10 Probability

LEARNING SEQUENCE
10.1 Overview ...............................................................................................................................................................538
10.2 Theoretical probability .....................................................................................................................................544
10.3 Experimental probability .................................................................................................................................551
10.4 Venn diagrams and two-way tables ...........................................................................................................559
10.5 Two-step experiments .....................................................................................................................................576
10.6 Review ................................................................................................................................................................... 588
10.1 Overview
Why learn this?
New technologies which predict human behaviour are all
based on probability. On 11 May 1997, IBM’s supercomputer
Deep Blue made history by defeating chess grandmaster Gary
Kasparov in a six-game match under standard time controls.
This was the first time that a computer had defeated the highest
ranked chess player in the world. Deep Blue won by evaluating
millions of possible positions each second and determining
the probability of victory from each possible choice. This
application of probability allowed artificial intelligence to defeat
a human who had spent his life mastering the game.
Combining advanced computing with probability is no
longer used only to play games. From the daily convenience
of predictive text, through to assisting doctors with cancer
diagnosis, companies spend vast amounts of money on
developing probability-based software. Self-driving cars use
probability functions to predict the behaviour of both other cars
on the road and pedestrians. The more accurate the predictive
functions, the safer self-driving cars can become. Even politicians use campaign data analysis to develop models
that produce predictions about individual citizens’ likelihood of supporting specific candidates and issues, and
the likelihood of these citizens changing their support if they’re targeted with various campaign interventions.
As technology improves, so will its predictive power in determining the likelihood of certain outcomes
occurring. It is important that we study and understand probability so we know how technology is being used
and the impact it will have on our day-to-day life.

Where to get help

Go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au to access the following digital resources. The Online
Resources Summary at the end of this topic provides a full list of what’s available to help you learn the
concepts covered in this topic.

Fully worked
Video Interactivities solutions
eLessons
to every
question

Digital
eWorkbook
documents

538 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

Exercise 10.1 Pre-test

Complete this pre-test in your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au and receive automatic marks,
immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions.
1. MC A six-sided die is rolled, and the number uppermost is noted. The event of rolling an even

number is:
A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} C. {2, 4, 6}
D. {1, 3, 5} E. {2, 4, 5, 6}

2. The coloured spinner shown is spun once and the colour noted.
Written in its simplest form, state the probability of spinning:
a. an orange and a blue b. an orange or a pink.

3. A coin is tossed in an experiment and the outcomes recorded.

Outcome Heads Tails

Frequency 72 28

a. Identify how many trials there were.

b. Calculate the experimental probability for tossing a Tail, giving
your answer in simplest form.
c. Calculate the theoretical probability for tossing a Tail with a fair
coin, giving your answer in simplest form.
d. In simplest form, calculate the difference in this experiment between the theoretical and experimental
probabilities for tossing a Tail.

4. A random number is selected from:

𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30}
Calculate the exact probability of selecting a number that is a multiple of 3, giving your answer in
simplest form.

5. Identify whether the following statement is True or False.

If a large number of trials is conducted in an experiment, the relative (experimental) frequency of each
outcome will be very close to its theoretical probability.

6. MC Consider the Venn diagram shown. A B ξ

If 𝜉 = {numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive}, identify which of
the following set B is equal to. 5, 19,
A. B = {multiples of 3 numbers between 1 and 20} 2 7, 13, 1
B. B = {number 1} 11, 17
C. B = {even numbers between 1 and 20} 3
D. B = {odd numbers between 1 and 20} 9, 15
E. B = {prime numbers between 1 and 20}
6, 12, 18

TOPIC 10 Probability 539

 7. MC The information presented in the Venn diagram can be shown on a two-way frequency table as:

A B ξ

6 3 5

A. B.
A A′ Total A A′ Total
B 5 3 8 B 3 6 9
B′ 0 6 6 B′ 5 0 5
Total 5 9 14 Total 8 6 14

C. D.
A A′ Total A A′ Total
B 3 5 8 B 3 2 5
B′ 6 0 6 B′ 3 3 6
Total 9 5 14 Total 6 5 11

E.
A A′ Total
B 3 3 6
B′ 2 3 5
Total 8 6 11

8. MC If 𝜉={numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive}, identify the complement of the event

A={multiples of 5 and prime numbers}.

A. {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18} B. {5, 10, 15, 20}
C. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} D. {2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20}
E. {4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18}

9. The jacks and aces from a deck of cards are shuffled, then two cards are drawn.
Calculate the exact probability, in simplest form, that two aces are chosen:
a. if the first card is replaced b. if the first card is not replaced.

10. The Venn diagram shows the results of a survey where students
were asked to indicate whether they prefer drama (D) or comedy C D ξ
(C) movies. In simplest form, determine the probability that a
student selected at random prefers drama movies but does not
like comedy.
22 6 20

540 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

11. From a bag of mixed lollies, students can choose from three different types of lollies: red frogs, milk
bottles or jelly babies. The bag contains five of each type of lolly. If Mahsa chooses two lollies without
looking into the bag, calculate the probability that she will choose two different types of lollies.

12. The students in a class were asked about their sport preferences — whether they played basketball or
tennis or neither. The information was recorded in a two-way frequency table.
Basketball (B) No basketball (B′ )
Tennis (T) 25 20
No tennis (T′ ) 10 5

a. MC The student sport preferences recorded in the two-way frequency table is represented on a Venn
diagram as:
A. B.
B T ξ B T ξ

10 25 20 10 25 20

C. D.
B T ξ B T ξ

20 25 10 20 5 10

5 5

E.
B T ξ

10 5 10

25
b. If one student is selected at random, calculate the probability that the student plays tennis only,
correct to 2 decimal places.

TOPIC 10 Probability 541

 13. Match the following Venn diagrams to the correct set notation for the shaded regions.

Venn diagram Set notation

a. A. A ∩ B
A B

b. B. A′
A B ξ

c. C. A ∩ B′
A B ξ

d. D. A ∪ B
A B ξ

14. A survey of Year 8, 9 and 10 students asked the students to choose dinner options for their school
camp.

542 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 Year level Lasagna Stir-fry
8 82 75
9 67 90
10 89 45
Total 240 210

Calculate the following probabilities.

a. The probability that a randomly selected student chose lasagne
b. The probability that a randomly selected student was in Year 10
c. The probability that a randomly selected student was in Year 8 and chose stir-fry
d. The probability that a randomly selected student who chose lasagna was in Year 9

15. MC A bag contains three blue balls and two red balls. A ball is taken at random from the bag and its
colour noted. Then a second ball is drawn, without replacing the first one.
Identify the tree diagram that best represents this sample space.
A. 3 B. 2
– B – B
5 5
3 B 2 B
– –
5 5
2 3
– R – R
5 5
3 B 2 B
– –
5 5
2 3
– R – R
5 5
2 3
– R – R
5 5
C. 1 D. 2
– B – B
3 4
1 B 3 B
– –
3 5
1 2
– R – R
2 4
1 B 3 B
– –
3 4
1 2
– R – R
2 5
1 1
– R – R
2 4
E. 1
– B
3
1 B B
– 1
2 –
1 3
– B
3
1 B
–
3
1
– R B
2 1
–
1 3
– B
3

TOPIC 10 Probability 543

 10.2 Theoretical probability
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• determine whether events are impossible, unlikely, likely or certain
• use key probability terminologies such as trials, outcomes, sample space and events
• calculate the theoretical probability of an event.

10.2.1 The language of probability

eles-4877
• The probability of an event is a measure of the likelihood that the event will take place.
• If an event is certain to occur, then it has a probability of 1.
• If an event is impossible, then it has a probability of 0.
• The probability of any other event taking place is given by a number between 0 and 1.
• An event is likely to occur if it has a probability between 0.5 and 1.
• An event is unlikely to occur if it has a probability between 0 and 0.5.

Unlikely Even Likely

chance
Impossible Certain

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0% 50% 100%

WORKED EXAMPLE 1 Placing events on a probability scale

On the probability scale given, insert each of the following events at

appropriate points. 0 0.5 1
a. You will sleep tonight.
b. You will come to school the next Monday during a school term.
c. It will snow in Victoria this year.

THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. 1. Carefully read the given statement and label a. a
its position on the probability scale.

0 0.5 1
2. Write the answer and provide reasoning. Under normal circumstances, I will certainly
sleep tonight.
b. 1. Carefully read the given statement and label b. b
its position on the probability scale.

0 0.5 1

544 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 2. Write the answer and provide reasoning. It is very likely but not certain that I will
come to school on a Monday during term.
Circumstances such as illness or public
holidays may prevent me from coming to
school on a specific Monday during a school
term.

c. 1. Carefully read the given statement and label c. c (Summer) c (Winter)

its position on the probability scale.

