TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pulmonology 1.
2.
Introduction to the Respiratory System
Air
3. Blood
4. Lung Pathology Fundamentals
5. Obstructive Lung Disease
6. Restrictive Lung Disease
7. Lung Cancer
8. Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

at least two
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

, ARDS/NRDS
(-)
Collapsing force
Pulmonology:

Hyperinflated
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

Flow/min: Pulmonary circulation = Systemic circulation

Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

R-L circulation Bypasses lungs

Perfusion without ventilation

V/Q = 0
Deoxygenated
pulmonary

(150mmHg)
mmHg
PECO2 = Decreased
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

↑ in chronic hypoxia

Oxygen binding to subunits displays cooperativity

Hydroxyurea → Induces HbF formation to treat sickle cell disease

→↑ Affinity for
No cooperativity →↑ Only one O2 binding site
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

←→ H2CO3 ←→ C
Produced into venous system at PvCO2 = 45mmHg
Solubility of CO2 is very high
PaCO2 = 40mmHg

intracellularly

→ Alkalosis (increase in pH)

→ Acidosis (decrease in pH)
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:
Pulmonology:

Poorly detected

Poorly detected
a
 Pulmonology:

into blood
→
Blood always equilibrates with alveolar pressure

into blood is

Blood never equilibrates with alveolar pressure

o Pulmonary fibrosis: ↑ Alveolar membrance thickness

Diffusion Capacity of the Lungs of Co (DLCO):
CO is diffusion limited → DLCO measures diffusion capacity
↓ in →
↓ →
Pulmonology:

PiO
Pulmonology:

Hypoxemia: ↑↓ PaO2
Hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient
Hypoxemia with ↑ A-a gradient
o ↓ Gas transfer from lungs to circulation
Pulmonology:

→
l→
→

→ →

→
→
Pneumonia (consolidation) →↑ →↑ Tactile fremitus
→ Fluid/air in pleural space →↓ Tactile fremitus
Pulmonology:

or absent

or absent

or absent
Pulmonology:

→ (now not as common due to Hib vaccine)

Pulmonology:

(<2d): →
(2-4d):
(4-6d):

s s

use disorder

use disorder
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

airway colla
+ in airways → A obstruction
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

A → Episodic and reversible bronchoconstriction

:W
A

+ → Br
+ →V +
+
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

C →↑ B
→

↑E s
Charcot-Leyden crystals (Eosinophil granules)
W

and allergic rhinitis

→
and serology
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

→ Acute xacerbations
Persistant
Omalizumab → Resistant asthma, → IgE

Adverse effect: Oral candidiasis ( e→P ion)

→
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

dyspnea
Air trapping →↑ RV, FRC and TLC, h ↑C
E → g
↓ Work of airway resistance by taking slow and deep breaths.
→V →

Smoke → →
→ →

Irreversible obstruction → Limited response to bronchodilators (unlike asthma)

→ → a
a
→
→
→ →
↓S

Hypercapnia in 02 therapy: ↓ Ventilation from ↓ Hypoxic drive + V/Q mismatch

a
 Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com

COPD
• Emphysema:
• Alveolar destruction →↓ Gas exchanging surfaces →↓DLCO
• Cyanosis usually absent
• Dynamic obstruction: Tissue destruction →↑ Compliance → EPP moves towards alveoli → Airway collapse with expiration
• Pursed lips during expiration → Keeps airway open
• Centriacinar: Smoke →↑ Neutrophil elastase (protease) release → Tissue destruction (upper lobes)
• >45yo with a smoking history
• Panacinar → ⍺1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency → ⍺1-Antitrypsin inhibits elastase
• Deficiency of AAT →↑ Elastase activity with tissue destruction (lower lobes)
• Polymerized mutant AAT → PAS+ globules in liver → Liver cirrhosis
• 25-45yo with family history with/without smoking history
• Advise patient to not smoke / avoid smoke

PAS globules in liver (AAT deficiency)

Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

8del

GI tract and lungs:

→ →↑
→↑
→ →

→↑ →↑
Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease

→ →
→

→↓ →↓

→ → →

→ s →
→ →

→
 Restrictive
Restrictive Classification

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Drug and Radiation-Induced Fibrosis

