CL305: Transport

Phenomena
Momentum Transport with More Than One Independent
Variable
Prof Nanda Kishore
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT Guwahati, INDIA
Velocity distribution with more than one independent variable

• Some common cases where flows with more than one

independent variables
• Unsteady flows (time-dependent flows)
• Viscous flow in more than one direction
• Flow of inviscid fluids
• Viscous flow in boundary layers
• Although nowadays such problems are solved numerically,
there exist conventional analytical methods as well
 Time dependent flow of Newtonian fluids
• Often velocity of fluid stream depends on both space and time
• Governing equations of such velocity problems are often PDEs
• Therefore, different techniques to handle such problems will be discussed
• In these techniques, PDEs may be converted into a problem of solving one or more
ODEs
• Method – 1: method of combination of variables (or method of similarity solutions)
• This method is useful for semi-infinite regions, such that IC and BC at infinite may be
combined into a single new BC
• Method – 2: method of separation of variables
• In this method, PDEs split up into two or more ODEs; & then solution is infinite sum of
products of solutions of ODEs
• Method – 3: method of sinusoidal responses
• It is useful in describing the way a system responds to external periodic disturbances
 Flow near a wall suddenly set in motion
• A semi-infinite body of liquid with constant
density and viscosity is bounded below by a
horizontal surface (the xz-plane).
• Initially the fluid and the solid are at rest.
• Then at time t=0, the solid surface is set in
motion in the positive x-direction with
velocity v0 as shown in figure below.
• Find the velocity vx as a function of y and t.
• There is no pressure gradient or gravity force
in the x-direction, and the flow is presumed
to be laminar.
• Solution: here 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑦, 𝑡 & 𝑣𝑦 = 0, 𝑣𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
• 𝐸. 𝑂. 𝐶: 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝜕𝑥 𝜌𝑣𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑣𝑧 = 0 satisfied
𝜕𝜌 𝜕
• 𝜕𝑡
= 0 Incompressible fluid , 𝜕𝑥
𝜌𝑣𝑥 = 0 ∵ 𝑣𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑥 𝑥

• 𝐸. 𝑂. 𝑀:
• 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. ∶
𝜕𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥
• 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝜕𝑥
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥 + 𝜕𝑧
𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑥 +𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝜕𝑧 2
+ 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑝
• Since 𝜕𝑥 𝜌𝑣𝑥 = 0 ∵ 𝑣𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑥 𝑥 , − 𝜕𝑥 = 0 (given in problem)
𝜕 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥
• We get: 𝜕𝑡
𝜌𝑣𝑥 = 𝜇 𝜕𝑦 2  𝜕𝑡
= 𝜈 𝜕𝑦 2 → (1)
𝜇
• Where 𝜈 = 𝜌 ; both μ and ρ are constants
• 𝐈𝐂: at 𝑡 ≤ 0, 𝑣𝑥 = 0 for all y → (2)
• BC 1 at 𝑦 = 0, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 for all t > 0 → (3)
• BC 2 at 𝑦 = ∞, 𝑣𝑥 = 0 for all t > 0 → (4)
𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥
• let 𝜙 = 𝑣0
⟹ 𝜕𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝜕𝜙 and then eqn 1 
𝜕𝑡
= 𝜈 2
𝜕𝑦
→ (1) reduces to
𝜕𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙
• 𝑣𝑜
𝜕𝑡
=𝜈 𝑣0 2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑡
= 𝜈 2
𝜕𝑦
→ (5)
𝑣
• Initial Condition for 𝜙 : 𝜙 𝑦, 0 = 0 as at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑣𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝑣𝑥 = 0
0
𝑣
• BC 1: 𝜙 0, 𝑡 = 1 as at 𝑦 = 0, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝑣𝑥 = 1
0
𝑣
• BC 2: 𝜙 ∞, 𝑡 = 0 as at 𝑦 = ∞, 𝑣𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝑣𝑥 = 0
0
 𝑦
• Now define a combined variable η as: 𝜂=
𝜈𝑡
⟶ (6)
𝜕𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜙 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜙 𝑦 1 −3Τ
• Now 𝜕𝑡
=
𝑑𝜂
∙
𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝜂
∙
𝜈 𝑡
=
𝑑𝜂
∙
𝜈
−
2
𝑡 2

