Eutrophication is a process in which a body of water becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading

to excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This can have negative impacts on the
ecosystem and human health.

One example of eutrophication is the case of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes in North America. In
the 1960s, the lake experienced severe eutrophication due to the discharge of untreated sewage and
agricultural runoff containing high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. This led to the formation of
harmful algal blooms, depleting oxygen levels in the water and causing the death of fish and other
aquatic organisms.

In response to this crisis, the United States and Canada signed the Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement in 1972, which aimed to reduce nutrient pollution and restore the health of the lake. As a
result of this agreement, strict regulations were put in place to limit the discharge of nutrients into
the lake.

Today, Lake Erie serves as a successful case study in eutrophication management. The
implementation of nutrient control measures has led to a significant decrease in algal blooms and an
improvement in water quality. This has not only benefited the ecosystem but also the economy, as the
lake is a major source of drinking water, recreation, and fishing for surrounding communities.

If you are interested in learning more about eutrophication and other environmental issues, I highly
recommend checking out HelpWriting.net. This website offers a wide range of informative articles
and resources on various topics, including case studies on environmental challenges and solutions. It
is a great platform for individuals who want to stay informed and take action towards a more
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1. What is Eutrophication? Definition Sources Process Importance The process of eutrophication
destroys the intricate ecological balance of the aquatic ecosystems and decreases the biodiversity of
the ecosystem by killing several important aquatic species. It also affects the vertical structure of the
water body and the biology of freshwater organisms. Canche Estuary, France When the water bodies
become enriched by nutrients, the growth of algae and plankton are favored due to the greater
availability of one or more growth factors that are required for performing photosynthesis. The
extensive algal blooms inhibit the penetration of sunlight at the lower depths of the water body. This
decreases the productivity of many aquatic plants and destroys the benthic habitat by shading the
submerged vegetation. 16. Now You are with… Pantho Sarker Id No: 20-033 Egli T, Bally M, Vetz
T et al (1990) Microbial degradation of chelating agents used in detergents with special reference to
nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). Biodegradation 1:121–132 ... Eutrophication and ecosystem degradation
as a result of nitrogen (N) pollution are among the greatest threats to the ecological integrity of
coastal systems, and shallow lagoons with seagrass beds are particularly sensitive (Nixon et al.
2001;Howarth and Marino 2006;McGlathery et al. 2007). The trophic status, community structure,
and ecological functioning of these ecosystems are heavily influenced by nutrient inputs and by
climatic variables (McGlathery 2008). ... Peng YH, Jian XX, Wang JB, Chen JK et al (2003) Effects
of a drought on aquatic plant diversity in lake Changhu of Hubei province in China. Acta Hydrobiol
Sin 27:149–154 21. Now You are with… Shahriar Md. Lukman Id No: 20-047 Quizzes Skin rashes
Copyright (C) 2019 Ministry of the Environment・NPEC/CEARAC. All rights reserved. Résumé –
L’emploi des fibres végétales dans l’élaboration des matériaux composites est un secteur en plein
expansion. On les utilise pour leur faible coût, leur disponibilité et leur reproductibilité. Les fibres
utilisées dans cette étude sont extraites à partir des herbiers marins Posidonia Oceanica ; c’est une
plante marine à fleurs avec des feui... Chandrashekhar JS, Bahu Lenin K, Someshekhar RK et al
(2003) Impact of urbanization on Bellandur lake Bangalore. A case study. J Environ Biol
24:223–227 4. Healthy system vs. Eutrophic system Eutrophication. EUTROPHICATION. Harmful
changes in water caused by too much fertilizer or nutrients getting into the water. Oligotrophic lake
with a low level of nutrients. Artificial input of nutrients from run-off and discharge of effluent.
Bayou Chico, USA References • Carpenter, S.R. Phosphorus control is critical to mitigating
eutrophication. PNAS2008, 105, 11039-11040. • Conley, D.J. et al. Hypoxia-Related Processes in
the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Technology2009, 43, 3412-3420. • Schindler, D.W. et al.
Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: Results of a 37-year whole-
ecosystem experiment. PNAS2008, 105, 11254-11258. • Lewis, W.M.; Wurtsbaugh, W.A. Control of
Lacustrine Phytoplankton by Nutrients: Erosion of the Phosphorus Paradigm. International Review
Hydrobiology2008, 93, 446-465. • Conley, D.J. et al. Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and
Phosphorus. Science2009, 323, 1014-1015. • Howarth, R.; Paerl, H.W. Coastal marine
eutrophication: Control of both nitrogen and phosphorus is necessary. PNAS2008, 105, E103. •
Schindler, D.W.; Hecky, R.E. Reply to Howarth and Paerl: Is control of both nitrogen and
phosphorus necessary? PNAS2008, 105, E104. • Schindler, D.W.; Hecky, R.E. Eutrophication: More
Nitrogen Data Needed. Science2009, 324, 721-722. • Schelske, C.L. Eutrophication: Focus on
Phosphorus. Science2009, 324, 722. • Conley, D.J. et al. Response (to Eutrophication Policy Forum
Debate). Science2009, 324, 724-725. • Bryhn, A.C.; Hakanson, L. Coastal eutrophication: Whether
N and/or P should be abated depends on the dynamic mass balance. PNAS2009, 106, E3 • Schindler,
D.W.; Hecky, R.E. Reply to Bryhn and Hakanson: Models for the Baltic agree with our experiments
and observations in lakes. PNAS2009, 106, E4. • Bryhn, A.C.; Hakanson, L. Eutrophication: Model
Before Acting. Science2009, 324, 723. • Jacoby, C.A.; Frazer, T.K. Eutrophication: Time to Adjust
Expectations. Science2009, 324, 723-724. - Select a basic case study - Shen DS (2002) Study on
limiting factors of water eutrophication of the network of river in plain. J Zhej Univ Agri Life Sci
28:94–97 Ansari AA, Khan FA (2006b) Growth responses of Spirodela polyrhiza to selected
detergent at varying temperature and pH conditions. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 5:399–404
Manchanda H, Kaushik A (2000) Algae flora of the Aridisols of Rohtak and salt tolerance of the
indigenous cyanobacteria. Trop Ecol 41:217–223 Chemistry (6) 28. Now You are with… Al-Amin
Khandakar Id No: 20-019 USD 169.99 De Anda J, Harvey S, Utrich M, Gerhand R et al (2002)
Phosphorus balance in lake Chapala (Mexico). J Great Lakes Res 26:129–140 Models Download
presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a
presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. Content may be subject to
copyright.
11.
Sources
of
Eutrophication
Sources
of
Eutrophicati
on
Point
sources
Industrial
sources
Power
plants
Sewage
Treatment
Plants
Non-
Point
Sources
Urban
sources
Agricultural
sources
Chemical
Fertilizers
Manure
Aquaculture
Fossil
fuel
sources
Forestry
Land
sources
Rice
PJ,
Anderson
TA,
Coats
JR
(1997)
Phytoremediation
of
herbicide
contaminated
surface
water
with
aquatic
plants.
In:
Kruger
EL,
Anderson
TA,
Coats
JR
(eds)
Phytoremediation
of
soil
and
water
contaminants.
American
Chemical
Society,
Washington,
DC,
pp
133–151
photosynthetic
bacteria
and
algae
or
small
plants)
February
1968
·
Integrative
and
Comparative
Biology
Eutrophication.
By
Tadhamin
Ailewe.
...
Está
bien
documentado
que
estos
cuerpos
de
agua
están
frecuentemente
sometidos
a
diversos
problemas
ambientales,
como producto de su interacción con dichas actividades humanas, originando procesos de
perturbación, fragmentación y degradación de hábitats que potencialmente afectan la biodiversidad
y la estabilidad del ecosistema (Kennish, 2015;Pelletier et al., 2020;De Wit et al., 2021;Scapin et al.,
2022). Adicionalmente, el grado de afectación del territorio circundante en estos ambientes costeros
también repercute sobre la estabilidad ecosistémica, producto de la intervención humana en estas
zonas protectoras, mediante: desviaciones de ríos, construcción de presas, deforestación de cuencas,
obras de control de erosión y sedimentación marina, desarrollo de viviendas y edificaciones
recreacionales, construcción de carreteras, cierre de las bocas, destrucción del manglar, instalaciones
de
salinas y camaroneras, dragado de canales, rellenos para expansión urbana e industrial, depósitos de
basura, cambio climático, entre otros (Anthony et al., 2009;Ansari et al., 2011;Glibert et al.,
2014;Friedland et al., 2019;Lenzi y Cianchi, 2022). ... Grotkopp. 2005. Ecology of invasive plants:
State of the art (104–161). The traditional perception of wetlands as nutrient sinks has led them to be
used as wastewater disposal areas for a long time, resulting in a severe alteration of the structure and
function by eutrophication. Nutrient loading is usually linked to hydrological alterations which
encompass shifts in vegetation patterns and nutrient cycling. The eutrophication process in wetlands
accelerates primary productivity and increases net accumulation of organic matter and nutrients but
also enhances organic matter decomposition, microbial activity, and soluble nutrients in sediments.
Internal loading becomes the main nutrient source to the wetland, even in the years of low external
inputs, controlling the nutrient dynamics. Since soil phosphorus microbial biomass responds
positively to phosphorus enrichment in wetlands, mineralized phosphorus in wetland soils appears as
the most responsive microbial indicator to nutrient enrichment in wetlands. Therefore, phosphorus
internal loading is the critical factor in regulating eutrophication status of wetlands. N2O and N2
emissions by wetlands can be enhanced in the future as nitrate availability in wetlands continues to
be high due to increased pollution. The biological symptoms of wetlands degraded by eutrophication
differ little from those observed in shallow lakes, these changes being consistent with predictions
made by alternative state theory. The turbid state shows phytoplankton dominance and elevated
biomass of planktivorous and benthivorous fish. Zooplanktivorous fish contribute to eutrophication
chiefly via food web-mediated effects. Benthivorous fish increase the nutrient availability to
phytoplankton chiefly by transferring sediment-bound nutrients to the water column during bottom
foraging. Little of the methodology found to be useful in shallow lake restoration has been applied
to wetland management. Whereas catchment nutrient management programs may be insufficient
because of substantial storage of nutrients in wetland sediments, recent studies indicate that
biomanipulation of fish standing stocks could contribute significantly to wetland eutrophication
abatement. Therefore, biomanipulation, when appropriately timed in accordance with low water
levels, combined with sediment dredging and other interventions, may be a low cost–high benefit
tool for wetland eutrophication abatement. KeywordsFreshwater wetland-Eutrophication-Nutrient
cycling-Alternative stable states-Biomanipulation Nutrient loading to coastal bay ecosystems is of a
similar magnitude as that to deeper, river-fed estuaries, yet our understanding of the eutrophication
process in these shallow systems lags far behind. In this synthesis, we focus on one type of biotic
feedback that influences eutrophication patterns in coastal bays-the important role of primary pr...
Oct 2010Eutrophication: causes, consequences and controlpp.17-67 The ecosystem concept has been
particularly useful and extensively employed in the study of aquatic primary productivity. The flow
of
energy through the system is an attractive area of investigation when it involves some process, but
has a more restricted value when units of biomass are simply converted to calories. Although we are
able to measure primary productivity in terms of the carbon ... [Show full abstract] Pagham Harbour,
UK Murphy KJ, Dickinson G, Thomaz SM, Bini LM, Dick K, Greaves K, Kennedy MP, Livingstone
S, Mc Ferran H, Milhe JM, Oldroyd J, Wingfield RA et al (2003) Aquatic plant communities and
predictors of diversity in a subtropical river flood plain: the upper Rio Parana Brazil. Aquat Bot
77:257–276
 Phone: +46 8 674 70 00 Oct 2010Eutrophication: causes,
consequences and controlpp.265-284 Yellow River delta, China Eutrophication is an outcome of the
process of adding excessive nutrients like nitrates, phosphates and organic matter into a lake or other
water
body. Algal blooming usually caused by runoff of nutrients such as animal waste, fertilizers or raw
sewage from the land. This causes a dense growth of plant life in the water body. Especially the fast
spreading of green algae leads to reduce the dissolved oxygen level in the water causing the death of
fish due to suffocation. The BOD level (Biological Oxygen Demand) of such water bodies is high so
that the decomposition of organic matter is done under anaerobic condition resulting stench
emanating. Detembeck NE, Galatowitsch SM, Atkinson J, Ball H et al (1999) Evaluating
perturbations and developing restoration strategies for inland wetland in the great lakes basin. Special
issue: papers from temperate wetlands restoration workshop, Kempenfelt Center near Barrie,
Ontario, Canada, 27 Nov–1 Dec 1995. Wetlands 19:789–820 Price excludes VAT (USA) Evolution
of
Eutrophication
depending on
Oct 2010Eutrophication: causes, consequences and controlpp.285-294 duce species-
rich and productive ecosystems. St. Lucie River, USA and dramatic twofold increases in student
learning on the eutrophication exam questions relative to the content taught Vegetation regime shifts
in Yamal-Nenets Jeppesen E, Sondergaard M, Kronvang B, Jensen JP, Svendsen LM, Brierly B,
Phillips G et al (1999) Lake and Catchment management in Denmark. Hydrobiologia
395–396:419–432 Estuarine macrophytes are proposed to influence ocean acidification and hypoxia
(OAH) via the uptake (release) of inorganic carbon (oxygen) during photosynthesis. The extent to
which macrophytes mitigate OAH in estuaries depends on the interaction between variable
environmental conditions and macrophyte production over space and time. To explore these
complexities in detail, we considered the potential causes and consequences of intertidal eelgrass and
macroalgae declines in a U.S. Pacific Northwest estuary. We compiled and analyzed a record of
eelgrass (Zostera marina) and ulvoid macroalgae along with a broad suite of environmental
conditions over 15 years (2004 to 2019) at 3 sites along an estuarine gradient in South Slough,
Oregon. The analysis showed that declining macrophyte biomass coincided with increasing
temperature (water and air), watershed disturbance, and possibly turbidity. Coincident with
macrophyte loss, diel dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH variability were reduced, indicating an
influence of macrophytes on water quality at an ecosystem scale. Eelgrass loss was correlated with
declining gross production and respiration, which altered the diel dynamics of pH, DO, and partial
pressure of carbon dioxide at some sites. Under certain conditions, there was an association between
eelgrass biomass and changes in DO and pH of more than 2 mg/l and 0.3 units, respectively. We
found that daytime amelioration of low DO and pH was possible at certain locations when
macrophyte biomass (especially eelgrass) was high. However, our analyses suggested that the
efficacy of macrophyte mitigation of OAH depends on macrophyte abundance and the volume and
residence time of overlying water. Tawe Estuary, UK
Sign up for the Lesson Planet Monthly Newsletter presence of the algae, as well as in its
concentration. Being limiting factors in the How To – Finance (9) If we could predict future
criminals, would you be willing to incapacitate them before they commit a crime in order to protect
society? Eutrophication is a leading cause of impairment of many freshwater and coastal marine
Expansion of nonnative cattail (Typha × glauca and T. angustifolia) in a Wisconsin wetland with
stabilized water levels (A) and T. angustifolia and the native T. latifolia in a nearby wetland with fl
uctuating water levels (B) over a period of 37 years. Radii of the clones spread almost 4 m per year
under stable water level conditions and 2.5 m under fl uctuating conditions. (Figure courtesy of J.
Zedler and A. Bairs.) Connecticut River, USA Patos Lagoon, Brazil Models GCSE Science -
Eutrophication Imteaz MA, Asaeda T, Loekington DA et al (2003) Modelling the effects of inflow
parameters on lake water quality Environ Model Assess 8:63–70 Freshwater ecosystems react in
different ways to increases and reductions in nutrient loading, depending on their shape, water
current patterns, and biological characteristics. Different strategies for managing eutrophication will
therefore be required in different settings (Smith 2003). Land use impacts are primarily off-site (e.g.
dead zones) In the last years, the phenomenon of eutrophication is affecting many river ecosystems.
