical and thermal stresses exerted on the electrode
materials:
• Using simulation software (ANSYS, etc.), create a model to replicate the mechanical and
thermal stresses placed on the electrode materials.
• Examine the outcome in order to build and enhance the battery heat management system.

10
4.4. Data collection and calculation:
· Gather simulation data, such as stress, fluid dynamics, and temperature profiles.
· Examine the findings to determine the reasons behind temperature increases and
how they affect battery life.

4.5. Design and optimize thermal management system that suits the
battery stack:
· Create an effective battery stack thermal management system based on
calculations and analysis results.
· Examine the performance and feasibility of both liquid and air-cooling techniques
for novel designs.

Figure 7 Methodology flowchart

11
5. Project management

5.1. Battery Selection:

• Description: Choose a battery that will work well when conducting fluid and thermal
simulations.
• Responsible: Entire Team.

5.2. Reasons for the increase in temperature:

• Description: Examine the battery's internal heat transport and linked ion/electron
movement.
• Responsible: Yusuf Akgun, Kanthak Wagh.

5.3. Design of Air-Cooling Systems:

• Description: Create and enhance a battery pack air-cooling system.
• Responsible: Yusuf Akgun.

5.4. Design of Liquid-Cooling Systems:

• Description: Create and refine a battery pack liquid cooling system.
• Responsible: Kanthak Wagh.

5.5. Battery Simulation - New Battery:

• Description: Recreate the flow, heat transport, and linked ion/electron transport inside a
fresh battery.
• Responsible: Keerthi Poshala.

5.6. Battery Simulation - Degraded Battery:

• Description: This model replicates heat, flow, and ion/electron movement within a
deteriorated battery.
• Responsible: Pranav Mandge.

12
5.7. Stress Analysis:
• Description: Examine the effects of mechanical and thermal stress on the electrode
materials.
• Responsible: Parth Kulkarni.

5.8. Compiling and calculating data:

• Description: Gathering data from simulation programmes
• Responsible: Pranav Mandge, Parth Kulkarni, Keerthi Poshala.

5.9. BTMS design and optimisation:

• Description: Develop an optimized thermal management system that suits the battery
stack.
• Responsible: Entire Team.

5.10. Finalize Project Plan:

• Description: Review and finalize the project plan, making sure that the team has
approved every detail.
• Responsible: Entire Team.

5.11. Continuous Reporting and Monitoring:

• Description: Keep an eye on the status of the project at all times and resolve any
problems.
• Responsible: Team Leader.

5.12. Individual Reports:

• Description: Every team member writes a report on their own work that is specific to
them.
• Responsible: Individual Team Members

13
6. Description of individual tasks

6.1 Design and optimise an air-cooling system for a battery pack.

(2372621-Yusuf Akgun)
The primary purpose of this project is to develop a safe, durable, and efficient battery pack for
electric vehicles, starting with the selection of an appropriate vehicle and battery pack
configuration. Prior to commencing any analysis, it is crucial to accurately define the battery
cells and gather estimated data, particularly the State of Charge (SoC). To accomplish this,
Matlab/SimScape software will be utilized. The battery modelling in Matlab will also simplify
data collection for the fourth project topic, "degraded battery." The data obtained will be used in
the "Lumped Modelling" module in COMSOL. The temperature distribution among cells will be
analysed, and efforts will be made to achieve uniform cooling between cells using ANSYS.

Aim and Objectives:

The main motivations behind this project are to prevent uncontrolled temperature increases
within the battery pack and to design a safe, durable, and efficient battery pack. This will involve
a comprehensive definition of the battery and obtaining validated data from software programs.

Objectives include:

• Precisely defining the battery and obtaining well-validated data from software programs.
• Conducting external CFD analyses on the thermal distribution based on the acquired data.
• Interpreting the analysis results and making design improvements for a balanced thermal
distribution.
• Documenting project results in written and visual formats.

Figure 8 Studying cycle

14
6.2. Design and optimise a liquid-cooling system for the same battery
pack. (2317782-Kanthak Samrat Wagh)
When an electric vehicle is running, it generates a lot of heat, particularly in parts like the battery,
power electronics (inverters and converters), and electric motor. Which must be constantly cooled
to avoid internal damage of electric vehicle. Liquid cooling systems efficiently disperse heat to
maintain ideal operating temperatures and avoid overheating. There are two types of liquid cooling
system used in electric vehicle direct contact type and indirect contact type. Direct contact type
creates a risk of short-circuits as the coolant is directly in contact with battery cell. Indirect type of
cooling has conductive liquids which eliminates the risk of short-circuits and this is easy to
implement [1].

Components used in liquid cooling system.

• Tubes or Plates
• Liquid coolant
• Radiator and Heat exchanger
• Pump
To reduce the temperature in liquid cooling system a liquid coolant (water or ethylene glycol) is
flow through tubes or plates winded around the battery cells, this liquid coolant carries the heat
and transfer to radiator. The coolant ensures that the cells are not in direct contact with the coolant.
heat exchangers are commonly employed to transmit heat from the components to the coolant. The
coolant in the system is circulated by a pump. Typically powered by electricity, this pump's flow
rate can be adjusted to suit cooling requirements. When more cooling is needed, like during hard
driving or rapid charging, electric fans can help cool the radiator [2]. Basic structure of indirect
liquid-cooling system is show in figure 1.

Figure 9 Basic indirect liquid cooling system

Aims and objectives.