0 0.5 1
2. Write the answer and provide reasoning. It is highly likely but not certain that it will
snow in Victoria during winter. The chance of
snow falling in Victoria in summer is highly
unlikely but not impossible.

10.2.2 Key terms of probability

eles-4878
• The study of probability uses many special terms that must be clearly understood.
• Chance experiment: A chance experiment is a process, such as rolling a die, that can be repeated
many times.
• Trial: A trial is one performance of an experiment to get a result.
For example, each roll of the die is called a trial.
• Outcome: The outcome is the result obtained when the experiment is conducted.
For example, when a normal six-sided die is rolled the outcome can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
• Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes is called the sample space and is given the symbol 𝜉.
For the example of rolling a die, 𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
• Event: An event is the favourable outcome of a trial and is often represented by a capital letter.
For example, when a die is rolled, A could be the event of getting an even number; A = {2, 4, 6}.
• Favourable outcome: A favourable outcome for an event is any outcome that belongs to the event.
For event A above (rolling an even number), the favourable outcomes are 2, 4 and 6.

WORKED EXAMPLE 2 Identifying sample space, events and outcomes

For the chance experiment of rolling a die:

a. list the sample space
b. list the events for:
i. rolling a 4
ii. rolling an even number
iii. rolling at least 5
iv. rolling at most 2

c. list the favourable outcomes for:

i. {4, 5, 6}
ii. not rolling 5
iii. rolling 3 or 4
iv. rolling 3 and 4.

TOPIC 10 Probability 545

 THINK WRITE

a. The outcomes are the numbers 1 to 6. a. 𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

b. i. This describes only one outcome. b. i. {4}
ii. The possible even numbers are 2, 4 and 6. ii. {2, 4, 6}
iii. ‘At least 5’ means 5 is the smallest. iii. {5, 6}
iv. ‘At most 2’ means 2 is the largest. iv. {1, 2}

c. i. The outcomes are shown inside the brackets. c. i. 4, 5, 6

ii. ‘Not 5’ means everything except 5. ii. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
iii. The event is {3, 4}. iii. 3, 4
iv. There is no number that is both 3 and 4. iv. There are no favourable outcomes.

10.2.3 Theoretical probability

eles-4879
• When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes, Heads or Tails.
That is, 𝜉 = {H, T}.
• We assume the coin is unbiased, meaning each outcome is equally
likely to occur.
• Since each outcome is equally likely, they must have the same
probability.
• The total of all probabilities is 1, so the probability of an outcome
is given by:
1
• Pr(outcome) =
number of outcomes
1 1
• Pr(Heads) = and Pr(Tails) =
2 2
• The probability of an event A is found by adding up all the probabilities of the favourable outcomes in
event A.

Theoretical probability
• When determining probabilities of equally likely outcomes, use the following:
1
• Pr(outcome) =
total number of outcomes
number of favourable outcomes
• Pr(event A) =
total number of outcomes

WORKED EXAMPLE 3 Calculating theoretical probability

A die is rolled and the number uppermost is noted. Determine the probability of each of the following
events.
a. A = {1} b. B = {odd numbers} c. C = {4 or 6}

THINK WRITE
There are six possible outcomes.

546 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 1
a. A has one favourable outcome. a. Pr(A) =
6
3
b. B has three favourable outcomes: 1, 3 and 5. b. Pr(B) =
6
1
=
2

2
c. C has two favourable outcomes. c. Pr(C) =
6
1
=
3

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 10 Workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and project) (ewbk-2010)
Digital documents SkillSHEET Probability scale (doc-6307)
SkillSHEET Understanding a deck of playing cards (doc-6308)
SkillSHEET Listing the sample space (doc-6309)
SkillSHEET Theoretical probability (doc-6310)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Theoretical probability (int-4534)
Probability scale (int-3824)
Theoretical probability (int-6081)

Exercise 10.2 Theoretical probability

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 22 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 20, 23 7, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25

To answer questions online and to receive immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions for all
questions, go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Fluency
1. WE1 On the given probability scale, insert each of the following events
at appropriate points. Indicate the chance of each event using one of the 0 0.5 1
following terms: certain, likely, unlikely, impossible.
a. The school will have a lunch break on Friday.
b. Australia will host two consecutive Olympic Games.

2. On the given probability scale, insert each of the following events at

appropriate points. Indicate the chance of each event using one of the 0 0.5 1
following terms: certain, likely, unlikely, impossible.
a. At least one student in a particular class will obtain an A for
Mathematics.
b. Australia will have a swimming team in the Commonwealth Games.

TOPIC 10 Probability 547

3. On the given probability scale, insert each of the following events at
appropriate points. Indicate the chance of each event using one of the 0 0.5 1
following terms: certain, likely, unlikely, impossible.
a. Mathematics will be taught in secondary schools.
b. In the future most cars will run without LPG or petrol.

4. On the given probability scale, insert each of the following events at appropriate points. Indicate the chance
of each event using one of the following terms: certain, likely, unlikely, impossible.
a. Winter will be cold.
b. Bean seeds, when sown, will germinate. 0 0.5 1

5. WE2a For each chance experiment below, list the sample space.
a. Rolling a die
b. Tossing a coin
c. Testing a light bulb to see whether it is defective or not
d. Choosing a card from a normal deck and noting its colour
e. Choosing a card from a normal deck and noting its suit

6. WE2b A normal six-sided die is rolled. List each of the following events.
a. Rolling a number less than or equal to 3
b. Rolling an odd number
c. Rolling an even number or 1
d. Not rolling a 1 or 2
e. Rolling at most a 4
f. Rolling at least a 5

7. WE2c A normal six-sided die is rolled. List the favourable outcomes for each of the following events.
a. A = {3, 5} b. B = {1, 2}
c. C = ‘rolling a number greater than 5’ d. D = ‘not rolling a 3 or a 4’
e. E = ‘rolling an odd number or a 2’ f. F = ‘rolling an odd number and a 2’
g. G = ‘rolling an odd number and a 3’
8. A card is selected from a normal deck of 52 cards and its suit is noted.
a. List the sample space.
b. List each of the following events.
i. Drawing a black card
ii. Drawing a red card
iii. Not drawing a heart
iv. Drawing a black or a red card
9. Determine the number of outcomes there are for:
a. rolling a die
b. tossing a coin
c. drawing a card from a standard deck
d. drawing a card and noting its suit
e. noting the remainder when a number is divided by 5.

548 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

10. A card is drawn at random from a standard deck of
52 cards.
Note: ‘At random’ means that every card has the
same chance of being selected.
Calculate the probability of selecting:
a. an ace
b. a king
c. the 2 of spades
d. a diamond.
11. WE3 A card is drawn at random from a deck of
52. Determine the probability of each event below.
a. A = {5 of clubs}
b. B = {black card}
c. C = {5 of clubs or queen of diamonds}
d. D = {hearts}
e. E = {hearts or clubs}

12. A card is drawn at random from a deck of 52. Determine the probability of each event below.
a. F = {hearts and 5} b. G = {hearts or 5} c. H = {aces or kings}
d. I = {aces and kings} e. J = {not a 7}

13. A letter is chosen at random from the letters in the word PROBABILITY. Determine the probability that the
letter is:
a. B
b. not B
c. a vowel
d. not a vowel.
14. The following coloured spinner is spun and the colour is noted. Determine the
probability of each of the events given below.
a. A = {blue}
b. B = {orange}
c. C = {orange or pink}
d. D = {orange and pink}
e. E = {not blue}

Understanding
15. A bag contains four purple balls and two green balls.
a. If a ball is drawn at random, then calculate the probability that it will be:

i. purple
ii. green.

b. Design an experiment like the one in part a but where the probability of
drawing a purple ball is 3 times that of drawing a green ball.
16. Design spinners (see question 14) using red, white and blue sections so that:
a. each colour has the same probability of being spun
b. red is twice as likely to be spun as either of the other two colours
c. red is twice as likely to be spun as white and three times as likely to be spun
as blue.

TOPIC 10 Probability 549

17. A bag contains red, green and blue marbles. Calculate how many marbles there must be in the bag for the
following to be true when a single marble is selected at random from the bag.
a. Each colour is equally likely to be selected and there are at least six red marbles in the bag.
b. Blue is twice as likely to be selected as the other colours and there are at least five green marbles
in the bag.
1 1 1
c. There is a chance of selecting red, a chance of selecting green and a chance of selecting blue from
2 3 6
the bag when there is between 30 and 40 marbles in the bag.
18. a. A bag contains seven gold and three silver coins. If a coin is drawn at random from the bag, calculate the
probability that it will be:
i. gold ii. silver.
b. After a gold coin is taken out of the bag, a second coin is then selected at random. Assuming the first
coin was not returned to the bag, calculate the probability that the second coin will be:
i. gold ii. silver.