Besides being an environmental problem, it can also be a problem for human health. This study aims
to explore how environmental parameters affect the concentration of green algae and cyanobacteria
throughout the period from 2010 to 2013 in A Baxe reservoir (NW Spain). Factors such as
temperature, rainfall and solar radiation influenced in the presence of the algae, as well as in its
concentration. Being limiting factors in the cyanobacterial blooms. The highest value of chlorophyll
occurs during the summer, with higher temperatures, coinciding with the dry season and with a light
cycle of 15/9 light/dark cycle. We conclude that predictive models can be designed using the weather
forecast that are currently available well in advance, with the result that water managers can know
when it will be probable that a bloom take place as an early warning system, therefore they will have
a protocol of action. Softcover Book 6. Factors Supporting the Development of Eutrophication
Time of renewal of water. Geological features such as the shape of the bottom of the water bodies.
Thermal stratification of stagnant water bodies (such as lakes and reservoirs) Temperature and
light influence the development of aquatic algae. Zoo animals may be particularly vulnerable to
water sources contaminated with cyanobacterial toxins given their nonvoluntary close association
with this resource. However, the prevalence and potential threat of toxic cyanobacteria in this setting
are unknown. Several otherwise unexplained yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) deaths
were documented in a zoo moat with recurring blooms ... [Show full abstract] contain less than 5–10
µg L-1 phosphorus and less than 250– Citation: Knockaert, Carolien (2024): Case studies
eutrophication. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Case_studies_eutrophication
[accessed on 15-04-2024] Invasive floating to submerged plant dominance in South Africa
Eutrophication. Eutrophication : pollution caused by the addition of nutrients; mainly nitrates,
phosphates and sulfates. Examples: herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, sewage, detergents, farm
animal manure, and many industrial wastes. Das BK (1999) Environmental pollution of Udaisagar
lake and impact of phosphate mine, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Environ Geol 38:244–248 Dutch
ditches, Netherlands Moncheva S, Doncheva V, Shtereva G, Kamburska L, Melaj A, Gorinstein S,
Mihailov G et al (2002) Application of eutrophication indices for assessment of the Bulgarian Black
Sea Coastal ecosystem ecological quality. Water Sci Technol 46:19–28 Calais, France Rice PJ,
Anderson TA, Coats JR (1997) Phytoremediation of herbicide contaminated surface water with
aquatic plants. In: Kruger EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR (eds) Phytoremediation of soil and water
contaminants. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 133–151 ... This FG plays a crucial
ecosystem service in organic matter and nutrient cycling in eutrophic environments (O'Connell-Milne
et al., 2020). Filter Feeders can mitigate the effects of nutrient enrichment until reaching their
maximum filtration capacity, beyond which their mortality may increase (McGlathery et al., 2007).
The occurrence of T. stalactifera, a common intertidal species in Brazil that is sensitive to high
eutrophication levels, suggests that pollution might be buffered at this site (Coutinho, 2002;Puga et
al., 2019). ...
Chetumal Bay, Belize The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common
ways for algal toxins to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be
safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses. One dramatic incident occurred in
1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a
productive offshore finfish and shellfish area. The fishermen became ill after eating a pot of mussels
they had caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew,
witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He
himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard.