Pneuomoconiosis Basics
Coal Miner's
Silicosis
D. Berylliosis
E. Asbestosis

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Basics

Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease

→↓ R
↑ →↓
→↓ →↑
↓ FVC and →
, rapid

→
→
→
→↓ ↑
→↑
→
→
→
→
mation
→↑ →
Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease

→E
Slow

/CT →
y→
Repetitive l → + Abnormal BM
→
→

→
→
Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease

(Anthracosis)

causes dys →↑
Berylliosis:
History of aerospace manufacturing, beryllium mining
Inhalation of beryllium → Non-caseating granulomas in upper lobes, enlarged lymph nodes, ↑ Risk of lung cancer

→
→
→
Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease

Non-caseating g
Pulmonology: Lung Cancer

MCC of cancer death

Second MC cancer (Breast → MC cancer in women, Prostate → MC cancer in men)
T
→
→

Diagnosis: Chest X-ray → Coin lesion

Risk Factors:
Cigarette smoke
Radon
Asbestos
Presentation:
Low grade fever, weight loss, cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea

→ Brach lexopathym Horner's syndrome

→ plethora, upper extremity edema, JVD, headaches
. →
. →
→ Exudative
Pulmonology: Lung Cancer

→ Po
Tobacco use
Small Cell Carcinoma Histopathology:
Undifferentiated Neuroendocrine cells

→ →
→ →

→ →
→ →

→ →
→C
Pulmonology: Lung Cancer

→ → cinoma

→H
Cytokeratin +

→
Short blunted microvilli on Em
→

+/- C →
Pulmonology: Lung Cancer

→
(tobacco not a risk factor)
C , cough
Diagnosis:
Pleural thickening and pleural effusions
Psammoma bodies on histology
Tumor markers
o Cytokeratin +
o Calretinin +
Long slender microvilli on EM
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics

→ →↓ →
→ →s

→
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics

→L
→ → → →
Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics
 Pulmonology: Lung Anatomy, Histology and Function Bootcamp.com

References
● Respiratory tree
○ Adapted from “Respiratory tree”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Respiratory epithelium
○ Adapted from “Respiratory epithelium (bronchioles to alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveoli-capillary interface
○ Adapted from “Alveoli blood barrier”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Upper respiratory tract

○ Adapted from “Respiratory system (upper,female)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lungs and trachea

○ Adapted from “Lungs”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Bronchiole cross-section
○ Adapted from “Airway (normal)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Bronchiole cross-section (collapsed)

○ Adapted from “Airway (obstructed)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

○ Adapted from “Respiratory epithelium (bronchioles to alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
● Alveolar histology (microscope)
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_lung_Alveoli_(3678762542).jpg
○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 Pulmonology: Lung Anatomy, Histology and Function Bootcamp.com

References
● Alveolar histology (cartoon)
○ Adapted from “Alveoli cross-section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Capillary cross-section
○ Adapted from “Vessel cross-section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Pseudoglandular stage
○ Adapted from “Lung development phase (pseudoglandular)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Canalicular stage
○ Adapted from “Lung development phase (canalicular)”, ”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Saccular stage
○ Adapted from “Lung development phase (saccular)”, ”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveolar stage
○ Adapted from “Trachea (with alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Tracheoesophageal fistula formations

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atrezja.jpg
○ see above, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
● Nasogastric intubation
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasogastric_Intubation.png
○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Lungs and diaphragm

○ Adapted from “lungs-in-male-torso”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Anatomy, Histology and Function Bootcamp.com

References
● Intercostals.1
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innermost_intercostal_muscles_back2.png
○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Intercostals.2
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:External_intercostal_muscles_back.png
○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Human (side view)

○ Adapted from “Adult female (hairless)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lungs and diaphragm

○ Adapted from “lungs-in-male-torso”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Intercostals.1
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innermost_intercostal_muscles_back2.png
○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Intercostals.2
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:External_intercostal_muscles_back.png
○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Human (side view)

○ Adapted from “Adult female (hairless)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Respiratory Physiology Part One - Air Bootcamp.com

References
● Lungs
○ Adapted from “Lungs (right and left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Pleura
○ Adapted from “Lung Pleura”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Diaphragm
○ Adapted from “Diaphragm (simplified)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Respiratory system
○ Adapted from “Respiratory system (male, with nasal cavity)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lung volumes graph

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lungvolumes_Updated.png
○ Kapwatt at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Bronchiole cross-section (collapsed)