𝑦 1 𝑑𝜙 𝜂 𝑑𝜙
•= 𝜈𝑡
−
2𝑡 𝑑𝜂
= −
2𝑡 𝑑𝜂
→ (7)
𝜕𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜂 1 𝑑𝜙
• and 𝜕𝑦
=
𝑑𝜂
∙
𝑑𝑦
=
𝜈𝑡 𝑑𝜂

𝜕2 𝜙 1 𝑑2𝜙
• and 𝜕𝑦 2
=
𝜈𝑡 𝑑𝜂 2
→ (8)
 𝜕𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜂 𝑑𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙 1 𝑑2 𝜙
= 𝜈 2  (5) ; = −  (7) ; =  (8)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 2𝑡 𝑑𝜂 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜈𝑡 𝑑𝜂2
−𝜂 𝑑𝜙 1 𝑑2 𝜙 𝑑2 𝜙 𝜂 𝑑𝜙
• Substitute eqns. 7 and 8 in eqn. 5 to get: 2𝑡 𝑑𝜂
= 𝜈 𝜈𝑡 𝑑𝜂2  𝑑𝜂2
+ 2 𝑑𝜂 = 0 → (9)
𝑦
• To solve eqn. (9), we need two B. C′ s for 𝜂 𝐢. 𝐞. , 𝜂 = 𝜈𝑡
v
• BC 1: at η = 0 i. e. , y = 0 , vx = v0 ⟹ ϕ = vx = 1 ⟶ (10)
0
v
• BC 2: at η = ∞ i. e. , y = ∞ , vx = 0 ⟹ ϕ = vx = 0 ⟶ (11)
0
d2 ϕ η dϕ dϕ d2 ϕ dψ dψ η
• Solving eqn. 9 ⇒ dη2
+ 2 dη
= 0  let dη
=ψ⇒ dη2
= dη
 dη
+ 2
ψ =0
dψ η dψ η 1 η2
• dη
= −2ψ ⇒ ψ
= − 2 dη  ln ψ = −2 2 +c

dϕ −η2
• ψ= dη
= c1 exp 4
→ (12)

η ഥ 2
η
• ϕ= c1 ‫׬‬0 exp − 4
dതη + c2 → (13)
 η ഥ 2
η
• Now BC s applying to above eqn. ϕ =
′
c1 ‫׬‬0 exp − 4
dതη + c2 → (13)
0 ഥ 2
η
• at η = 0, ϕ = 1 ⇒ 1 = c1 ‫׬‬0 exp − 4
dതη + c2 ⇒ c2 = 1
∞ ഥ 2
η −1
• at η = ∞, ϕ = 0 ⇒ 0 = c1 ‫׬‬0 exp − 4
dതη + c2 ⇒ c1 = ∞ η 2
−ഥ
‫׬‬0 exp − 4 dഥ
η

η ഥ 2
η
• ∴ Eqn. 13 becomes: ϕ = c1 ‫׬‬0 exp −
4
dതη + c2 → (13)
η ഥ 2
η
‫׬‬0 exp − 4 dഥ
η η
• ϕ= 1− ∞ ഥ 2
η
→ (14) or let 2
as ηഥ and then apply error 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 formula
‫׬‬0 exp − 4 dഥ
η

ηഥ
η 2 dഥ
‫׬‬0 exp −ഥ η η y y
• ϕ= 1− ∞
η 2 dഥ
= 1 − erf ηത = 1 − erf 2
= 1 − erf 2 νt
= 1 − erf 4νt
‫׬‬0 exp −ഥ η

v y y
• ∴ vx = 1 − erf 4νt
= erfc 4νt
0
 Unsteady laminar flow between two parallel plates
• Consider a liquid with constant density and viscosity is bounded
between two horizontal solid plates with a gap of “b”
• The bottom plate is located at y=0 and the top plate is located at
y=b.
• The fluid is bounded by a horizontal surface (the xz-plane).
• Initially the fluid and both the plates are at rest.
• Then at time t= 0, the bottom solid surface is set in motion in
the positive direction with velocity 𝑣0 .
• Assume that there is no pressure gradient or gravity in the x-
direction.
• For this system, draw the schematic, list the assumptions if any
and then find the velocity 𝑣𝑥 as a function of y and t.
 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜌
• Simplifying 𝐸. 𝑂. 𝐶 ⟹ 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑥 𝜌𝑣𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑣𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 𝜕𝑡
= 0 (𝜌 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕p 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝
• z − comp ⟹ 𝜌 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝑣𝑥 𝑧
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝑧
𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝑧
𝜕𝑧
= − +
𝜕𝑧
𝜇
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 2
𝜕𝑦
+ 2
𝜕𝑧
+ 𝜌𝑔𝑧 ⟹
𝜕𝑧
=0