In the hospital they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them
from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium
[3] bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on
Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI [4] anthropogenic activities such as agriculture,
industry, and sewage disposal (Schindler 1974). The known Health Apps (1) and emerging energy
development schemes has created new environmental challenges Porrello S, Lenzi M, Persia E,
Tomassetti P, Finonia MG et al (2003) Reduction of aquaculture wastewater eutrophication by
phytotreatment pond system. Aquaculture 219:515–529 damage mediated by eutrophication in the
U.S. alone is approximately $2.2 billion annually (Dodds et al. Psychology (2) Sandefjordsfjord,
Norway ... Phosphorus and nitrogen are the main contributors to the nutrient-rich fluids that cause
eutrophication. The release of NH 3 , NO, and N 2 O into the air or water is also responsible for
raising EP (Ansari et al., 2011). The environmental implications of eutrophication include oxygen
shortage or the release of pollutants (Akinnawo, 2023). ... Oct 2010Eutrophication: causes,
consequences and controlpp.341-354 Buy Hardcover Book Rice PJ, Anderson TA, Coats JR (1997)
Phytoremediation of herbicide contaminated surface water with aquatic plants. In: Kruger EL,
Anderson TA, Coats JR (eds) Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. American Chemical
Society, Washington, DC, pp 133–151 21. Now You are with… Shahriar Md. Lukman Id No: 20-
047 Baie de Sainte-Brieuc, France Peng YH, Jian XX, Wang JB, Chen JK et al (2003) Effects of a
drought on aquatic plant diversity in lake Changhu of Hubei province in China. Acta Hydrobiol Sin
27:149–154 ... The implementation of direct mitigation techniques, such as creating riparian buffers
with a high filtering and retention capacity, is crucial to prevent nutrients from reaching the river
channel through runoff (Biggs et al., 1998;Forget et al., 2013;Valero et al., 2014). The riparian
restoration is emerging globally in national management policies (Daigneault et al., 2017) because of
its role in supporting large human populations, significant natural biodiversity and critical ecosystem
services (Stella et al., 2013). ... Paerl HW, Valdes LM, Pinckney JL, Piehler MF, Dyble J, Moisander
PH et al (2003) Phytoplankton photopigments as indicators of estuarine and coastal eutrophication.
Biol Sci 53:953–964 Sondeledfjord, Norway Simultaneous, real-time measurements of atmospheric
water vapor mixing ratio and isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) were obtained using cavity
ringdown spectroscopy on the arid Chajnantor Plateau in the subtropical Chilean Andes (elevation
5080 m or 550 hPa; latitude 23S) during July and August 2010. The measurements show surface
water vapor mixing ratio as low as 215 ppmv, δD values as low ... [Show full abstract] Tracy M,
Montante JM, Allenson TE, Hough RA et al (2003) Long term responses of aquatic macrophyte
diversity and community structure to variation in nitrogen loading. Aquat Bot 77:43–52 Loire
Estuary, France Krka Estuary, Croatia Garg T, Garg K (2002) Nutrient loading and its consequences
in a lake ecosystem. Trop Ecol 43:355–358 Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A
study of a shallow bay (Kalvöfjord) on the west coast of Sweden was conducted to determine the
potential for wind waves to control the distribution of submerged macrophytes. A wave model was
implemented, calculating the drag force exerted by the wave orbital motion. A new concept of
"comfort zones" was introduced, ascribing an interval of surviva... 32. World’s Scenario of
Eutrophication (Cont’d) Dianchi Lake or Lake Dian and Kunming Lake, is a large lake located at
southern China Lake Winnipeg, a large in central North America Inner Belfast Lough & Tidal Lagan,
Ireland The basic aim of this work was to motivate a realistic strategy to combat marine
eutrophication in north-eastern Europe. Data from the Kattegat (located between Sweden and
Denmark) were used to illustrate basic principles and processes related to nutrient fluxes. We have
applied a process-based mass-balance model, CoastMab, to the Kattegat and quantified the nutrient
fluxes to, within, and from the system. Several scenarios aiming to decrease eutrophication in the
Kattegat have been modeled. By far the most dominating nutrient fluxes to the bioproductive
surface-water layer in the Kattegat come from the south (from the Baltic Proper), which should be
evident just by comparing the catchment area for the Baltic Sea, including the Baltic States, parts of
Russia, Belarus and Germany, Poland, Finland, and Sweden in relation to the relatively small
catchment area draining directly into the Kattegat (from SW Sweden and parts of Denmark). The
dominating deep-water fluxes come from the north (from the Skagerrak). The strategy that one
should ask for should concur with some evident practical constraints, e.g., it is not realistic to reduce
all anthropogenic P or N discharges. For countries where major investments in nutrient reductions
have already been made, it will become increasingly expensive to reduce the remaining tons. In the
“optimal” scenario discussed in this work, about 10,000 t year–1 of P is being reduced and also N
reductions that would lower the N concentration in the Baltic Proper by 10%. The cost for this
“optimal” strategy was estimated at 200–420 million euro year–1 given that the focus will be on the
most cost-effective P reductions connected to the most polluted estuaries and coastal areas. To
achieve cost-effectiveness, one can assume that most of this would go to upgrading urban sewage
treatment in the Baltic States, Poland, and other former East Bloc countries. The costs to reduce
15,016 t year–1 of P and 133,170 t year–1 of N according to the HELCOM strategy (agreed upon by
the Baltic Sea states in November 2007) would be 3,100 million euro year–1. That is, 2,680–2,900
million euro year–1 higher than the “optimal” strategy advocated in this work.