○ Adapted from “Airway (obstructed)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Bronchiole cross-section (asthma)

○ Adapted from “Airway (asthmatic)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Respiratory Physiology Part Two - Blood Bootcamp.com

References
● Upper Respiratory Tract
○ Adapted from “Upper respiratory tract (nasal septum)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveoli
○ Adapted from “Alveoli cross section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Capillary
○ Adapted from “Capillary bed”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Generic Cells
○ Adapted from “Rectangular-shaped cell”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Mitochondria
○ Adapted from “Mitochondria”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Fetal Heart and Normal Heart

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neonatal_Heart_Circulation.png
○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Lung Outline
○ Adapted from “Lung Pleura”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Diaphragm
○ Adapted from “Diaphragm (simplified)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Respiratory Physiology Part Two - Blood Bootcamp.com

References
● Branching Vessels
○ Adapted from “Generic branching vessel 1”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveoli-Capillary Interface
○ Adapted from “Alveoli blood barrier”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Trachea and Bronchi

○ Adapted from “Trachea”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Heart Cross-Section
○ Adapted from “Heart (cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Ventilation Perfusion Scan

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ventperf.jpg
○ Myohan at en.wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Enlarged Vessel
○ Adapted from “Vessel (U-shape)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Fundamentals Bootcamp.com

References
● Digital Clubbing
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dedos_con_acropaquia.jpg
○ Desherinka, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Lungs
○ Adapted from “Lungs”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Upper Respiratory Tract

○ Adapted from “Respiratory system (upper, female)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Epiglottitis
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compare_epiglottis.jpg
○ Med Chaos, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Alveoli with Pneumonia

○ Adapted from “Alveoli with pneumonia”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveoli
○ Adapted from “Alveoli”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveoli Cross-section
○ Adapted from “Alveoli cross-section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lymphocyte
○ Adapted from “Lymphocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Interstitial Pneumonia Histology

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acute_interstitial_pneumonia_(AIP)_Idiopathic_DAD_2.jpg
○ Yale Rosen, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com

References
● Lungs
○ Adapted from “Lungs”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Curschmann spirals
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Curshman%27s_Spiral.jpg
○ From one of the pathogists at work., Attribution, via Wikimedia Common

● Charcot-Leyden crystals
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charcot-Leyden_crystals,_HE_1.jpg
○ Patho, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Airway
○ Adapted from “Airway (normal)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Particle
○ Adapted from “Generic protein (ball)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Antigen presenting cell

○ Adapted from “Dendritic cell”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lymphocyte
○ Adapted from “Lymphocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Plasma cell
○ Adapted from “Plasma cell with antibodies 1”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lymphocyte
○ Adapted from “Lymphocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com

References
● Mast cell (primed)
○ Adapted from “Mast cell (with antibodies)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Mast cell (degranulated)

○ Adapted from “Mast cell (with antibodies)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Eosinophil
○ Adapted from “Eosinophil”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Eosinophil (degranulated)
○ Adapted from “Eosinophil (degranulating)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Vessel cross-section
○ Adapted from “Arteriole-endothelium)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● LABA ligand
○ Adapted from “Receptor domain (square-shaped)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● B2 receptor
○ Adapted from “Receptor domain (open square-shaped)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Corticosteroid
○ Adapted from “Steroid(generic)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Inflamed airway
○ Adapted from “Airway (asthmatic)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Airway with mucous plug

○ Adapted from “Airway (cystic fibrosis, cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com

References
● Medulla
○ Adapted from “Brain stem (sagittal)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Chondrocyte 1
○ Adapted from “Chondrocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Neutrophil
○ Adapted from “Neutrophil”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Neutrophil (degranulated)
○ Adapted from “Neutrophil (degranulating)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveoli (tree)
○ Adapted from “Respiratory tree (cross-section 2)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Chondrocyte 2
○ Adapted from “Chondrocyte (isogenic group)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Emphysemic alveoli
○ Adapted from “Emphysemic alveoli”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Cigarette
○ Adapted from “Cigarette (lit)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Respiratory system (cross-section)

○ Adapted from “Respiratory system”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● PAS globules (AAT)

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-1_antitrypsin_deficiency.PAS_Diastase.jpg
○ Jerad M Gardner, MD, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
 Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com