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕p 𝜕2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕2 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑝

• y − comp ⟹ 𝜌 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= − 𝜕𝑦 +𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝜕𝑧 2
+ 𝜌𝑔𝑦 ⟹ 𝜕𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕p 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥

• x − comp ⟹ 𝜌 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝜕𝑧 2
+ 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥
=𝜈 ⟹ (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 2
• IC ⟹ at 𝑡 ≤ 0 , 𝑣𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏
• BC 1 ⟹ at 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 > 0
• BC 2 ⟹ at 𝑦 = 𝑏 , 𝑣𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 > 0
 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥
=𝜈 ⟹ (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜈𝑥 𝑦 νt
• Dimensionless variables: 𝜙 = 𝜈0
,𝜂 = b
, 𝜏 = 𝑏2
𝑏2
• 𝑑𝜈𝑥 = 𝜈0 𝑑𝜙 ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏𝑑𝜂 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜈
𝑑𝜏
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 𝑣0 𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙𝑣0 𝜕ϕ 𝜕2 𝜙
• Eq. (1) reduces: 𝜕𝜏
= 𝜈 𝜕𝑦 2 ⟹ 𝑏2
= 𝜈 𝑏2𝜕𝜂2  𝜕𝜏
= 𝜕𝜂2
⇒ (2)
𝜈
𝜕𝜏

• IC ⟹ at 𝜏 = 0 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝜙 = 0
• BC 1 ⟹ at 𝜂 = 0 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝜈0 ⇒ 𝜙 = 1
• BC 2 ⟹ at 𝜂 = 1 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑣𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝜙 = 0
• We know that at infinite time, system attains steady-state velocity profile 𝜙∞ 𝜂 so that at τ=∞,
Eq. (2) becomes
𝑑2 𝜙∞ 𝑑𝜙∞
• 𝑑𝜂2
=0 ⇒
𝑑𝜂
= C1 ⇒ 𝜙∞ = C1 𝜂 + C2
• Applying BCs ⇒ 𝐁𝐂 𝟏: 1 = C1 0 + C2 ⇒ C2 = 1 & 𝐁𝐂 𝟐: 0 = C1 1 + C2 ⇒ C𝟏 = −C2 = −1
• ∴ 𝜙∞ = 1 − 𝜂 ⇒ (3)
• now we can write: 𝜙 𝜂, 𝜏 = 𝜙∞ 𝜂 − 𝜙𝑡 (𝜂, 𝜏) ⇒ (4)
• where 𝜙𝑡 is transient part of solution and fades out as time goes to infinity
𝜕ϕ 𝜕2 𝜙
• Now substitute Eq. 4 in Eq. 2: 𝜕𝜏
=
𝜕𝜂2
⇒ (2)

𝜕 𝜕2 𝜕𝜙𝑡 𝜕2 𝜕2
• 𝜕𝜏
𝜙∞ 𝜂 − 𝜙𝑡 (𝜂, 𝜏) =
𝜕𝜂2
𝜙∞ 𝜂 − 𝜙𝑡 (𝜂, 𝜏)  0 −
𝜕𝜏
=
𝜕𝜂2
1−𝜂 − 𝜙
𝜕𝜂2 𝑡

𝜕𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙𝑡 𝜕𝜙𝑡 𝜕2 𝜙𝑡
• − 𝑡
𝜕𝜏
= 0−0 −
𝜕𝜂2

𝜕𝜏
=
𝜕𝜂2
⇒ (5)

• At 𝜏 = 0 , 𝜙𝑡 = 𝜙∞ (i.e., from Eq. 4; 𝜙 𝜂, 𝟎 = 𝟎 = 𝜙∞ 𝜂 − 𝜙𝑡 𝜂, 𝜏 ⇒ 𝜙∞ = 𝜙𝑡 )