Reasoning
19. Do you think that the probability of tossing Heads is the same as the probability of tossing Tails if your
friend tosses the coin? Suggest some reasons that it might not be.
20. If the following four probabilities were given to you, explain which two you would say were not correct.

0.725, −0.5, 0.005, 1.05

21. A coin is going to be tossed five times in a row. During the first four flips the coin comes up Heads each
time. What is the probability that the coin will come up Heads again on the fifth flip? Justify your answer.

Problem solving
22. Consider the spinner shown. Discuss whether the spinner has an
equal chance of falling on each of the colours.
23. A box contains two coins. One is a double-headed coin, and the
other is a normal coin with Heads on one side and Tails on the other.
You draw one of the coins from a box and look at one of the sides. It
is Heads.
Determine the probability that the other side also shows Heads.
24. ‘Unders and Overs’ is a game played with two normal six-sided dice.
The two dice are rolled, and the numbers uppermost added to give
a total. Players bet on the outcome being ‘under 7’, ‘equal to 7’ or
‘over 7’.
If you had to choose one of these outcomes, which would you
choose? Explain why.

25. Justine and Mary have designed a new darts game for their Year 9 Fete
Day. Instead of a circular dart board, their dart board is in the shape of
two equilateral triangles. The inner triangle (bullseye) has a side length of
3 cm, while the outer triangle has side length 10 cm.
Given that a player’s dart falls in one of the triangles, determine the 10 cm
probability that it lands in the bullseye. Write your answer correct to 3 cm
2 decimal places.

550 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 10.3 Experimental probability
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• determine the relative frequency of an outcome
• understand the difference between theoretical probability and experimental probability.

10.3.1 Relative frequency

eles-4880
• A die is rolled 12 times and the outcomes are recorded in the table shown.

Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 3 1 1 2 2 3

In this chance experiment there were 12 trials.

The table shows that the number 1 was rolled 3 times out of 12.
3 1
• So the relative frequency of 1 is 3 out of 12, or = .
12 4
As a decimal, the relative frequency of 1 is equal to 0.25.

Relative frequency
• The relative frequency of an outcome is given by:

frequency of an outcome
Relative frequency =
total number of trials

• As the number of trials becomes larger, the relative frequency of each outcome will become very close to
the theoretical probability.

WORKED EXAMPLE 4 Calculating relative frequency

For the chance experiment of rolling a die, the following outcomes were noted.

Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 3 1 4 6 3 3

a. Calculate the number of trials.

b. Identify how many threes were rolled.
c. Calculate the relative frequency for each number written as a decimal.

THINK WRITE
a. Adding the frequencies a. 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 3 + 3 = 20 trials
will give the number of
trials.
b. The frequency of 3 is 4. b. 4 threes were rolled.

TOPIC 10 Probability 551

 c. Add a relative frequency c.
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
row to the table and
complete it. The relative Frequency 3 1 4 6 3 3
frequency is calculated 3 1 4 6 3 3
Relative = = = = = =
by dividing the frequency 20 20 20 20 20 20
frequency
of the outcome by the 0.15 0.05 0.2 0.3 0.15 0.15
total number of trials.

10.3.2 Experimental probability

eles-4881
• When it is not possible to calculate the theoretical probability of an outcome, carrying out simulations
involving repeated trials can be used to determine the experimental probability.
• The relative frequency of an outcome is the experimental probability.

Experimental probability
• The experimental probability of an outcome is given by:

frequency of an outcome
Experimental probability =
total number of trials

• The spinner shown is not symmetrical, and the probability of each outcome
cannot be determined theoretically.
• The experimental probability of each outcome can be found by using the spinner 2
3
many times and recording the outcomes. As more trials are conducted, the
1
experimental probability will become more accurate and closer to the true
probability of each section.
4

WORKED EXAMPLE 5 Calculating experimental probabilities

The spinner shown above was spun 100 times and the following results were achieved.

Outcome 1 2 3 4
Frequency 7 26 9 58

a. Calculate the number of trials.

b. Calculate the experimental probability of each outcome.
c. Calculate or recognise the sum of the four probabilities.

THINK WRITE
a. Adding the frequencies will determine the a. 7 + 26 + 9 + 58 = 100 trials
number of trials.

552 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 7
b. The experimental probability equals the relative b. Pr(1) =
frequency. This is calculated by dividing the 100
frequency of the outcome by the total number = 0.07
of trials. 26
Pr(2) =
100
= 0.26
9
Pr(3) =
100
= 0.09
58
Pr(4) =
100
= 0.58

c. Add the probabilities (they should equal 1). c. 0.07 + 0.26 + 0.09 + 0.58 = 1

10.3.3 Expected number of results

eles-4882
1
• If we tossed a coin 100 times, we would expect there to be 50 Heads, since Pr (Heads) = .
2

Expected number of results

• The expected number of favourable outcomes from a series of trials is found from:

Expected number = probability of outcome × number of trials

• The probability of an outcome can be the theoretical probability or an experimental probability.

WORKED EXAMPLE 6 Expected number of outcomes

Calculate the expected number of results in the following situations:

a. The number of Tails after flipping a coin 250 times
b. The number of times a one comes up after rolling a dice 120 times
c. The number of times a royal card is picked from a deck that is reshuffled with the card replaced
650 times
THINK WRITE
1
a. The probability of getting a Tail is Pr(Tails) = . a. Number of Tails = Pr(Tails) × 250
2
1
= × 250
2
= 125 times

TOPIC 10 Probability 553

 1
b. The probability of getting a one is Pr(one) = . b. Number of ones = Pr(one) × 120
6 1
= × 120
6
= 20 times

c. A deck of cards has 52 cards and 12 of them are c. Number of royals = Pr(royal) × 650
royal cards. This means the probability of getting 3
12 3 = × 650
a royal is Pr (royal) = = . 13
52 13 = 150 times

Digital technology

Scientific calculators have a random function that allows

the user to generate integers at random. This can be used
to create a random set of data for probability or statistics
questions.
The button brings up the probability menu.
The functions nPr, nCr and ! will be used in Year 10.

Press across to select the RAND submenu and then

randint( to generate random whole numbers.

randint(1, 10) will generate a random integer between

1 and 10.
The comma button is found by pressing the button and
then the decimal button .

COLLABORATIVE TASK
Construct an irregular spinner using cardboard and a toothpick. By carrying out a number of trials, estimate
the probability of each outcome.

554 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 10 Workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and project) (ewbk-2010)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Experimental probability (int-4535)
Experimental probability (int-3825)

Exercise 10.3 Experimental probability

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 19, 22 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 20, 23, 24 5, 7, 13, 14, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27

To answer questions online and to receive immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions for all
questions, go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Fluency
1. WE4 Each of the two tables shown contains the results of a chance experiment (rolling a die).
For each table, calculate:
i. the number of trials held
ii. the number of fives rolled
iii. the relative frequency for each outcome, correct to 2 decimal places
iv. the sum of the relative frequencies.

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
a.
Frequency 3 1 5 2 4 1

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
b.
Frequency 52 38 45 49 40 46

2. A coin is tossed in two chance experiments. The outcomes are recorded in the tables shown. For each
experiment, calculate:
i. the relative frequency of both outcomes
ii. the sum of the relative frequencies.

Outcome H T
a.
Frequency 22 28

Outcome H T
b.
Frequency 31 19

3. WE5 An unbalanced die was rolled 200 times and the following outcomes were recorded.

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 18 32 25 29 23 73

Using these results, calculate:

a. Pr(6) b. Pr(odd number) c. Pr(at most 2) d. Pr(not 3).

TOPIC 10 Probability 555

4. A box of matches claims on its cover to contain 100 matches.
A survey of 200 boxes established the following results.

Number of matches 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

Frequency 1 13 14 17 27 55 30 16 13 14

If you were to purchase a box of these matches, calculate the

probability that:
a. the box would contain 100 matches
b. the box would contain at least 100 matches
c. the box would contain more than 100 matches
d. the box would contain no more than 100 matches.
5. A packet of chips is labelled as weighing 170 grams. This is not
always the case and there will be some variation in the weight of
each packet. A packet of chips is considered underweight if its
weight is below 168 grams. Chips are made in batches of 1000 at a time.
A sample of the weights from a particular batch are shown below.

Weight (grams) 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174
Frequency 2 3 13 17 27 18 9 5 1

Calculate the probability that:

a. a packet of chips is its advertised weight
b. a packet of chips is above its advertised weight
c. a packet of chips is underweight.
A batch of chips is rejected if more than 50 packets in a batch are classed as underweight.
d. Explain if the batch that this sample of chips is taken from should be rejected.

Understanding
6. Here is a series of statements based on experimental probability. If a statement is not reasonable, give a
reason why.
a. I tossed a coin five times and there were four Heads, so Pr(Heads) = 0.8.
b. Sydney Roosters have won 1064 matches out of the 2045 that they have played, so
Pr(Sydney will win their next game) = 0.52.
c. Pr(the sun will rise tomorrow) = 1
d. At a factory, a test of 10 000 light globes showed that 7 were faulty.
Therefore, Pr(faulty light globe) = 0.0007.
e. In Sydney it rains an average of 143.7 days each year, so
Pr(it will rain in Sydney on the 17th of next month) = 0.39.
7. At a birthday party, some cans of soft drink were put in a container of ice. There were 16 cans of Coke,
20 cans of Sprite, 13 cans of Fanta, 8 cans of Sunkist and 15 cans of Pepsi.
If a can was picked at random, calculate the probability that it was:
a. a can of Pepsi
b. not a can of Fanta.

8. WE6 Calculate the expected number of Tails if a fair coin is tossed 400 times.
9. Calculate the expected number of threes if a fair die is rolled 120 times.

556 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

10. MC In Tattslotto, six numbers are drawn from the numbers
1, 2, 3, … 45. The number of different combinations of
six numbers is 8 145 060. If you buy one ticket, what is the
probability that you will win the draw?
1 1
A. B.
8 145 060 45
45 1
C. D.
8 145 060 6
6
E.
8 145 060

11. MC A survey of high school students asked ‘Should Saturday be a normal school day?’ 350 students voted
yes, and 450 voted no. From the following, recognise the probability that a student chosen at random
said no.
7 9 7 9 1
A. B. C. D. E.
16 16 9 14 350
12. In a poll of 200 people, 110 supported party M, 60 supported party N and 30 were undecided. If a person is
chosen at random from this group of people, calculate the probability that he or she:
a. supports party M b. supports party N
c. supports a party d. is not sure what party to support.

13. A random number is picked from N = {1, 2, 3, … 100}. Calculate the probability of picking a number that is:
a. a multiple of 3
b. a multiple of 4 or 5
c. a multiple of 5 and 6.

14. The numbers 3, 5 and 6 are combined to form a three-digit number such that no digit may be repeated.

a. i. Recognise how many numbers can be formed.

ii. List them.
b. Determine Pr(the number is odd).
c. Determine Pr(the number is even).
d. Determine Pr(the number is a multiple of 5).

15. MC In a batch of batteries, 2 out of every 10 in a large sample were faulty. At

this rate, calculate how many batteries are expected to be faulty in a batch of
1500.
A. 2 B. 150 C. 200
D. 300 E. 750

16. Svetlana, Sarah, Leonie and Trang are volleyball players. The probabilities that
they will score a point on serve are 0.6, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Calculate
how many points on serve are expected from each player if they serve 10 times
each.

17. MC A survey of the favourite leisure activity of 200 Year 9 students produced the following results.

Activity Playing sport Fishing Watching TV Video games Surfing

Number of students 58 26 28 38 50

The probability (given as a percentage) that a student selected at random from this group will have surfing as
their favourite leisure activity is:
A. 50% B. 100% C. 25% D. 0% E. 29%

TOPIC 10 Probability 557

18. The numbers 1, 2 and 5 are combined to form a three-digit number, allowing for any digit to be repeated up
to three times.
a. Recognise how many different numbers can be formed.
b. List the numbers.
c. Determine Pr(the number is even).
d. Determine Pr(the number is odd).
e. Determine Pr(the number is a multiple of 3).

Reasoning
19. John has a 12-sided die numbered 1 to 12 and Lisa has a 20-sided die numbered 1 to 20. They are playing a
game where the first person to get the number 10 wins.
They are rolling their dice individually.
a. Calculate Pr(John gets a 10).
b. Calculate Pr(Lisa gets a 10).
c. Explain whether the game is fair.

20. At a supermarket checkout, the scanners have temporarily broken down and the cashiers must enter in the
bar codes manually. One particular cashier overcharged 7 of the last 10 customers she served by entering the
incorrect bar code.
a. Based on the cashier’s record, determine the probability of making a mistake with the next customer.
b. Explain if another customer should have any objections with being served by this cashier.

21. If you flip a coin six times, determine how many of the possible outcomes could include a Tail on the
second toss.

Problem solving
22. In a jar, there are 600 red balls, 400 green balls, and an unknown number of yellow balls. If the probability
1
of selecting a green ball is , determine how many yellow balls are in the jar.
5
23. In a jar there are an unknown number of balls, N, with 20 of them green. The other colours contained in the
1 1 1
jar are red, yellow and blue, with Pr(red or yellow) = , Pr(red or green) = and Pr(blue) = .
2 4 3
Determine the number of red, yellow and blue balls in the jar.
24. The biological sex of babies in a set of triplets is simulated by flipping three coins. If a coin lands Tails up,
the baby is male. If a coin lands Heads up, the baby is female. In the simulation, the trial is repeated
40 times.
The following results show the number of Heads obtained in each trial:
0, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1
a. Calculate the probability that exactly one of the babies in a set of triplets is female.
b. Calculate the probability that more than one of the babies in the set of triplets is female.
25. Use your calculator to generate three random sets of numbers between 1 and 6 to simulate rolling a dice. The
number of trials in each set will be:
a. 10
b. 25
c. 50.

Calculate the relative frequency of each outcome (1 to 6) and comment on what you notice about
experimental and theoretical probability.

558 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 26. A survey of the favourite foods of Year 9 students is recorded, with the following results.

Meal Tally
Hamburger 45
Fish and chips 31
Macaroni and cheese 30
Lamb souvlaki 25
BBQ pork ribs 21
Cornflakes 17
T-bone steak 14
Banana split 12
Corn-on-the-cob 9
Hot dogs 8
Garden salad 8
Veggie burger 7
Smoked salmon 6
Muesli 5
Fruit salad 3

a. Estimate the probability that macaroni and cheese is the favourite food of a randomly selected
Year 9 student.
b. Estimate the probability that a vegetarian dish is a randomly selected student’s favourite food.
c. Estimate the probability that a beef dish is a randomly selected student’s favourite food.

27. A spinner has six sections of different sizes. Steven conducts an experiment and finds the following results:

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 6 24 15 30 48 12

Determine the angle size of each section of the spinner using the results above.

10.4 Venn diagrams and two-way tables

LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• identify the complement of an event A
• create and interpret Venn diagrams and two-way tables
• use a Venn diagram or two-way table to determine A ∩ B
• use a Venn diagram or two-way table to determine A ∪ B.

10.4.1 The complement of an event

eles-4883
• Suppose that a die is rolled. The sample space is given by: 𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
• If A is the event ‘rolling an odd number’, then A = {1, 3, 5}.
• There is another event called ‘the complement of A′, or ‘not A′. This event contains all the outcomes that
do not belong to A. It is given the symbol A′.
• In this case A′ = {2, 4, 6}.

TOPIC 10 Probability 559

 • A and A′ can be shown on a Venn diagram.

ξ ξ

A A
1 1
3 5 3 5
6 6
4 4
2 2
′
A is shaded. A (not A) is shaded.

Complementary events
• For the event A, the complement is denoted A′ , and the
two are related by the following:

Pr(A) + Pr(A′ ) = 1

WORKED EXAMPLE 7 Determining the complement

For the sample space 𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, list the complement of each of the following events.
a. A = {multiples of 3}
b. B = {square numbers}
c. C = {1, 2, 3, 5}

THINK WRITE
′
a. The only multiple of 3 in the set is 3. Therefore A = {3}. A is every a. A′ = {1, 2, 4, 5}
other element of the set.
b. The only square numbers are 1 and 4. Therefore B = {1, 4}. B′ is b. B′ = {2, 3, 5}
every other element of the set.
c. C = {1, 2, 3, 5}. C′ is every other element of the set. c. C′ = {4}

10.4.2 Venn diagrams: the intersection of events

eles-4884
• A Venn diagram consists of a rectangle and one or more circles.
• A Venn diagram contains all possible outcomes in the sample space and will have the 𝜉 symbol in the top
left corner.
• A Venn diagram is used to illustrate the relationship between sets of objects or numbers.
• All outcomes for a given event will be contained within a specific circle.
• Outcomes that belong to multiple events will be found in the overlapping region of two or more circles.
• The overlapping region of two circles is called the intersection of the two events and is represented using
the ∩ symbol.

560 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

ξ ξ ξ

A B A B A B

The circle on the left contains all The circle on the right contains all The overlap or intersection of the two
outcomes in event A. outcomes in event B. circles contains the outcomes that are in
event A ‘and’ in event B. This is denoted
by A ∩ B.

• A Venn diagram for two events A and B has four distinct regions. ξ
• A ∩ B′ contains the outcomes in event A and not in event B.
• A ∩ B contains the outcomes in event A and in event B. A B
• A′ ∩ B contains the outcomes not in event A and in event B.
• A′ ∩ B′ contains the outcomes not in event A and not in event B. A ∩ B′ A∩B A′ ∩ B

A′ ∩ B′

WORKED EXAMPLE 8 Setting up a Venn diagram

In a class of 20 students, 5 study Art, 9 study Biology and 2 students study both.
Let A = {students who study Art} and B = {students who study Biology}.
a. Create a Venn diagram to represent this information.
b. Identify the number of students represented by the following and state what these regions represent:
i. A ∩ B ii. A ∩ B′ iii. A′ ∩ B iv. A′ ∩ B′

THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. Draw a sample space with events A and B. a. ξ
A B

Place a 2 in the intersection of both circles

since we know 2 students take both subjects. ξ
A B
Since 5 study Art and there are 2 already in
the middle, place a 3 in the remaining section 3 2 7
of circle A.
Since 9 study Biology and there are 2 already
in the middle, place a seven in the remaining
ξ
section of circle B.
A B
The total number inside the three circles is
3 + 2 + 7 = 12. This means there must be 3 2 7
20 − 12 = 8 outside of the two circles. Place
an 8 outside the circles, within the rectangle. 8

TOPIC 10 Probability 561

 b. i. From the Venn diagram, A ∩ B = 2. These b. i. There are 2 students who study Art
are the students in both A and B. and Biology.
ξ
A B
3 2 7

8
b. ii. From the Venn diagram, A ∩ B′ = 3. These b. ii. There are 3 students who study Art
are the students in A and not in B. and not Biology, i.e. 3 students study
ξ Art only.
A B
3 2 7

8
b. iii. From the Venn diagram, A′ ∩ B = 7. These b. iii. There are 7 students who do not
are the students not in A and in B. study Art and do study Biology,
i.e. 7 students study Biology only.
ξ
A B
3 2 7

8
b. iv. From the Venn diagram, A′ ∩ B′ = 8. These b. iv. There are 8 students who do not
are the students not in A and not in B. study Art and do not study Biology.
ξ
A B
3 2 7

10.4.3 Two-way tables

eles-4885
• The information in a Venn diagram can also be represented using a two-way table. The relationship
between the two is shown below.

Event B Event B' Total ξ

A B
Event A A∩B A ∩ B′ A
A ∩ B′ A∩B A′ ∩ B
Event A' A′ ∩ B A′ ∩ B′ A′

Total B B' A′ ∩ B′

562 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 WORKED EXAMPLE 9 Creating a two-way table

In a class of 20 students, 5 study Art, 9 study Biology and 2 students study both.
Create a two-way table to represent this information.

THINK WRITE
1. Create an empty two-way table. Biology Not Biology Total
Art
Not Art
Total

2. Fill the table in with the information

Biology Not Biology Total
provided in the question.
• 2 students study both subjects Art 2 5
• 5 in total take Art Not Art
• 9 in total take Biology Total 9 20
• 20 students in the class

3. Use the totals of the rows and columns

Biology Not Biology Total
to fill in the gaps in the table.
• 9 − 2 = 7 Biology and not Art Art 2 3 5
• 5 − 2 = 3 Art and not Biology Not Art 7 8 15
• 20 − 9 = 11 not Biology total Total 9 11 20
• 20 − 5 = 15 not Art total

4. The last value, not Biology and not Art,

can be found from either of the following:
• 11 − 3 = 8
• 15 − 7 = 8

eles-4886
10.4.4 Number of outcomes
• If event A contains seven outcomes or members, this is written as n (A) = 7.
• So n (A ∩ B′) = 3 means that there are three outcomes that are in event A and not in event B.

WORKED EXAMPLE 10 Determining the number of outcomes in an event

For the Venn diagram shown, write down the number of outcomes in each of the following.
a. M b. M′ c. M ∩ N d. M ∩ N′ e. M′ ∩ N′

ξ
N
M 11 15

TOPIC 10 Probability 563

 THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. Identify the regions showing M and add the a. ξ
outcomes.
N
M 11 15

4
n (M) = 6 + 11 = 17
b. Identify the regions showing M′ and add the b. ξ
outcomes.
N
M 11 15

4
n (M′) = 4 + 15 = 19

c. M ∩ N means ‘M and N’. Identify the region. c. ξ

N
M 11 15

4
n (M ∩ N) = 11

d. M ∩ N′ means ‘M and not N’. Identify the region. d. ξ

N
M 11 15

4
n (M ∩ N′) = 6
e. M′ ∩ N′ means ‘not M and not N’. Identify the e. ξ
region.
N
M 11 15

4
n (M′ ∩ N′) = 4

564 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

WORKED EXAMPLE 11 Using a Venn diagram to create a two-way table

Show the information from the Venn diagram on a two-way table. ξ

B
A 2
7
3

THINK WRITE
′
1. Draw a 2 × 2 table and add the labels A, A ,
A A′
B and B′ .
B
B′

2. There are 7 elements in A and B.

A A′
There are 3 elements in A and ‘not B’.
There are 2 elements in ‘not A’ and B. B 7 2
There are 5 elements in ‘not A’ and ‘not B’. B′ 3 5

3. Add in a column and a row to show the totals.

A A′ Total
B 7 2 9
B′ 3 5 8
Total 10 7 17

WORKED EXAMPLE 12 Using a two-way table to create a Venn diagram

Show the information from the two-way table on a

Venn diagram.

Left-handed Right-handed
Blue eyes 7 20
Not blue eyes 17 48

THINK DRAW
Draw a Venn diagram that includes a sample ξ
space and events L for left-handedness and
B
B for blue eyes. (Right-handedness = L′)
L
n(L ∩ B) = 7 7 20
n(L ∩ B′ ) = 17
17
n(L′ ∩ B) = 20
n(L′ ∩ B′ ) = 48 48

TOPIC 10 Probability 565

 WORKED EXAMPLE 13 Probability from a two-way table

In a class of 30 students, 15 swim for exercise and 20 run for exercise and 5 participate in neither
activity.
a. Create a two-way table to represent this information.
b. Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen student from this class does running and
swimming for exercise.

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Create an empty two-way table. a.
Swim Not swim Total
Run
Not run
Total

2. Fill the table in with the information provided Swim Not swim Total
in the question. Run 20
• 5 students do neither activity.
• 15 in total swim.
Not run 5
• 20 in total run. Total 15 30
• 30 students are in the class.

3. Use the totals of the rows and columns to fill Swim Not swim Total
in the gaps in the table. Run 10 10 20
Not run 5 5 10
Total 15 15 30

number in run ∩ swim

b. The probability a student runs and swims is b. Pr (run ∩ swim) =
given by: total in the class
number in run ∩ swim 10
Pr (run ∩ swim) = =
total in the class 30
1
=
3

10.4.5 Venn diagrams: the union of events

eles-4887
• The intersection of two events (A ∩ B) is all outcomes in event A ‘and’ in event B.
• The union of two events (A ∪ B) is all outcomes in events A ‘or’ in event B.

ξ ξ
A B A B

The intersection of the two circles contains the Everything contained within the two circles is an
outcomes that are in event A ‘and’ in event B. outcome that is in event A‘or’ in event B.
This is denoted by A ∩ B. This is denoted by A ∪ B.

566 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

WORKED EXAMPLE 14 Calculating the union of two events

Use the Venn diagram shown to calculate the value of the ξ

following:
A B
a. n(A)
b. Pr(B)
c. n(A ∪ B) 29 16 31
d. Pr(A ∩ B)

44
THINK WRITE
a. Identify the number of outcomes in the a. n(A) = 29 + 16 = 45
A circle.
favourable outcomes in B
b. Identify the number of outcomes in the b. Pr(B) =
B circle. total number of outcomes
number of favourable outcomes in B n(B)
Pr(B) = =
total number of outcomes total number of outcomes
16 + 31
=
29 + 16 + 31 + 44
47
=
120

c. Identify the number of outcomes in either c. n(A ∪ B) = 29 + 16 + 31

of the two circles. = 76

number of favourable outcomes in A ∩ B

d. Identify the number of outcomes in the d. Pr(A ∩ B) =
intersection of the two circles. total number of outcomes
n(A ∩ B)
favourable outcomes in A ∩ B =
Pr(A ∩ B) = total number of outcomes
total number of outcomes
16
=
29 + 16 + 31 + 44
16
=
120
2
=
15

WORKED EXAMPLE 15 Completing a Venn diagram

a. Place the elements of the following sets of numbers in their correct position in a single Venn diagram.

𝜉 = {Number 1 to 20 inclusive}
A = {Multiples of 3 from 1 to 20 inclusive}
B = {Multiples of 2 from 1 to 20 inclusive}

b. Use this Venn diagram to determine the following:

i. A ∩ B ii. A ∪ B iii. A ∩ B′ iv. A′ ∪ B′

TOPIC 10 Probability 567

 THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. Write out the numbers in each event a. ξ
A and B:
A ={3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 } A B

2, 4, 8
A ={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20} 3, 9, 15 6, 12, 18 10, 14, 16,
Identify the numbers that appear in both 20
sets. In this case it is 6, 12 and 18. These
numbers will be placed in the overlap of the
two circles for A and B.
1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
All numbers not in A or B are placed outside
the two circles.
After placing the numbers in the Venn
diagram, check that all numbers from 1 to
20 are written down.

b. i. A ∩ B are the numbers in A ‘and’ in B. b. i. A ∩ B = {6,12,18}

ii. A ∪ B are the numbers in A ‘or’ in B. ii. A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20}

iii. A ∩ B′ are the number in A and not in B. iii. A ∩ B′ = {3, 9, 15}

Refer to the four sections of the Venn
diagram to locate this region. { }
′ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13,
′
iv. A′ ∪ B′ is any number that is not in A ‘or’ iv. A ∪ B =
14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20
not in B. This ends up being any number not
in A ∩ B.

WORKED EXAMPLE 16 Calculating the probability of the union of two events

In a class of 24 students, 11 students play basketball, 7 play tennis, and 4 play both sports.
a. Show the information on a Venn diagram.
b. If one student is selected at random, then calculate the probability that:
i. the student plays basketball
ii. the student plays tennis or basketball
iii. the student plays tennis or basketball but not both.

THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. 1. Draw a sample space with events a. ξ
B and T.
T
B

568 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 2. n(B ∩ T) = 4 ξ
n(B ∩ T′) = 11 − 4 = 7
T
n(T ∩ B′) = 7 − 4 = 3
B 3
So far, 14 students out of 24 have been 4
placed.
7
n(B′ ∩ T′) = 24 − 14 = 10
10

number of students who play basketball

b. i. Identify the number of students who b. i. Pr(B) =
play basketball. total number of students
n(B)
ξ =
24
T 11
B
=
4 3 24
7

10
number of favourable outcomes
Pr(B) =
total number of outcomes
n(T ∪ B)
ii. Identify the number of students who ii. Pr(T ∪ B) =
play tennis or basketball. 24
14
ξ =
24
T 7
=
B 3 12
4
7

10

iii. Identify the number of students who iii. n(B ∩ T′) + n(B′ ∩ T) = 3 + 7
play tennis or basketball but not both. = 10
ξ Pr(tennis or basketball but not both)
T 10
=
B 24
4 3
5
=
7 12
10

DISCUSSION
How will you remember the difference between when one event and another occurs and when one event or
another occurs?

TOPIC 10 Probability 569

 Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 10 Workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and project) (ewbk-2010)
Digital documents SkillSHEET Determining complementary events (doc-6311)
SkillSHEET Calculating the probability of a complementary event (doc-6312)
Video eLesson Venn diagrams (eles-1934)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Venn diagrams and two-way tables (int-4536)
Venn diagrams (int-3828)
Two-way tables (int-6082)

Exercise 10.4 Venn diagrams and two-way tables

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 4, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 20, 24 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21, 25 3, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27

To answer questions online and to receive immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions for all
questions, go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Fluency
1. WE7 For the sample space 𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, list the complement of each of the following
events.
a. A = {evens} b. B = {multiples of 5}
c. C = {squares} d. D = {numbers less than 8}

2. If 𝜉 = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}, list the complement of each of the following events.
a. A = {multiples of 3}
b. B = {numbers less than 20}
c. C = {prime numbers}
d. D = {odd numbers or numbers greater than 16}
3. If 𝜉 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}, list the complement of each of
the following events.
a. A = {multiples of 4} b. B = {primes}
c. C = {even and less than 13} d. D = {even or greater than 13}

4. WE10 For the Venn diagram shown, write down the number of outcomes in: ξ
a. 𝜉 b. S
T
c. T d. T ∩ S
S 7
e. T ∩ S′ f. S′ ∩ T′. 6
5

5. WE11 Show the information from question 4 on a two-way table.

570 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 6. WE12 Show the information from this two-way table on a Venn diagram.

S S′
V 21 7
V′ 2 10

7. For each of the following Venn diagrams, use set notation to write the name of the region coloured in:
i. blue ii. pink.
a. b. c.
ξ ξ ξ

A B A B
W

8. WE9, 13 The membership of a tennis club consists of 55

men and 45 women. There are 27 left-handed people,
including 15 men.
a. Show the information on a two-way table.
b. Show the information on a Venn diagram.
c. If one member is chosen at random, calculate the
probability that the person is:
i. right-handed
ii. a right-handed man
iii. a left-handed woman.

9. WE14 Using the information given in the Venn diagram, if one outcome is chosen at random, determine:
a. Pr(L) b. Pr(L′) c. Pr(L ∩ M) d. Pr(L ∩ M′).

ξ
M
L 7
5
3

10

10. WE15 Place the elements of the following sets of numbers in their correct position in a single Venn diagram.
𝜉 = {numbers between 1 to 10 inclusive}
A = {odd numbers from 1 to 10}
B = {squared numbers between 1 to 10 inclusive}
11. Place the elements of the following sets of numbers in their correct position in a single Venn diagram.
𝜉 = {numbers between 1 to 25 inclusive}
A = {multiples of 3 from 1 to 25}
B = {numbers that are odd or over 17 from 1 to 25 inclusive}

TOPIC 10 Probability 571

12. Place the elements of the following sets of numbers in their correct position in a single Venn diagram.
A = {prime numbers from 1 to 20}
B = {even numbers from 1 to 20}
C = {multiples of 5 from 1 to 20}
𝜉 = {numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive}
13. Using the information given in the table, if one family is chosen at random, calculate the probability that
they own:

Pets owned by families

Cat No cat
Dog 4 11
No dog 16 9

a. a cat b. a cat and a dog

c. a cat or a dog or both d. a cat or a dog but not both
e. neither a cat nor a dog.

14. Using the information given in the table, if a person is chosen at random, calculate the probability that for
exercise, this person:

Type of exercise
Cycling No cycling
Running 12 19
No running 13 6

a. cycles b. cycles and runs

c. cycles or runs d. cycles or runs but not both.

15. A barista decides to record what the first 45 customers order on a particular morning. The information is
partially filled out in the table shown.

Croissant No croissant Total

Coffee 27
No coffee 7
Total 36

a. Fill in the missing information in the table.

b. Using the table, calculate the probability that the next customer:
i. orders a coffee and a croissant
ii. order a coffee or a croissant
iii. orders a coffee or a croissant but not both.

c. The barista serves an average of 315 customers a day.

If the café is open six days a week, calculate how many coffees the barista will make each week.

572 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

Understanding
16. A group of athletes was surveyed and the results were shown on a
Venn diagram. ξ
S = {sprinters} and L = {long jumpers}. S

a. Write down how many athletes were included in the survey. L 5

3
b. If one of the athletes is chosen at random, calculate the probability that
2
the athlete competes in:
i. long jump 10
ii. long jump and sprints
iii. long jump or sprints
iv. long jump or sprints but not both.

17. WE8a,16 In a class of 40 students, 26 take a train to school, 19 take a bus and 8 take neither of these.
Let T = {takes the train} and B = {takes the bus}.
a. Show the information on a Venn diagram.
b. If one student is selected at random, calculate the probability that:
i. the student takes the bus
ii. the student takes the train or the bus
iii. the student takes the train or the bus but not both.

18. WE8b If 𝜉 = {children}, S = {swimmers} and R = {runners}, describe in words each of the following.
a. S′ b. S ∩ R c. R′ ∩ S′ d. R ∪ S

19. A group of 12 students was asked whether they liked hip hop (H) and whether they liked classical music (C).
The results are shown in the table.
C H
Ali ✓ ✓
Anu
Chris ✓
George ✓
Imogen ✓
Jen ✓ ✓
Luke ✓ ✓
Pam ✓
Petra
Roger ✓
Seedevi ✓
Tomas

a. Show the results on:

i. a Venn diagram
ii. a two-way table.

b. If one student is selected at random, calculate:

i. Pr(H)
ii. Pr(H ∪ C)
iii. Pr(H ∩ C)
iv. Pr(student likes classical or hip hop but not both).

