Benha University 3rd Year (Mechanical Power)

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra 2014/2015

Mechanical Engineering Department Sheet (3)
Measurements & Measuring Instrumentations

1. The resistance of a copper wire is expressed as 𝐑 = 𝐑 𝐨 (𝟏 + 𝛂[𝐓 − 𝟐𝟎]), where 𝐑 𝐨 = 𝟔 Ω ±

𝟎. 𝟑% is the resistance at 𝟐𝟎℃, 𝛂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒℃−𝟏 ± 𝟏% and the temperature of the wire is 𝐓 =
𝟑𝟎℃ ± 𝟏℃. Calculate the resistance of the wire and its uncertainty.

2. A resistor has a nominal value of 𝟏𝟎 Ω ± 𝟏%. The power can be calculated by two ways;
𝐏 = 𝐄𝟐 ⁄𝐑 𝐨𝐫 𝐏 = 𝐄𝐈. Calculate the uncertainty in each case when 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐕 ± 𝟏% 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈 =
𝟏𝟎 𝐀 ± 𝟏%.

3. Two resistors are to be combined to form an equivalent resistance of 1000 Ω. The

resistors are taken from available stock on hand as acquired over the years. Readily
available are two common resistors rated at 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟓𝟎 Ω and two common resistors rated
at 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 Ω ± 𝟓%. What combination of resistors (series or parallel) would provide the
smaller uncertainty in an equivalent 1000 Ω resistance?

4. Two resistors 𝐑 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑 𝟐 are connected in series and parallel arrangement. The values of
the resistances are 𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟏 Ω 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 Ω. Calculate the nominal value of
the equivalent resistance and its uncertainty for both the series and the parallel
arrangements.

5. The density of air is to be determined by measuring its pressure and temperature for
insertion in the ideal equation of state i.e. 𝐏 = 𝛒𝐑𝐓. The value of R for air is 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟏 𝐉/𝐤𝐠. 𝐊
and may be assumed exact for this calculation. The temperature and pressure are
measured as 𝐓 = 𝟓𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟒℃, 𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚. Determine the nominal value for the
density in 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 and its uncertainty.

6. A resistance arrangement of 𝟓𝟎 Ω is desired. Two resistances 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟏 Ω and two

resistances of 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 Ω are available. Which should be used, a series arrangement
with the 𝟐𝟓 Ω resistors or parallel arrangement with the 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Ω resistors? Calculate the
uncertainty for each arrangement.

7. Reynolds number for a pipe flow may be expressed as:

𝟒𝐦̇
𝐑𝐞 =
𝛑𝐝𝛍
Where
𝐦̇ ≡ mass flow rate,𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬
𝐝 ≡ pipe diameter, 𝐦
𝛍 ≡ 𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦 . 𝐬
In a certain system, the flow rate 𝐦̇ = 𝟔 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬 ± 𝟎. 𝟓%, through a 1.25 cm diameter
(±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦) pipe. The viscosity is 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐡𝐫 . 𝐟𝐭 ± 𝟏%. Calculate the value of
Reynolds number and its uncertainty.

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8. A 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝟑𝟎 cm square metal plate is used for a determination of free convection heat
transfer coefficient. The plate is placed in vertical position and exposed to room air at
20℃. The plate is electrically heated to uniform temperature of 50℃, and the heating rate
is measured as 𝟏𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐖. The emissivity of the surface is estimated as 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏.
Determine the nominal value and uncertainty of the heat transfer coefficient, assuming
that the temperature measurements are exact. Assume that the effective radiation
temperature of the surroundings is 20℃.

9. A certain obstruction-type flow meter (orifice, venture, nozzle), is used to measure the
flow of air at low velocities. The relation describing the flow is

𝟐𝐏𝟏
𝐦̇ = 𝐂 𝐀 ∗ √ (𝐏 − 𝐏𝟐 )
𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟏
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞:
C ≡ 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭
A ≡ 𝐅𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝐏𝟏 ≡ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐩𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
𝐏𝟐 ≡ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
𝐓𝟏 ≡ 𝐔𝐩𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
R ≡ 𝐆𝐚𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐢𝐫
Calculate the percent uncertainty in the mass flow rate for the following conditions:
𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝟐
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ± 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐏𝐚 ∆𝐏 = 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ± 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚 (𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲)
𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟏℃ = 𝟐𝟗𝟑 ± 𝟏 𝐊