• BC1 ⇒ at 𝜂 = 0, 𝜙 = 1 ⇒ 𝜙∞ − 𝜙𝑡 = 1 ⇒ 1 − 𝜂 − 𝜙𝑡 = 1 ⇒ 1 − 𝜙𝑡 = 1 ⇒ 𝜙𝑡 = 0
• BC2 ⇒ at 𝜂 = 1, 𝜙 = 0 ⇒ 𝜙∞ − 𝜙𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝜙𝑡 = 𝜙∞ = 1 − 𝜂 = 1 − 1 ⇒ 𝜙𝒕 = 0
• Now use method of separation of dependent variables in which assume a solution of the
form: 𝜙𝑡 = 𝑓 𝜂 𝑔 𝜏 ⇒ (6)
𝜕 𝜕2
• substitute eqn 6 in eqn 5: 𝜕𝜏
𝑓 𝜂 𝑔 𝜏 = 𝜕𝜂2
𝑓 𝜂 𝑔 𝜏
𝑑𝑔 𝑑2 𝑓 1 𝑑𝑔 1 𝑑2 𝑓
• 𝑓 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑔 𝑑𝜂2 ⇒ 𝑔 𝑑𝜏
= 𝑓 𝑑𝜂2
→ (7)
• LHS is function of τ alone and RHS is function of η alone
• So individually equate to a constant −𝒄2 and integrate
1 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑔 2𝜏
• ⇒ 𝑔 𝑑𝜏
= −𝒄2 ⇒ 𝑑𝜏
= −𝒄2 𝑔 ⇒ ln 𝑔 = −𝒄2 𝜏 + C3  𝑔 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑒 −𝒄 ⇒ (8)
1 𝑑2 𝑓 𝑑2 𝑓
• and 𝑓 𝑑𝜂2
= −𝒄2 ⇒ 𝑑𝜂2
+ 𝒄2 𝑓 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦
• it is of the form ⇒ + a2 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = C1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + C2 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
• f = B sin 𝑐𝜂 + C cos 𝑐𝜂 ⇒ (9)
• Where A, B & C are integration constants and should be obtained by applying IC & BCs
 𝜙𝑡 = 𝑓 𝜂 𝑔 𝜏
• We have: f = B sin 𝑐𝜂 + C cos 𝑐𝜂 ⇒ (9)
• BC1 ⇒ at 𝜂 = 0 , 𝜙𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 must be zero at 𝜂 = 0 ⇒ constant 𝐶 = 0 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 9)
• BC2 ⇒ at 𝜂 = 1 , 𝜙𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 must be zero at 𝜂 = 1 and it will be possible only when if B = 0 or 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 0
⇒ 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐵 = 0 is not possible otherwise 𝑓 will become zero and no meaning of 𝑓
⇒ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 should be zero which is possible for 𝑐 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋 …
⇒ 𝒄𝑛 = 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 …
• 𝑓𝑛 = 𝐵𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → 10 with 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
• and 𝑔 = 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝒄2 𝜏 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −n2 π2 𝜏 → 11 with 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2. .
• 𝜙𝑡 = 𝑓 𝜂 𝑔 𝜏 = σ𝑛=+∞ 2 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −n π 𝜏 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → 12 where 𝐷𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 𝐵𝑛
• 𝜙𝑡 = 𝑓 𝜂 𝑔 𝜏 = σ𝑛=+∞ 2 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −n π 𝜏 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → 12 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 𝐵𝑛
• In 𝐄𝐪. 12 , 𝑛 = 0 does not contribute and also since sin(−𝑛)𝜋𝜂 = − sin 𝑛 𝜋𝜂
• we may omit all terms with 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 values of 𝑛 and rewrite eqn 12 as
• 𝜙𝑡 = σ∞ 2 2
𝑛=1 𝐷𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −n π 𝜏 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → (13) Now IC will be used to find 𝐷𝑛

• 𝐀ccording to IC ⇒ 𝜏 = 0 ⇒ 𝜙𝑡 = 1 − 𝜂 at 𝜏 = 0 , 𝜙 = 0
⇒ 𝜙∞ − 𝜙𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝜙𝑡 = 𝜙∞ = 1 − 𝜂
• 1 − 𝜂 = σ∞𝑛=1 𝐷𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → (14)
• Equation (14) should be used to get 𝐷𝑛
• Multiply both sides of equation (14) by sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 (where m is integer) and then
integrate over 𝜂 = 0 to 𝜂 = 1
1 1
• ⇒ ‫׬‬0 (1 − 𝜂) sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝐷𝑛 ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 → (15)
 1 ∞ 1
⇒ න (1 − 𝜂) sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 = ෍ 𝐷𝑛 න sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 → (15)
0 𝑛=1 0
1 1
• LHS of equation (15) ⇒ ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 − ‫׬‬0 ηsin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂
− cos 𝑚𝜋𝜂 1 cos 𝑚𝜋𝜂 1 1 − cos 𝑚𝜋𝜂
• = 𝑚𝜋
ቚ − −𝜂
𝑚𝜋
ቚ − ‫׬‬0
𝑚𝜋
1 𝑑𝜂
0 0

− cos 𝑚𝜋𝜂 cos 𝑚𝜋𝜂 sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 1

• = 𝑚𝜋
+ 𝜂
𝑚𝜋
+
𝑚2 𝜋2
ቚ
0
− cos 𝑚𝜋 cos 𝑚𝜋 sin 𝑚𝜋 1 sin(0) 𝑚𝜋 1
• = 𝑚𝜋
+
𝑚𝜋
+
𝑛2 𝜋 2
+
𝑚𝜋
−0−
𝑚2 𝜋 2
=
𝑚𝜋
1
• RHS of equation (15): if n = m ⇒ σ∞ 2
𝑛=1 𝑛 0 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂
𝐷 ‫׬‬
• let cos 2(𝑛𝜋𝜂) = cos2 (𝑛𝜋𝜂) − sin2 𝑛𝜋𝜂 = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝑛𝜋)𝜂
1 1−cos 2(𝑛𝜋𝜂) 𝜂 sin 2(𝑛𝜋)𝜂 1 1 sin 2𝑛𝜋
• σ∞ 𝐷 ‫׬‬
𝑛=1 𝑛 0 2
𝑑𝜂 = σ∞ 𝐷
𝑛=1 𝑛 2 −
4𝑛𝜋
ቚ = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝐷𝑛 ቄ −
2 4𝑛𝜋
−0+
0
 1 ∞ 1
⇒ න (1 − 𝜂) sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 = ෍ 𝐷𝑛 න sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 𝑑𝜂 → (15)
0 𝑛=1 0

cos(𝑛−𝑚)𝜋𝜂−cos(𝑛+𝑚)𝜋𝜂
• if 𝑛 ≠ 𝑚 ⇒ sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 sin 𝑚𝜋𝜂 = 2
1 cos(𝑛−𝑚)𝜋𝜂−cos(𝑛+𝑚)𝜋𝜂 ∞ 𝐷𝑛 sin(𝑛−𝑚)𝜋𝜂 sin(𝑛+𝑚)𝜋𝜂
• σ∞
𝑛=1 𝐷𝑛 ‫׬‬0 2
𝑑𝜂 = σ 𝑛=1 2 𝑛−𝑚
− 𝑛+𝑚
𝐷𝑛 0 0 0 0
• = σ∞
𝑛=1 2 𝑛−𝑚
− 𝑛+𝑚 − 𝑛−𝑚 + 𝑛+𝑚 = 0 (𝑛 and 𝑚 are intergers)
• Solution for eqn 15 is : LHS of Eq. (15) = RHS of Eq. (15)
1 𝐷𝒏 2
•  𝑚𝜋 = 2
⇒ 𝐷𝒏 =
𝒏𝜋
because it is true for n = m where as it is zero when n ≠ m
2
• ∴ 𝜙 = 𝜙∞ − 𝜙𝑡 = 1 − 𝜂 − σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑚𝜋
exp −n2 π2 𝜏 sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → (16)
𝜈𝑥 𝒚 2 νt
• 𝜈0
= 𝟏 − 𝒃 − σ∞
𝑛=1 𝒏𝜋
exp −n2 π2 𝑏2
sin 𝑛𝜋𝜂 → (1𝟕)
𝜈𝑥 𝐲
• For large 𝜏 (or 𝑡) values ⇒, steady state solution 𝜙 = 1 − η ⇒ 𝜈0
=𝟏−
𝐛
is retrieved
 References
• B. R. Bird, E. W. Stewart and N. E. Lightfoot, Transport
Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Second Edition).
• W. M.Deen, Analysis of Transport Phenomena, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1998 (First Indian Edition).
• R.L. Panton, Incompressible Flow, Wiley India, 2011 (Third
Edition).
• R.P. Chhabra and J.F. Richardson, Non-Newtonian Flow and
Applied Rheology, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,
UK, 2008.
• C.W. Macosko, Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and
Applications, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1994.
Thank you