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Chapter 3 Lecture Ver2 Short

The document discusses data and signals used in networks. It covers analog and digital signals, attributes of each, and how data is represented and transformed into signals for transmission. Impairments during transmission and limits on data rates are also examined.

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11 views

Chapter 3 Lecture Ver2 Short

The document discusses data and signals used in networks. It covers analog and digital signals, attributes of each, and how data is represented and transformed into signals for transmission. Impairments during transmission and limits on data rates are also examined.

Uploaded by

ballpoolminiclip38
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Chapter 3

Data and Signals

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Note

In Networks, we are working with the


transmission of data across network
connection at the Physical Layer.
To be transmitted, data must be
transformed to electrical or
electromagnetic or optical signals.

3.2
Digital Data Resources & their Representation

 Text

Codes

Unicode (32 bit)

ASCII(7 bit) first 127 codes are of Unicode
 Numbers
- Directly converted to binary
 Image
 Divided into pixels
 Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
 Depending on number of colors total number of patterns may
vary.
 Audio

Continuous
A/D conversion
 Video

image and audio are combined

3.3
3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Data can be analog or digital.
Analog data are continuous and take
continuous values.
Digital data have discrete states and take
discrete values.
Signals can also be analog or digital.
Analog signals can have an infinite number of
values in a range.
digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.
Both Analog & Digital Signals can be of
two forms: Periodic & Aperiodic (Non-Periodic)
3.4
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals

3.5
Note

In data communications, we commonly


use periodic analog signals and
nonperiodic digital signals.

3.6
3-2 Attributes of Analog Signals

Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or


composite.

Figure sine wave (Periodic)


Attributes are:
1.Peak Amplitude
2.Frequency
3.Time Period
4.Phase
5.Wavelength
3.7
Frequency

Frequency is the rate of change with


respect to time. (1Hz=1cycle in 1sec)
Change in a short span of time
means high frequency
(instantaneous changes : infinite frequency)
Change over a long span of
time means low frequency.
(No change : zero frequency)

3.8
Time Period

Time Period is the time taken by the


signal to complete one cycle.
Frequency and period are the inverse of
each other.

3.9
Phase

Phase describes the position of the


waveform relative to time 0.

3.10
Figure 3.6 Wavelength and period

Wave Length

The distance travelled by a simple signal in one Time


Period. It depends on frequency and medium.

Wavelength (λ) = Propagation Speed * Period


= Propagation Speed / Frequency

λ=c/f

3.11
Note

A single-frequency sine wave is not


useful in data communications;

we need to send a composite signal (e.g.


Square wave) which is made of many
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

3.12
Figure 3.9 A composite periodic signal

3.13
Band Width

The bandwidth of a composite signal is


the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies
contained in that signal.

3.14
3-3 DIGITAL SIGNALS
In addition to being represented by an analog signal,
information can also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more
than two levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit
for each level.
Attributes of Digital Signals:
1. Bit Rate (Bits sent in 1sec)
2. Bit Length (Distance occupied by 1bit on the medium)
Bit Length = Propagation Speed * bit duration
3. Bandwidth

3.15
Figure 3.16 Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other
with four signal levels

3.16
Example 3.16

A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are


needed per level? We calculate the number of bits from
the formula

Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.


How it is different with 2n formula?

3.17
3-4 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

Signals travel through transmission media, which are not


perfect. The imperfection causes signal impairment. This
means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is
not the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
What is sent is not what is received. Three causes of
impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.

3.18
Figure 3.25 Causes of impairment

3.19
3-5 DATA RATE LIMITS

A very important consideration in data communications


is how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a
channel. Data rate depends on three factors:

1. The bandwidth available


2. The level of the signals we use
3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)

3.20
Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate
Bit Rate (Rb)= 2 * Channel Bandwidth * Log2 L
This formula tells us how many signal
levels we need.
Increasing the levels may reduce reliability

Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity


Rb = Capacity (C) = Bandwidth * (1+SNR)
Note: SNR is not in dB, if SNRdB is given, then it must
be converted to SNR

3.21
Example 3.41

We have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR


for this channel is 63. What are the appropriate bit rate
and signal level?

Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper
limit.

3.22
Example 3.41 (continued)

The Shannon formula gives us 6 Mbps, the upper limit.


For better performance we choose something lower, 4
Mbps, for example. Then we use the Nyquist formula to
find the number of signal levels.

The Shannon capacity gives us the


upper limit; the Nyquist formula tells us
how many signal levels we need.
3.23
3-6 PERFORMANCE

One important issue in networking is the performance of


the network—how good is it?

Bandwidth (Bandwidth is the potential measure of a link)


Throughput (Actually how fast we can send data)
Latency (Delay) (Latency = Propagation Time + Transmission Time +
Queuing Time + Processing Delay)

Bandwidth-Delay Product (see on next slide)

3.24

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