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1 Turbine

The document provides an introduction to different types of turbines, including how they work and what fluids they use. It discusses impulse and reaction turbines, and covers various examples like steam, gas, wind, and hydraulic turbines. Hydraulic turbines like Pelton wheels and Francis turbines are described in detail.

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Sumukh Kini
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27 views26 pages

1 Turbine

The document provides an introduction to different types of turbines, including how they work and what fluids they use. It discusses impulse and reaction turbines, and covers various examples like steam, gas, wind, and hydraulic turbines. Hydraulic turbines like Pelton wheels and Francis turbines are described in detail.

Uploaded by

Sumukh Kini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Turbines – An Introduction

A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a


fluid flow and converts it into useful work, namely electricity.
Turbine Blade
Turbines have been used for centuries to convert freely available
mechanical energy from rivers and wind into useful work, through a
rotating shaft.

Classification of turbines based on working fluid:

When the working fluid is water turbines are called hydraulic turbines
or hydroturbines.

When working fluid is air, and energy is extracted from the wind, the
machine is called wind turbine.

When the working fluid is steam, turbines are called steam turbines.

A more generic name for turbines that employ a compressible gas as


the working fluid is gas turbines.
Hydraulic Turbine
Steam Turbine
• Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in
thermal power plants, such as plants using coal, fuel oil or
nuclear power.
Steam Turbine (continued)
Gas Turbine
The working fluid in a gas turbine is a permanent gas, in contrast with a
condensable vapour in the steam turbine, produced in a gas generator at
high pressure by continuous combustion in a combustion chamber.

Gas Turbine used for


electricity generation

Working of a Gas Turbine to generate electricity


Gas Turbine in Jet Engines
Utlizing Combination of Gas Turbine and Steam Turbine for Power Generation
Wind Turbine

For power generation For wind velocity measurement


Turbines can be further classified into two basic categories based on
how they operate – Impulse Turbines and Reaction Turbines. Most
hydro stations use either of these two turbines to produce electricity.

• In an Impulse turbine, the whole of the available energy of the fluid


is converted to Kinetic Energy before the water acts on the moving
parts of the turbine.
• Pelton Wheel is an example of such turbine.

Pelton Wheel (Impulse Turbine)


Pelton Wheels in a hydroplant Components in a Pelton Wheel

Water is blasted at these cups by one or more jets mounted in the


surrounding casing. Momentum is transferred from water to cups,
and a torque is created, causing the wheel to rotate.

This type of turbine is highly efficient.


In Reaction Turbines, the rotation is mainly achieved by the reaction
forces created by the acceleration of the fluid in the runner (rotating
blade). The basic principle is the same as a rotating lawn sprinkler in
which water enters the arms of the sprinkler at low velocity and leaves
through the jets at high velocity.
Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction
turbines.

A Simple Reaction Turbine


• Reaction turbines consist of fixed guide vanes called stay vanes,
adjustable guide vanes called wicket gates and rotating blades
called runner blades.
• It also generally consists of a spiral casing or volute, as in hydraulic
turbines. It surrounds the runner completely. The casing should be
strong to withstand high pressure.
Top and Side View of a typical Reaction Turbine
• Flow enters tangentially at high pressure, is turned toward the
runner by the stay vanes as it moves along the volute, and then
passes through the wicket gates with a large tangential velocity
component.
• Momentum is exchanged between the fluid and the runner, and the
runner rotates.
• Unlike impulse turbine, the water completely fills the casing of a
reaction turbine.
• Reaction turbine generally produces more power than an impulse
turbine.
• Wicket gates control volume flow rate.
• There are two main types of Reaction Turbine – Francis and Kaplan
Turbines.

Sectional and Top View of a Francis Reaction Turbine


Francis Turbine
Sectional View of a Kaplan Reaction Turbine
Both types of turbines are inward-flow reaction turbines.

Francis turbines utilize axial and/or radial flow concepts.

Kaplan turbines utilize axial flow of water.

Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable


blades.

Kaplan Turbines
Various types of water turbine runners. From left to right: Pelton Wheel, two types of
Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine
A Francis turbine runner, rated at nearly one million hp (750
MW), being installed at the Grand Coulee Dam, United States.
Euler Head and Efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines

• Efficiency of turbines is a function of the available head.


• Euler's Head: It is defined as energy transfer per unit weight.

• Hydraulic Efficiency - It is the ratio of power developed by the


runner to the head of water (or energy) actually supplied to the
turbine i.e.

• Mechanical Efficiency - It is the ratio of actual work available at the


turbine shaft to energy imparted to the wheel.

• Overall Efficiency – The overall efficiency is based on the useful


work output divided by the water power input.
Hydraulic Power plant showing Net Head
In impulse turbines, the total head available is first converted into the
kinetic energy.

In the reaction turbines, the fluid passes first through a ring of stationary
guide vanes in which only part of the available total head is converted
into kinetic energy. The guide vanes discharge directly into the runner
along the whole of its periphery, so that the fluid entering the runner
has pressure energy as well as kinetic energy. The pressure energy is
converted into kinetic energy in the runner.
Change of Pressure and Velocity in a Steam Impulse Turbine and a Steam Reaction
Turbine

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