References
● Cystic fibrosis airways template
○ Adapted from “Cystic fibrosis airways (template)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
● Normal skin
○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Human_skin_close-up.jpg
○ Montavius Howard (TongCreator), from Pixabay, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
● Sweaty skin
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TranspirationPerspirationCommonsFL.jpg
○ Minghong, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
● Gall bladder and pancreas
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallbladder_(organ).png
○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
● Bronchiectasis
○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Bronchiectasis.png
○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
● GI lumen
○ Adapted from “Large intestine (cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Cancer Bootcamp.com

References
● Lungs
○ Adapted from “Lungs (right and left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Tumor
○ Adapted from “Tumor (round)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Arm nerves
○ Adapted from “Nervous system”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Arm and neck veins

○ Adapted from “Venous system”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Hormones
○ Adapted from “Spray of spheres 1”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Antibodies
○ Adapted from “Antibody” by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Small cell carcinoma histology

○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Small_cell_carcinoma_of_the_urinary_bladder_--_high_mag.jpg
○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Respiratory epithelium
○ Adapted from “Respiratory epithelium (bronchiole to alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Cigarette
○ Adapted from “Cigarette (lit)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Cancer Bootcamp.com

References
● Stratified squamous epithelium
○ Adapted from “Stratified epithelium brush (straight)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Squamous cell carcinoma histology (pearl)

○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Lung_squamous_carcinoma_--_high_mag.jpg
○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Squamous cell carcinoma histology (intercellular bridges)

○ Squamous cell carcinoma histology (intercellular bridges)

● Adenocarcinoma
○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Small_cell_carcinoma_of_the_urinary_bladder_--_high_mag.jpg
○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Adenocarcinoma
○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Mucinous_lung_adenocarcinoma_--_intermed_mag.jpg
○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Carcinoid tumor
○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Tumorlet_%287145276785%29.jpg
○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Mesothelioma
○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Small_cell_lung_carcinoma_simulating_mesothelioma_%284861507718%29.jpg
○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Lung (left)
○ Adapted from “Lung (left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Bootcamp.com

References
● Capillary (cross-section)
○ Adapted from “Vessel cross-section with red blood cells”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Plexiform lesion
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiomatoid_(plexiform)_and_dilatation_lesions_(4348913976).jpg
○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Vessel (normal)
○ Adapted from “Arteriole tunica media”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Vessel (hypertrophy)
○ Adapted from “Arteriole cross-section (hypertension)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Infarcted lungs
○ Adapted from “Pulmonary embolism”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Venous valve
○ Adapted from “Venous valve (close)” by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Clot
○ Adapted from “Blood clot”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Venous system
○ Adapted from “Circulatory system (gender-neutral, venous)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Heart cross-section
○ Adapted from “Heart (cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Bootcamp.com

References
● Heart failure cross-section
○ Adapted from “Heart (dilated cardiomyopathy)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Alveolar-capillary interface
○ Adapted from “Alveoli blood barrier”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lymphatic vessel (Cross-section)

○ Adapted from “Arteriole adventitia”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lymphatic vessel (Cross-section)

○ Adapted from “Arteriole adventitia”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Pleural effusion
○ Adapted from “Lungs (pleural effusion)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Capillary (cross-section)
○ Adapted from “Vessel cross-section with red blood cells”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Plexiform lesion
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiomatoid_(plexiform)_and_dilatation_lesions_(4348913976).jpg
○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Lungs
○ Adapted from “Lungs (right and left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Subpleural bleb
○ Adapted from “Cyst”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Pleura
○ Adapted from “Lung pleura”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates
 Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Bootcamp.com

References
● Heart failure cells
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_pulmonary_congestion_and_siderophages.jpg
○ Mikael Häggström, M.D. - Author info - Reusing images- Conflicts of interest: NoneMikael HäggströmConsent note: Consent from the patient or
patient's relatives is regarded as redundant, because of absence of identifiable features (List of HIPAA identifiers) in the media and case
information (See also HIPAA case reports guidance)., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

● ARDS pathogenesis
○ Adapted from “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Alveolar Changes Template”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from
https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Hyaline membrane
○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diffuse_alveolar_damage_(DAD)_(4564039878).jpg
○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

● Type 2 pneumocyte
○ Adapted from “Pneumocyte (type II)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Lamellar body
○ Adapted from “Lamellar body”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates

● Obstructive sleep apnea diagram

○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Airway_obstruction.png
○ Drcamachoent, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons