TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES Importance of The Study Values

LESSON 1 Value has been taken to mean moral ideas, general conceptions or
orientations towards the world or sometimes simply interests, attitudes,
SOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL CONSCIENCE
preferences, needs, sentiments and dispositions
Values
The generalized end which has the connotations of rightness,
Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. goodness or inherent desirability. It is important and lasting beliefs or ideals
They serve as a guide for human behavior, some values have intrinsic worth, shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable
such as love, truth, and freedom. Other values, such as ambition, or undesirable.
responsibility, and courage, describe traits or behaviors that are instrumental
Classification of Values
as means to an end.
Intrinsic Values
 considered sacred and are moral imperatives for those who believe in
them Valuable in itself that pleasure and happiness are valuable in and of
themselves. A universe in which a single living being is experiencing pleasure
Sacred values will seldom be compromised because they are is better than one in which there are no living beings.
perceived as duties rather than as factors to be weighed in decision-making
 Valuable in itself
 universally recognized as a driving force in ethical decision-making
 Emmanuel Kant holds that genuinely moral actions are intrinsically
 shape society’s behavior to guarantee adequate coexistence between valuable.
participants
 G.E. Moore, a Cambridge philosopher says that a world containing
Provide the boundaries between what is right and what is wrong, what is natural beauty is more valuable than a world without beauty.
permissible, prohibited, illegal, desirable, legitimate or punishable  Valued by someone for its own sake
Social Values Focusing on the second sense of intrinsic value, the question arises: What do
people value for its own sake?
Set of moral principles defined by society dynamics, institutions,
traditions and cultural beliefs, implicit guidelines that provide orientation to  Most people value not only their own happiness; they also value the
individuals and corporations to conduct themselves properly. happiness of other people.
 People also sacrifice themselves or their happiness for other things,
Social Conscience
such as religion, their country, justice, knowledge, truth, or art.
A sense of responsibility or concern for the problems and injustices of society.
Instrumental Values
Concerned with the broader institutions of society and the gap that we may
perceive between the sort of society that should exist and the real society that Values considered as good because of their worth to us and to others
does exist.
 Anything that is useful or advantageous causing happiness or joy “Children live by obligatory values set by their parents, but as they grow and
e.g. money, as it provides security, and is used to purchased things we want. mature, they develop their own set of values transmitted by parents through
If detached from its purchasing power, it loses its value and will be seen only culture.”
as a printed paper or scrap metal.
Moral Values
Accidental Values
“Ought to be” qualities that lift the level of personal values to a degree
Determined by the people you may be with or aspire to be like. These higher than the economic, cultural, and aesthetic values
values aren't cultivated or even recognized. Values which befit a man with
 Special positive qualities developed in man
respect to the accidents found in him that is subject to variability, temporality
and impermanence.  Refers to those qualities of an act performed by man freely
and knowingly.
 e.g. Exercise (good to who is fit, harmful to people with heart
ailment) Religious Values
Values enabling us to encounter God whom we believe to be the
Natural Values
absolute good. Communion with the Absolute and wishes to unite man with
Values that are permanent in human nature, values that do not the ultimate and transcendental principle of everything that exists.
contradict each other they tell us what we ought to value
 ”The encounter with the Holy One.”
 God is the highest natural value because his existence
precludes even our ability to have other values. Cultural Values
Cover limitless plurality of partial areas as ethical, aesthetic, and
Primary Values
religious values. These include artistic inclination to arts, literature, desire for
Values that are chosen, acted upon, and are necessary for human sound human relationship, music, etc.
development.
Social Values
Helps a man develop best of his capacity and motivate him to move
Initiates the formation of building of society.
beyond normal functioning in the society. Choices a person makes from
existing alternatives. “A person may be happy about a choice although, it may There are two (2) types of Social Values:
not be the best choice for the situation.”
1) Values constitutionally Social
Secondary Values
Example: Patriotism, Nationalism, Family ties, friendship, Social
Values that are determined by society through long experience and consciousness, Liberty, Economic productivity, Initiative
practice which are consistently necessary for the well-being of its members.
2) Values related to what is Social
 e.g., Values in the family are necessary to the children
Example: Creative values
Identification of Values Operative in a Society 4. Pagkarelihiyoso
o Extensiveness - How large population of a society recognizes the value? Filipinos are religious. They believe so much in supernatural powers
o Duration - how long has the value been held by the society? and taught them to trust prayers rather than hard work in the realization of
o Intensity – Is the value sought after by many? Does the value affect the their dreams. Success is considered a blessing from above.
emotions of the people?
5. Damayan / Bayanihan
o Prestige of the carrier of the value – Does the value provide a means of
judging the social worth of the persons or groups who possess them? Denotes a good relationship among the people in the family or within
the group or community and connotes helping one another in time of need.
Re-examining the Philippine Value System
Filipinos engage themselves in mutual cooperation.
Cultural values are shared assumption of what is right, good or
6. Malasakit
important in a certain society. Filipino Values System is defined by the way
of people live their life as an influence of one’s culture. In Filipino Family each of the member have the adherence or the
willingness to help the other member who is in need more than they do,
It is the set of values that most of the Filipinos have historically held
emotional or financial needs. They have this care to their family member and
important in their lives consisting their own unique assemblage of consistent
this is the way they show their love to each other.
ideologies, moral code, ethical principles, etiquette and cultural and personal
values that are promoted by their society. TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES
1. Pagkakabuklod-buklod LESSON 2
The Filipinos recognize their family as an important social structure SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND CURRENT ISSUES
that one must take care of. They give importance to the safety and unity of
one’s family. It is also common to find the whole clan living in the same area Social Problems
and have extended family structure. Condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large
numbers of people. A problem in human relationships which seriously
2. Utang na Loob
threatens society or impedes the important aspirations of many people.
It is a technique of reciprocity of debt of gratitude to others within the
family circle or primary group, sometimes unlimited in nature, emotional o There must be a perception that a condition or behavior needs to be
rather than financial or rational. addressed.
o If citizens, policymakers, or other parties call attention to the
3. Paggalang condition or behavior
Filipinos are taught to become respectful individuals. This is mainly Social Disorganization
due to the influence of Christianity that tells us to honor both our parents and
our elders. The use of ‘’po’’ and ‘’’opo’’ in conversation and “mano”. The condition or disruption, chaos and conflict in society, when the
various structures and components of the social system do not work
harmoniously
Economic Condition Approaches To Social Problems
Economic System, stem from the dysfunction of inequitable 1. The Value-Conflict Approach
distribution of resources to the members of the society.
“Depression and World War II (1938-1945) “
Natural History of Social Problems
Concept: “Some social problems may be problematic as a whole but normal
Stage 1: Emergence and Claim Makings or justifiable to a particular group”

 A social problem emerges when a social entity (such as a social “Social problem is a condition that are incompatible with group values
change group, the news media, or influential politicians) begins to call
 Causes: Problems occur when groups with different values meet and
attention to a condition or behavior that it perceives to be undesirable
compete
and in need of remedy.
Example: Landlords and Tenants
Stage 2: Legitimacy  Effects: Consequences are costly as groups become polarized
(against each other). Higher goals are sacrificed for lower ones
 It usually tries to persuade the government to take some action—
*compromise)
spending and policymaking—to address the problem
 Conflicts to be solved by:
 Convince the government that its claims about the problem are
legitimate—that they make sense and are supported by empirical 1. Consensus (agreement on compromise)
Stage 3: Renewed Claims Making 2. Trading (exchange)
 Reasserting their claims and by criticizing the official response they 3. Power (dominancy)
have received from the government or other established interests
2. The Deviant Behaviour Approach
 May involve a fair amount of tension between the social change
Concept: “Social Problems are created by people who deviate from the
groups and these targets of their claims
accepted norms and are delinquents”
Current Issues  Causes: “Behaviour or conditions that are deviant from the norms,
they arise when legitimate (systematic) means of achieving cultural
An important topic or problem for debate or discussion. Any modern- goals are blocked” Example: Unemployment, corruption, violence
day trend, event, idea or topic involving a subject that’s relevant to people
and affecting them in some way Remedies/Solutions:
Some contemporary issues are useful and unifying for society, like  Re-socialize deviants by increasing their contacts with accepted
electronic banking, while others can be divisive — think politics, climate patterns of behavior.
issues or universal healthcare.  Social systems must be less rigid, legitimate
 Opportunities and goals should be more attainable
 3. Labelling Approach rejected society’s values and beliefs because of their internal defects.
Labelling approach are interested in explaining why and under what For Example: Social pathology includes substance abuse, violence, abuses
conditions certain acts and situations come to be defined as problematic or of women and children, crime, terrorism, corruption, criminality,
deviant. discrimination, isolation, stigmatization and human rights violations.
Concept: “Social Problems are conditions in which certain behavior or  Causes: Modern Social Pathologists focus more on defects of society
situation become defined as social problems” and its institution. Immoral society produce immoral individuals.
 Causes: Awareness of people about certain behavior or situation’s
For Example: Corruption. Many contemporary social problems are global
existence makes them social problems.
in nature and are shared by many countries.
Definition of social problems changes according to our own situation,
 Consequences: Social pathologies "often lead to a flood of social,
interest or by pressure group.
economic and psychological problems that undermine well-being”
 Consequences: People who are considered deviant and are labelled and therefore need to be considered in developing a mental health
will accept that definition and will or may adopt more deviant acts to policy that promotes population mental health well-being and
compliment/reinforce deviancy addresses issues that contribute to mental illness.
For Example: Drug Addiction leading towards crime and life style Increase the cost of maintaining social order (terrorism)
change as secondary deviance
Solutions:
4. Social Pathology Approach
 Education as a solution to social problems
Nineteenth-century American & European sociologists  Programs to prevent the transmission of defects in next generations
Concept: “Individuals and groups who deviate from social norms, or  Social Disorganization Approach
institutions that do not fit with core social norms, are “sick” or pathologic and Concept and Causes: Society is organized by a set of expectations and rules.
a risk to the society's ‘health’” Social Disorganization results when these fail and result in:
 Causes: Social Problems arise when either individuals or social
institutions fail to keep pace with changing conditions and thereby 1. Normlessness (people have no rules)
disrupt the healthy operation of the social organism (individuals or 2. Cultural Conflicts (people feel trapped by contradictory set of rules)
groups) such individuals or institutions were considered “Sick” hence
the term “Social Pathology” 3. Breakdown (obedience to a set of rules results in no rewards or in
punishment)
For Example: Rural Migrants who fail to adjust in urban life are considered For Example: Rapid Social Change, Job Discrimination, drug addiction,
as a source of “sickness” or “illness” personal, family and community disorganization
 Causes: Early social pathologists identify individuals as a source of
society’s problems who could not be properly socialized or who
Consequences:
 Social System feels the force of disorganization
 It may change its rules
 Keep contradictory rules in force
 Breaking down
Solution:
 Reversed by isolating its causes and correcting them
 Society to make new rules and expectations
Institutional Approach
Concept: “Problems in Social institutions produce patterns of deviance or
institutions must address the problems through strategic social change”
 Causes: Social problems are the product of the “impersonal
operation” of existing social institutions both now and in the past.
 Solution/Remedies:
a) Engage in research and active social interventions
b) Planned change or overall change in social institutions
c) Emergence of new social institutions replacing existing
institutions