KeywordsEutrophication-Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Kattegat-Baltic sea
Clear water or oligotrophic freshwater occur when nutrient inputs are low and nutrient
concentrations are maintained at low levels by flora and fauna of the lake. The vegetation, for
example, consumes phosphorous from the water column, and its roots immobilize phosphorous in the
lake sediments by stabilizing the sediments. Phosphorous is also trapped in sediment or in inorganic
forms, biologically unavailable for small algae. Freshwater eutrophication refers to the excessive
growth of aquatic plants or algal blooms, due to high levels of nutrients in freshwater ecosystems
such as lakes, reservoirs and rivers. The main driver of freshwater eutrophication is nutrient pollution
in the form of phosphorous from agricultural fertilizers, sewage effluent and urban storm water
runoff. Beyond a certain threshold of phosphorous accumulation, a recycling mechanism is activated
which can keep the system locked in a eutrophic state even when nutrient inputs are substantially
reduced. Freshwater eutrophication can substantially impact ecosystem services affecting fisheries,
recreation, aesthetics, and health. Chambers PA, Lacoul P, Murphy KJ, Thomaz SM et al (2008)
Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:9–26 Lake of Tunis,
Tunisia Lakes accumulate sediments and organic matter and over Movies (1) Primary Production in
the Arctic Ocean Chinhae Bay, Korea Content may be subject to copyright. Hiroshima Bay, Japan
______________________________________________ Te Dunkerque, France Mishra VK, Tripathi
BD (2009) Accumulation of chromium and zinc from aqueous solutions using water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes). J Hazard Mater 164(2–3):1059–1063 Baie d'Arguenon, France Curated and
Reviewed by Lesson Planet Debate: N or P control? • Reducing P increased eutrophication in
estuaries • Reducing N increased N-fixing cyanobacteria • Expert Liminologists are still debating
which nutrient controls eutrophication • cannot perform Schindler experiments in estuaries • Each
water body is condition specific • Region and environment/ecosystem settings, biological control is
very unlikely as an option. Tanshui Estuary, Taiwan
   Forest to
Savannas Ems Estuary, Germany & Netherlands Oct 2010Eutrophication: causes, consequences and
controlpp.247-263 Livelihoods and economic activity the tree, but this is a labor-intensive and
expensive control In H. A. Mooney, R. N. Mack, J. A. McNeely, L. E. Neville, P. J. Schei, Add
Courses Odense Fjord, Denmark Baltic Sea - eutrophication Once the BOD of sewage water is
reduced signifiantly, the effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial “flocs” are
allowed to sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of activated sludge is
pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum. The remaining major part of the sludge
is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters. Here, the bacteria which grow
anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge. During this digestion, bacteria produce
a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2. These gases form biogas and can
be used as a source of energy. ... Phosphates are essential nutrients present in freshwater
environments at low concentrations (0.005 to 0.05 mg L -1 ) [17]. However, it is well documented
that aquatic levels are often artificially increased by run-off from agricultural and domestic activities
[17][18][19]. Excessive amounts of phosphates, i.e. in the milligram per litre range, can lead to
eutrophication; the rapid growth of algae [20]. In severe cases thick algal blooms reduce oxygen
levels in water bodies and stop sunlight reaching beyond the surface of the water; in the most serious
cases, the decomposition of the algae can lead to build-up of harmful toxins [19][20][21]. ...