10. The coefficient of discharge 𝐂𝐝 of an obstruction flow meter is given by:

𝐦
𝐂𝐝 =
𝐭 𝛒 𝐀√𝟐𝐠𝐡
Assuming the following data, calculate the value of 𝐂𝐝 and its uncertainty.
𝐦 ≡ 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = (𝟒𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟐) 𝐤𝐠
𝐭 ≡ 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 = (𝟓𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟐) 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐀 ≡ 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝛑𝐝𝟐 ⁄𝟒 , 𝐝 = (𝟏𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐) 𝐦𝐦
𝛒 ≡ 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟏%)
𝐠 ≡ 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 = (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝐦⁄𝐬𝟐 ± 𝟎. 𝟏%)
𝐡 = (𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦 ± 𝟎. 𝟓%)

11. A Guarded hot plate apparatus used to measure a thermal conductivity of metal
having 𝐤 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟓 𝐖/𝐦℃. The thickness of specimen is 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐦, and the heat flux
may be measured within 1%. Calculate the accuracy necessary for ∆𝐓 measurement in
order to insure an overall uncertainty in the measurement of k of 5%. If the cold plate
temperature is at 150℃, calculate the nominal value of the other plate temperature and
the tolerable uncertainty in each temperature measurement, assuming nominal heat flux
of 𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐖/𝐦𝟐 .

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1. Given

𝐑 = 𝐑 𝐨 (𝟏 + 𝛂[𝐓 − 𝟐𝟎]) 𝐑 𝐨 = 𝟔 Ω ± 𝟎. 𝟑%
𝐓𝐨 = 𝟐𝟎℃ 𝛂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒℃−𝟏 ± 𝟏%
𝐓 = 𝟑𝟎℃ ± 𝟏℃ 𝐑 ± 𝛚𝐑 =? ?

Solution
𝐑 = 𝐑 𝐨 (𝟏 + 𝛂[𝐓 − 𝟐𝟎]) = 𝟔(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒[𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎]) ≅ 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 Ω

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛛𝐑 𝛛𝐑 𝛛𝐑
𝛚𝐑 = ±√( 𝛚𝐑 𝐨 ) + ( 𝛚𝛂 ) + ( 𝛚𝐓 )
𝛛𝐑 𝐨 𝛛𝛂 𝛛𝐓

𝛚𝐑 𝐨 = ±𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 Ω 𝛚𝛂 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = ±𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ℃−𝟏 𝛚𝐓 = ±𝟏℃

𝛛𝐑
= 𝟏 + 𝛂(𝐓 − 𝟐𝟎) = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒(𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎) ≅ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒
𝛛𝐑 𝐨

𝛛𝐑
= 𝐑 𝐨 (𝐓 − 𝟐𝟎) = 𝟔(𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎) ≅ 𝟔𝟎
𝛛𝛂
𝛛𝐑
= 𝐑 𝐨 𝛂 = 𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝛛𝐓

∴ 𝛚𝐑 = ±√(𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖)𝟐 + (𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 ∗ 𝟏)𝟐

∴ 𝛚𝐑 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟓 Ω ∴ 𝐑 ≅ 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 Ω ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟓 Ω ≅ 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 Ω ± 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗%

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -3-

 2. Given

𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎 Ω ± 𝟏% 𝐏 = 𝐄𝟐 ⁄𝐑 𝐨𝐫 𝐏 = 𝐄𝐈
𝛚𝐏 =? ? 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐕 ± 𝟏%
𝐈 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐀 ± 𝟏%

Solution
𝐏 = 𝐄𝟐 ⁄𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐖 𝐏 = 𝐄𝐈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐖

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛛𝐏 𝛛𝐏 𝛛𝐏 𝛛𝐏
√
𝛚𝐏 = ± ( 𝛚𝐄 ) + ( 𝛚𝐑 ) √
𝛚𝐏 = ± ( 𝛚𝐄 ) + ( 𝛚𝐈 )
𝛛𝐄 𝛛𝐑 𝛛𝐄 𝛛𝐈

𝛚𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = ±𝟏 𝐕 𝛚𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = ±𝟏 𝐕

𝛚𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = ±𝟎. 𝟏 Ω 𝛚𝐈 = 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = ±𝟎. 𝟏 𝐀

𝛛𝐏 𝟐𝐄 𝛛𝐏
= = 𝟐𝟎 = 𝐈 = 𝟏𝟎
𝛛𝐄 𝐑 𝛛𝐄

𝛛𝐏 −𝐄𝟐 𝛛𝐏
= 𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝛛𝐑 𝐑 𝛛𝐈

∴ 𝛚𝐏 = ±√(𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏)𝟐 ≅ ±𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝐖 ∴ 𝛚𝐏 = ±√(𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏)𝟐 ≅ ±𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝐖

∴ 𝐏 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐖 ± 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝐖 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐖 ± 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟔% ∴ 𝐏 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐖 ± 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝐖 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐖 ± 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒%

We prefer the measuring with less uncertainty, so 𝐏 = 𝐄𝐈 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐏 = 𝐄𝟐 ⁄𝐑

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -4-

5. Given

𝐏 = 𝛒𝐑𝐓 𝐑 = 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟏 𝐉⁄𝐤𝐠 . 𝐊

𝛚𝐑 = 𝟎 𝐓 = 𝟓𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟒℃ = 𝟑𝟐𝟖 ± 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐊
𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛒 =? ? 𝛚𝛒 =? ?

Solution
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐏 𝛛𝛒 𝛛𝛒 𝛛𝛒
𝛒= √
∴ 𝛚𝛒 = ± ( 𝛚𝐏 ) + ( 𝛚𝐓 ) + ( 𝛚𝐑 )
𝐑𝐓 𝛛𝐏 𝛛𝐓 𝛛𝐑

𝛚𝐏 = ±𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛚𝐓 = ±𝟎. 𝟒℃ 𝛚𝐑 = 𝟎

𝛛𝛒 𝟏 𝟏 𝛛𝛒 −𝐏 −𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
= = ≅ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 = 𝟐
= ≅ −𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝛛𝐏 𝐑𝐓 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝛛𝐓 𝐑𝐓 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟐

∴ 𝛚𝛒 = ±√(𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟎 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

𝐏 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝛒= = ≅ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑
𝐑𝐓 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟐𝟖

∴ 𝛒 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐%

Another Solution
𝐏 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐏
𝛒= = ≅ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 𝛒= = 𝐏 𝐑−𝟏 𝐓 −𝟏
𝐑𝐓 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝐑𝐓

𝛚𝛒 𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐏 𝟐 −𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐑 𝟐 −𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐓 𝟐
= ± √( ) +( ) +( )
𝛒 𝐏 𝐑 𝐓

𝛚𝐏 = ±𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛚𝐓 = ±𝟎. 𝟒℃ 𝛚𝐑 = 𝟎

𝛚𝛒 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟐
∴ √
=± ( ) +𝟎+( ) ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟏
𝛒 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟐𝟖

∴ 𝛚𝛒 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟏 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟐 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟒𝟐%

∴ 𝛒 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐%

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -5-

7. Given

𝐑𝐞 = 𝟒𝐦̇⁄𝛑𝐝𝛍 𝐦̇ = 𝟔 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬 ± 𝟎. 𝟓%
−𝟔
𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ± 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝐦
𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝛍 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐡𝐫 . 𝐟𝐭 ± 𝟏% = 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦 . 𝐬 ± 𝟏% ≅ 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦 . 𝐬 ± 𝟏%
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟖
𝐑𝐞 ± 𝛚𝐑𝐞 =? ?

Solution
𝟒𝐦̇ 𝟒∗𝟔
𝐑𝐞 = = ≅ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝛑𝐝𝛍 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛛𝐑𝐞 𝛛𝐑𝐞 𝛛𝐑𝐞
𝛚𝐑𝐞 = ±√( 𝛚𝐦̇ ) + ( 𝛚𝐝 ) + ( 𝛚𝛍 )
𝛛𝐦̇ 𝛛𝐝 𝛛𝛍

𝛚𝐦̇ = ±𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬 𝛚𝐝 = ±𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦

𝛚𝛍 = ±𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ≅ ±𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦 . 𝐬

𝛛𝐑𝐞 𝟒 𝟒
= = ≅ 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟗
𝛛𝐦̇ 𝛑𝐝𝛍 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗

𝛛𝐑𝐞 −𝟒𝐦̇ −𝟒 ∗ 𝟔
= = ≅ −𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏
𝛛𝐝 𝛑𝐝 𝛍 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
𝟐 𝟐

𝛛𝐑𝐞 −𝟒𝐦̇ −𝟒 ∗ 𝟔
= 𝟐
= ≅ −𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝛛𝛍 𝛑𝐝𝛍 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ (𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 )𝟐

𝛚𝐑𝐞 = ±√(𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟏. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 )𝟐

∴ 𝛚𝐑𝐞 ≅ ±𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟏𝟐% ∴ 𝐑𝐞 ≅ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 ± 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 ≅ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 ± 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐%

Another Solution
𝟒𝐦̇ 𝟒∗𝟔 𝟒𝐦̇𝐝−𝟏 𝛍−𝟏
𝐑𝐞 = = ≅ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝐑𝐞 =
𝛑𝐝𝛍 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝛑

𝛚𝐑𝐞 𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐦̇ 𝟐 −𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐝 𝟐 −𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝛍 𝟐
√
=± ( ) +( ) +( )
𝐑𝐞 𝐦̇ 𝐝 𝛍

𝛚𝐦̇ 𝛚𝛍
= ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝛚𝐝 = ±𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝐦̇ 𝛍

𝟐
𝛚𝐑𝐞 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
∴ = ± √(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 + ( ) + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)𝟐 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟔
𝐑𝐞 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓

∴ 𝛚𝐑𝐞 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟔 ∗ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 ≅ ±𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒

∴ 𝛚𝐑𝐞 ≅ ±𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟏𝟐% ∴ 𝐑𝐞 ≅ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 ± 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 ≅ 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 ± 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐%

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -6-

8. Given

𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝐦𝟐 𝐓∞ = 𝟐𝟎℃
𝐓𝐬 = 𝟓𝟎℃ = 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝐊 𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐖
𝛆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝐡 ± 𝛚𝐡 =? ?
𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐫 = 𝟐𝟎℃ = 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐊

Solution
𝐐 = 𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 + 𝐐𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐡𝐀(𝐓𝐬 − 𝐓∞ ) + 𝛆𝐀𝛅(𝐓𝐬𝟒 − 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐫
𝟒
)

𝐐 − 𝛆𝐀𝛅(𝐓𝐬𝟒 − 𝐓∞
𝟒
) 𝟏𝟓 − [𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 ∗ 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 (𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟒 )]
𝐡= = ≅ 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 𝐖/𝐦𝟐 𝐊
𝐀(𝐓𝐬 − 𝐓∞ ) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 ∗ (𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎)

𝟐 𝟐
𝛛𝐡 𝛛𝐡
𝛚𝐡 = ±√( 𝛚𝐐 ) + ( 𝛚𝛆 ) 𝛚𝐐 = ±𝟎. 𝟐 𝐖 𝛚𝛆 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝛛𝐐 𝛛𝛆

𝛛𝐡 𝟏 𝟏
= = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟕
𝛛𝐐 𝐀(𝐓𝐬 − 𝐓∞ ) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 ∗ (𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎)

𝛛𝐡 −𝐀𝛅(𝐓𝐬𝟒 − 𝐓∞𝟒
) −𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 (𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟒 )
= = ≅ −𝟔. 𝟔𝟒
𝛛𝛆 𝐀(𝐓𝐬 − 𝐓∞ ) (𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎)

∴ 𝛚𝐡 = ±√(𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟔. 𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)𝟐 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟏 𝐖⁄𝐦𝟐 𝐊

∴ 𝐡 ≅ 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐖/𝐦𝟐 𝐊 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝐖/𝐦𝟐 𝐊 ± 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔%

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -7-

9. Solution

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛛𝐦̇ 𝛛𝐦̇ 𝛛𝐦̇ 𝛛𝐦̇ 𝛛𝐦̇
𝛚𝐦̇ = ±√( 𝛚𝐂 ) + ( 𝛚𝐀 ) + ( 𝛚𝐏𝟏 ) + ( 𝛚∆𝐏 ) + ( 𝛚𝐓𝟏 )
𝛛𝐂 𝛛𝐀 𝛛𝐏𝟏 𝛛∆𝐏 𝛛𝐓𝟏

𝛚𝐂 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝛚𝐀 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝟐

𝛚𝐏𝟏 = ±𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛚∆𝐏 = ±𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛚𝐓𝟏 = ±𝟏 𝐊

𝛛𝐦̇ 𝟐𝐏𝟏 ∆𝐏 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒

=𝐀∗√ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∗ √ ≅ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟓
𝛛𝐂 𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑

𝛛𝐦̇ 𝟐𝐏𝟏 ∆𝐏 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒

=𝐂∗√ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ √ ≅ 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟔
𝛛𝐀 𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑

𝛛𝐦̇ 𝐂𝐀 𝟐∆𝐏 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒

= ∗√ = ∗√ ≅ 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝛛𝐏𝟏 𝟐 𝐏𝟏 𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑

𝛛𝐦̇ 𝐂𝐀 𝟐𝐏𝟏 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓

= ∗√ = ∗√ 𝟒 ≅ 𝟒. 𝟗𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝛛∆𝐏 𝟐 ∆𝐏𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑

𝛛𝐦̇ −𝐂𝐀 𝟐𝐏𝟏 ∆𝐏 −𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒

= ∗√ = ∗ √ ≅ −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟖
𝛛𝐓𝟏 𝟐 𝐑𝐓𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟑

𝛚𝐦̇ = ±√(𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟐𝟓𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟗𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟖 ∗ 𝟏)𝟐

∴ 𝛚𝐦̇ ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬

𝟐𝐏𝟏 ∆𝐏 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒

𝐦̇ = 𝐂𝐀√ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∗ √ ≅ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬
𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑

𝛚𝐦̇ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟒

∴ = ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟓𝟐%
𝐦̇ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟑

Another Solution

𝟐𝐏𝟏 ∆𝐏 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓

𝐦̇ = 𝐂𝐀√ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∗ √ ≅ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐠⁄𝐬
𝐑𝐓𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝟗𝟑

𝟐
𝐦̇ = √ ∗ 𝐂 𝐀 𝐏𝟏𝟎.𝟓 ∆𝐏𝟎.𝟓 𝐓𝟏−𝟎.𝟓
𝐑

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -8-

𝛚𝐦̇ 𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐂 𝟐 𝟏 ∗ 𝛚𝐀 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝛚𝐏 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝛚∆𝐏 𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝛚𝐓 𝟐
√
=± ( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( )
𝐦̇ 𝐂 𝐀 𝐏 ∆𝐏 𝐓

𝛚𝐂 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝛚𝐀 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝟐

𝛚𝐏𝟏 = ±𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛚∆𝐏 = ±𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚 𝛚𝐓𝟏 = ±𝟏 𝐊

𝛚𝐦̇ 𝟏 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟐 𝟏 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏 𝟐

∴ = ± √( ) +( ) +( ) + ( ) + ( ) ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟓𝟐%
𝐦̇ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟑

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem -9-

11. Given

𝐤 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟓 𝐖/𝐦℃ 𝐋 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐦

𝛚𝐪́́ ⁄𝐪́́ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝛚∆𝐓 =? ?
𝛚𝐤 ⁄𝐤 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎℃
𝐓𝟐 =? ? 𝛚𝐓𝟏 =? ? 𝛚𝐓𝟐 =? ? 𝐪́́ = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐖/𝐦𝟐

Solution
∆𝐓 (𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 ) 𝐪́́ 𝐋 𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟓
𝐪́́ = 𝐤 =𝐤 ∴ 𝐓𝟐 = + 𝐓𝟏 = + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟐℃
𝐋 𝐋 𝐤 𝟖𝟔. 𝟓

𝐪́́ 𝐋
∴ ∆𝐓 = (𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 ) ≅ 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐℃ 𝐤=
∆𝐓

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛛𝐤 𝛛𝐤 𝛛𝐤
𝛚𝐤 = ±√( 𝛚𝐪́́ ) + ( 𝛚𝐋 ) + ( 𝛚∆𝐓 )
𝛛𝐪́́ 𝛛𝐋 𝛛∆𝐓

𝛚𝐪́́ = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 = ±𝟔𝟑𝟏 𝐖⁄𝐦𝟐 𝛚𝐋 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐦

𝛚𝐤 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟖𝟔. 𝟓 = ±𝟒. 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝐖/𝐦𝟐 ℃

𝛛𝐤 𝐋 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝛛𝐤 𝐪́́ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒

= = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟓 = = ≅ 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟖
𝛛𝐪́́ ∆𝐓 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 𝛛𝐋 ∆𝐓 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐

𝛛𝐤 −𝐪́́ 𝐋 −𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟓

= = ≅ −𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝛛∆𝐓 ∆𝐓 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝟐

∴ 𝟒. 𝟑𝟐𝟓 = ±√(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟔𝟑𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝛚∆𝐓 )𝟐

∴ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟔 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟔𝟑𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝛚∆𝐓 )𝟐

∴ 𝛚∆𝐓 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟖℃

To get the tolerable uncertainty in each temperature measurement:

𝟐 𝟐
𝛛∆𝐓 𝛛∆𝐓
∆𝐓 = (𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 ) 𝛚∆𝐓 √
=± ( 𝛚 ) +( 𝛚 )
𝛛𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟐 𝛛𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟏
𝛛∆𝐓 𝛛∆𝐓
𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝛚𝐓𝟐 = 𝛚𝐓𝟏 = 𝛚𝐓 =𝟏 = −𝟏
𝛛𝐓𝟐 𝛛𝐓𝟏

∴ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟖 = ±√(𝛚𝐓 )𝟐 + (𝛚𝐓 )𝟐 = ±√𝟐(𝛚𝐓 )𝟐

∴ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟐 = 𝟐(𝐮𝐓 )𝟐 ∴ 𝛚𝐓 ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔℃ ∴ 𝐓𝟐 ≅ 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔℃

Dr. Mohamed Reda Salem - 10 -