• Design and optimise a liquid-cooling system for a battery pack

15
6.3. Simulate coupled lithium-ion/electron, flow and heat transport
inside a new battery. (2249265-Keerthi Priya Poshala)

Now a days most of the companies are focusing or showing interest on battery using materials in
both automobile industry also batteries are used in mobiles and most of the electronic devices.
This also benefits for both environment and user-friendly. as the increase usage of battery is
more new technology and innovation are done to improve the efficiency of battery and for fast
charging.
To improve the efficiency of battery and performance by recreating the flow and heat transfer in
lithium-ion/electron transport in a new battery is to be done.
Using Lithium-ion /electron batteries not only efficient in fast charging they even do not self-
discharge, stand up well in discharging and charging they are safe, and functionality when
compared to other batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries are applicable in daily life and in industrial use as in automotive
engineering (EV cars or electric cycles). A key part of using EV is they are improving day by
day. As a result, the usage of EV is increased.as every is engaged in their work, time is Essence
fast charging is introduced .as of no industries are facing problems in fast charging which leads
to rapid degradation of batteries due to over heating this leads to more research regarding flow
and heat transfer in a new battery.
the simulation of degraded battery and other tasks, we can analyse the differences and come to
conclusions. Using those conclusions, we can optimize a thermal management system for a
battery stack of an electric vehicle.
By using softwares which is used for simulation like COMSOL, ANSYS.
Aims and objectives.
Research lithium-ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a new battery
Simulate the lithium-ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a new battery using Ansys
fluent from the simulation analyse and gather which factors affect temperature rise and make
relevant conclusions.
Safety and environmental considerations
Reporting and documentation.
Reaching project timeline and recourses.

16
6.4. Simulate ion/electron, flow and heat transport inside a degraded
battery. (2352884- Pranav B Mandne)
The complex procedure of simulating heat transport and ion-electron movement inside a damaged battery
usually calls for sophisticated software and knowledge of materials science, electrochemistry, and
computational modelling. Here is a high-level summary of the procedure along with some potential
objectives and results:
1. Simulation Programs:
· For battery modelling, use an appropriate simulation program or framework such as
ANSYS, COMSOL, or specially written code.
· Describe the shape and material characteristics of the battery, including any parameters
connected to degradation.
2. Model Creation
· Create a thorough electrochemical-thermal model that takes heat transport, electron
movement, and ion diffusion into consideration.
· Think about degradation mechanisms including capacity decline, electrode cracking, and
SEI layer expansion.
3. Aim and outcomes:

Target 1: Evaluation of Degradation

• Examine how different degradation processes affect the lifespan and performance of batteries.
• Determine the important causes of capacity loss and impedance increase.

Target 2: Evaluation of Electrochemistry

• Examine electron flow and ion transport in various operating environments and charge states.
• Examine how deterioration affects electrochemical reactions.

Target 3: Thermodynamics
• Replicate the production and dissipation of heat in the battery during cycles of charge and
discharge.
• Evaluate how degradation affects the distribution of temperatures.

Target 4: Design Enhancement

• Utilize the findings of the simulation to suggest design changes or operational tactics that will
reduce degradation and improve battery performance.

17
6.5. Analyse thermal and mechanical stresses on electrode materials.
(2352726- Parth Pradyumna Kulkarni)
When designing and appraising electrodes for use in batteries, fuel cells, and other
electrochemical devices, it's critical to consider the effects of mechanical and thermal stresses on
the materials used in the electrodes. The general steps in doing such an analysis are as follows:

• Clearly State the Issue: Give a precise description of the issue as well as the
circumstances under which the electrode will function.
• Material Properties: Collect the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient
of the electrode material. Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Model the electrode and the
components around it using finite element analysis software.
• Thermal study: To determine how the temperature distribution inside the electrode
changes over time, conduct a thermal study. This will assist you in comprehending
potential thermal strains.
• Mechanical Analysis: To evaluate the mechanical stresses on the electrode material,
perform a mechanical analysis. Analyse the distribution of stress and deformation.
• Coupled Analysis: Mechanical and thermal stresses are frequently coupled. Thermal
expansion and contraction brought on by temperature changes can result in mechanical
strains. To take these interactions into account, use a coupled analysis.
• Boundary circumstances: The forces and restrictions operating on the electrode should be
reflected in these circumstances.
• Sensitivity Analysis: To comprehend how modifications to input parameters, like
material characteristics or operational circumstances, impact the mechanical and thermal
stresses, perform sensitivity studies.
• Analysis of Failures: Check to see if the computed stresses are higher than the yield
strength or other important limits of the material. If they do, think about possible causes
of failure, including cracking, wear and tear, or creep, and assess how these affect
electrode function.
• Enhancement: To lessen thermal and mechanical loads, you might need to adjust the
design or material choice based on the analysis's findings. Optimise the electrode
iteratively to satisfy the required performance standards and reduce problems brought on
by stress.

18
7. References

1.
Thakur, A.K., Prabakaran, R., Elkadeem, M.R., Sharshir, S.W., Arıcı, M., Wang, C.,
Zhao, W., Hwang, J.-Y. and Saidur, R. (2020). A state of art review and future viewpoint
on advance cooling techniques for Lithium–ion battery system of electric vehicles.
Journal of Energy Storage, [online] 32, p.101771.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101771.

Kim, J., Oh, J. and Lee, H. (2019). Review on battery thermal management system for
electric vehicles. Applied Thermal Engineering, 149, pp.192–212.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.020.
2.
Qian, Z., Li, Y. and Rao, Z. (2016). Thermal performance of lithium-ion battery thermal
management system by using mini-channel cooling. Energy Conversion and
Management, [online] 126, pp.622–631.
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