TOPIC 10 Probability 573

Reasoning
20. One hundred Year 9 Maths students were asked to indicate their ξ
favourite topic in mathematics. Sixty chose Probability, 50 chose
Measurement and 43 chose Algebra. Some students chose two topics:
15 chose Probability and Algebra, 18 chose Measurement and Algebra, Probability 20
Measurement
and 25 chose Probability and Measurement. Five students chose all three 5
topics.
a. Copy and complete the Venn diagram shown.
b. Calculate how many students chose Probability only.
Algebra
c. Calculate how many students chose Algebra only.
d. Calculate how many students chose Measurement only.
e. Calculate how many students chose any two of the three topics.
A student is selected at random from this group. Calculate the probability that this student has chosen:
f. Probability
g. Algebra
h. Algebra and Measurement
i. Algebra and Measurement but not Probability
j. all of the topics.
21. Create a Venn diagram using two circles to accurately describe the relationships between the following
quadrilaterals: rectangle, square and rhombus.
22. Use the Venn diagram shown to write the numbers of the correct regions
for each of the following problems. ξ 8
A B
a. A′ ∪ (B′ ∩ C) 4
b. A ∩ (B ∩ C′) 1 5
c. A′ ∩ (B′ ∩ C′) 3
d. A ∪ (B ∩ C) ′ 2 6

23. A recent survey taken at a cinema asked 90 teenagers what they thought
7
about three different movies. In total, 47 liked ‘Hairy Potter’, 25 liked
C
‘Stuporman’ and 52 liked ‘There’s Something About Fred’.
16 liked ‘Hairy Potter’ only.
4 liked ‘Stuporman’ only.
27 liked ‘There’s Something About Fred’ only.
There were 11 who liked all three films and 10 who liked none of them.
a. Construct a Venn diagram showing the results of the survey.
b. Calculate the probability that a teenager chosen at random liked ‘Hairy Potter’ and ‘Stuporman’ but not
‘There’s Something About Fred’.

Problem solving
24. 120 children attended a school holiday program during September. They were asked to select their favourite
board game from Cluedo, Monopoly and Scrabble. They all selected at least one game, and four children
chose all three games.
In total, 70 chose Monopoly and 55 chose Scrabble.
Some children selected exactly two games — 12 chose Cluedo and Scrabble, 15 chose Monopoly and
Scrabble, and 20 chose Cluedo and Monopoly.
a. Draw a Venn diagram to represent the children’s selections.
b. Calculate the probability that a child selected at random did not choose Cluedo as a favourite game.

574 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

25. Valleyview High School offers three sports at Year 9: baseball, volleyball and soccer. There are 65 students
in Year 9.
2 have been given permission not to play sport due to injuries and medical conditions.
30 students play soccer.
9 students play both soccer and volleyball but not baseball.
9 students play both baseball and soccer (including those who do and don’t play volleyball).
4 students play all three sports.
12 students play both baseball and volleyball (including those who do and don’t play soccer).
The total number of players who play baseball is one more than the total of students who play volleyball.
a. Determine the number of students who play volleyball.
b. If a student was selected at random, calculate the probability that this student plays soccer and baseball
only.
26. A Venn diagram consists of overlapping ovals which are used to show the relationships between sets.
Consider the numbers 156 and 520.
Show how a Venn diagram could be used to determine their:
a. HCF b. LCM.

27. A group of 200 shoppers was asked which type of fruit they had bought in the last week. The results are
shown in the table.

Fruit Number of shoppers

Apples (A) only 45
Bananas (B) only 34
Cherries (C) only 12
A and B 32
A and C 15
B and C 26
A and B and C 11

a. Display this information in a Venn diagram.

b. Calculate n (A ∩ B′ ∩ C).
c. Determine how many shoppers purchased apples and bananas but not cherries.
d. Calculate the relative frequency of shoppers who purchased:
i. apples
ii. bananas or cherries.
e. Estimate the probability that a shopper purchased cherries only.

TOPIC 10 Probability 575

 10.5 Two-step experiments
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• create the sample space for a two-step experiment using arrays and tree diagrams
• solve problems using tree diagrams for experiments with and without replacement.

10.5.1 The sample space of two-step experiments

eles-4888
• A two-step experiment involves two separate actions. It may be the
same action repeated (tossing a coin twice) or two separate actions
(tossing a coin and rolling a dice).
• Imagine two bags (that are not transparent) that contain coloured
counters. The first bag has a mixture of black and white counters,
and the second bag holds blue, magenta (pink) and purple
counters. In a probability experiment, one counter is to be selected
at random from each bag and its colour noted.
Bag 1 Bag 2
• The sample space for this experiment can be found using a table called an array that systematically
displays all the outcomes.

Second action
Bag 2
B M P
First B BB BM BP
Bag 1
action W WB WM WP

The sample space, 𝜉 = {BB, BM, BP, WB, WM, WP}.

• The sample space can also be found using a tree diagram.

First Second Sample

selection selection space

B BB

B M BM

P BP

B WB

W M WM

P WP

576 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

WORKED EXAMPLE 17 Using an array to create a sample space

Two dice are rolled and the numbers uppermost are noted.
List the sample space in an array.
a. Recognise how many outcomes there are.
b. Calculate how many outcomes contain at least one 5.
c. Calculate Pr(at least one 5).

THINK WRITE/DRAW
Draw an array (table) showing all the Second die
possible outcomes. 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6
2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6
3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
First die
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6

a. The table shows 36 outcomes. a. There are 36 outcomes.

b. Count the outcomes that contain 5. b. Eleven outcomes include 5.
The cells are shaded in the table.
11
c. There are 11 favourable outcomes c. Pr(at least one 5) =
and 36 in total. 36

WORKED EXAMPLE 18 Using a tree diagram to create a sample space

Two coins are tossed and the outcomes are noted.

Show the sample space on a tree diagram.
a. Recognise how many outcomes there are.
b. Calculate the probability of tossing at least one Head.

THINK WRITE/DRAW
1. Draw a tree representing the outcomes First coin
for the toss of the first coin. H

TOPIC 10 Probability 577

 2. For the second coin the tree looks like this: First coin Second coin Sample space
Second coin
H HH
H
H

T HT

T H TH
Add this tree to both ends of the first tree. T

T TT
3. List the outcomes.
a. Count the outcomes in the sample space. a. There are four outcomes (HH, HT, TH, TT).
3
b. Three outcomes have at least one Head. b. Pr(at least one Head) =
4

10.5.2 Two-step experiments

eles-4889 1 1
• When a coin is tossed, Pr(H) = , and when a die is rolled, Pr(3) = .
2 6

• If a coin is tossed and a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting a Head and a 3?
• Consider the sample space.

1 2 3 4 5 6
H H, 1 H, 2 H, 3 H, 4 H, 5 H, 6
T T, 1 T, 2 T, 3 T, 4 T, 5 T, 6

1
There are 12 outcomes, and Pr(Head and 3) = .
12
1 1 1
• In this case, Pr(Head and 3) = Pr(H) × Pr(3); that is, = × .
12 2 6

Two-step probabilities
If A is the outcome of the first action and B is the outcome of
the second action in a two-step experiment, then:
• A ∩ B is the outcome of A followed by B
• Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B).

578 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 WORKED EXAMPLE 19 Calculating two-step probabilities

In one cupboard Joe has two black T-shirts and one yellow one. In his drawer there are three pairs of
white socks and one black pair. If he selects his clothes at random, calculate the probability that his
socks and T-shirt will be the same colour.
THINK WRITE

If they are the same colour then they must be black. Pr(Bt ∩ Bs ) = Pr(Bt ) × Pr(Bs )
2 2 1
Pr(black T-shirt) = Pr(Bt ) = = ×
3 3 4
1 1
Pr(black socks) = Pr(Bs ) = =
4 6

10.5.3 Experiments with replacement

eles-4890
• If a two-step experiment requires an object to be selected, say from a bag, the person doing the selecting
has two options after the first selection.
• Place the object bag back in the bag, meaning the experiment is being carried out with replacement. In
this case, the number of objects in the bag remains constant.
• Permanently remove the object from the bag, meaning the experiment is being carried out without
replacement. In this situation, the number of the objects in the bag is reduced by 1 after every selection.

WORKED EXAMPLE 20 Calculating two-step experiments with replacement

A bag contains three pink and two blue counters. A counter is taken at random from the
bag, its colour is noted, then it is returned to the bag and a second counter is chosen.
a. Show the outcomes on a tree diagram.
b. Calculate the probability of each outcome.
c. Calculate the sum of the probabilities.

THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. 1. Draw a tree for the first trial. Write the probability a. 3 P
on the branch. 5
Note: The probabilities should sum to 1.

2
5 B

2. For the second trial the tree is the same. Add this 3
tree to both ends of the first tree, then list 5
3 P PP
the outcomes. 5 P 2
3 5 B PB
5 P BP
2 B
5 B BB
2
5

TOPIC 10 Probability 579

 3 2
b. For both draws Pr(P) = and Pr(B) = . b. Pr(P ∩ P) = Pr(P) × Pr(P)
5 5
Use the rule Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B) to 3 3
= ×
determine the probabilities. 5 5
9
=
25
Pr(P ∩ B) = Pr(P) × Pr(B)
3 2
= ×
5 5
6
=
25
Pr(B ∩ P) = Pr(B) × Pr(P)
2 3
= ×
5 5
6
=
25
Pr(B ∩ B) = Pr(B) × Pr(B)
2 2
= ×
5 5
4
=
25

9 6 6 4
c. Add the probabilities. c. + + + =1
25 25 25 25

3 2
• In Worked example 20, Pr(P) = and Pr(B) = for both trials.
5 5
This would not be true if a counter is selected but not replaced.

10.5.4 Experiments without replacement

eles-4891
• Let us consider again the situation described in Worked example 20, and consider what happens if the
first marble is not replaced.
• Initially the bag contains three pink and two blue counters, and either a pink counter or a blue counter
will be chosen.

3 2
• Pr(P) = and Pr(B) = .
5 5

580 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

• If the counter is not replaced, then the sample space is affected as follows:
If the first counter randomly selected is pink, If the first counter randomly selected is blue,
then the sample space for the second draw then the sample space for the second draw
looks like this: looks like this:

2 2 3 1
So Pr(P) = and Pr(B) = . So Pr(P) = and Pr(B) = .
4 4 4 4

WORKED EXAMPLE 21 Calculating two-step experiments without replacement

A bag contains three pink and two blue counters. A counter is taken at random from the
bag and its colour is noted, then a second counter is drawn, without replacing the
first one.
a. Show the outcomes on a tree diagram.
b. Calculate the probability of each outcome.
c. Calculate the sum of the probabilities.

THINK WRITE/DRAW
a. Draw a tree diagram, listing the probabilities. a. 2
4 P PP
3 P
5
2 B PB
4

3
4 P BP
2
5 B
1 B BB
4

b. Use the rule Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B) to b. Pr(P ∩ P) = Pr(P) × Pr(P)

determine the probabilities. 3 2
= ×
5 4
6
=
20
3
=
10
Pr(P ∩ B) = Pr(P) × Pr(B)
3 2
= ×
5 4
6
=
20
3
=
10

TOPIC 10 Probability 581

 Pr(B ∩ P) = Pr(B) × Pr(P)
2 3
= ×
5 4
6
=
20
3
=
10
Pr(B ∩ B) = Pr(B) × Pr(B)
2 1
= ×
5 4
2
=
20
1
=
10

3 3 3 1
c. Add the probabilities. c. + + + =1
10 10 10 10

WORKED EXAMPLE 22 Language of two-step experiments

Consider the situation presented in Worked example 21. Use the tree diagram to calculate the
following probabilities:
a. Pr(a pink counter and a blue counter)
b. Pr(a pink counter then a blue counter)
c. Pr(a matching pair)
d. Pr(different colours)

THINK WRITE

a. Think of the outcomes that have a pink and a a. Pr(a pink counter and a blue counter)
blue counter. There are two: PB and BP. Add = Pr(PB) + Pr(BP)
their probabilities together to find the answer.
3 3
= +
10 10
3
=
5

b. In this case, we have to take the order the b. Pr(a pink counter then a blue counter)
counters are selected into account. The only = Pr (PB)
outcome that has a pink then a blue is PB. 3
=
10

c. A matching pair implies both counters are the c. Pr(a matching pair)
same colour. These outcomes are BB and PP. = Pr(BB) + Pr(PP)
1 3
= +
10 10
2
=
5

582 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 d. One way to approach this is to think that if the d. Pr(different colours)
colours are different, this is all outcomes not = 1 − Pr(a matching pair)
counted in part c. Thus, we can find the answer 2
= 1−
by subtracting the answer for part c from 1. 5
3
=
5

DISCUSSION
How does replacement affect the probability of an event occurring?

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 10 Workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and project) (ewbk-2010)
Video eLesson Tree diagrams (eles-1894)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Two-step experiments (int-4537)
Two-step experiments (int-6083)

Exercise 10.5 Two-step experiments

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 22 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 23, 24 6, 11, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 27

To answer questions online and to receive immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions for all
questions, go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Fluency
1. WE17 If two dice are rolled and their sum is noted, complete the array below to show the sample space.

Die 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2
2 7
Die 2

3
4
5
6 9

a. Calculate Pr(rolling a total of 5).

b. Calculate Pr(rolling a total of 1).
c. Recognise the most probable outcome.

TOPIC 10 Probability 583

2. In her cupboard Rosa has three scarves (red, blue and pink) and two
beanies (brown and purple). If she randomly chooses one scarf and
one beanie, show the sample space in an array.

3. A ten-sided die is rolled and then a coin is flipped.

a. Use an array to determine all the outcomes.
b. Calculate:

i. Pr(even and a Head)

ii. Pr(even or a Head)
iii. Pr(a Tail and a number greater than 7)
iv. Pr(a Tail or a number greater than 7).
4. One box contains red and blue pencils, and a second box contains red, blue
and green pencils. If one pencil is chosen at random from each box and the
colours are noted, draw a tree diagram to show the sample space.

5. WE18 A bag contains three discs labelled 1, 3 and 5, and another bag contains
two discs, labelled 2 and 4, as shown below. A disc is taken from each bag and
the larger number is recorded.

5
1 2
3 4

a. Complete the tree diagram below to list the sample space.

2 2
1

4 4
2 3
3

b. Calculate:
i. Pr(2) ii. Pr(1) iii. Pr(odd number).

6. Two dice are rolled and the difference between the two numbers is found.
a. Use an array to find all the outcomes.
b. Calculate:

i. Pr(odd number) ii. Pr(0)

iii. Pr(a number more than 2) iv. Pr(a number no more than 2).

584 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 7. WE19 A die is rolled twice. Calculate the probability of rolling:
a. a 6 on the first roll b. a double 6
c. an even number on both dice d. a total of 12.

8. A coin is tossed twice.

a. Show the outcomes on a tree diagram.
b. Calculate:

i. Pr(2 Tails)
ii. Pr(at least 1 Tail).

9. WE20 A bag contains three red counters and one blue counter. A counter is chosen at random. A second
counter is drawn with replacement.
a. Show the outcomes and probabilities on a tree diagram.
b. Calculate the probability of choosing:

i. a red counter then a blue counter

ii. two blue counters.

10. A bag contains five red, six green and four blue counters. A counter is chosen at random. A second counter
is drawn with replacement. Use a tree diagram to calculate the probability of choosing:
a. a red and a green counter b. a red counter then a green counter
c. a red or green counter d. a matching pair of the same colour.

11. A bag contains eight black, nine white and three red counters. A counter is chosen at random. A second
counter is drawn with replacement. Use a tree diagram to calculate the probability of choosing:
a. at least one black counter b. a black counter and a white counter
c. a black counter or a white counter d. a matching pair of the same colour
e. different colours.

12. WE21 A bag contains three black balls and two red balls. If two balls are selected, randomly, without
replacement:
a. show the outcomes and their probabilities on a tree diagram
b. calculate Pr(2 red balls).

13. A bag contains five red, three blue and two green balls. If two balls are randomly selected without
replacement, calculate:
a. Pr(two red balls) b. Pr(a red ball then a green ball)
c. Pr(a red ball and a green ball) d. Pr(the same colour selected twice).

14. A bag contains five black, one white and six red balls. If two balls are randomly selected without
replacement, calculate:
a. Pr(two red balls) b. Pr(a red ball then a white ball)
c. Pr(a red ball and a black ball) d. Pr(the same colour selected twice).

TOPIC 10 Probability 585

Understanding
15. The kings and queens from a deck of cards are shuffled, then two cards are chosen. Calculate the probability
that two kings are chosen:
a. if the first card is replaced
b. if the first card is not replaced.

16. The 12 royal cards from a deck of cards are shuffled together, then two cards are chosen. Determine the
probability that:
a. two queens are chosen if the first card is replaced
b. a matching pair (same value, not suit) is chosen if the first card is not replaced
c. two cards from different suits are chosen if the first card is not replaced.

17. Each week John and Paul play two sets of tennis against
each other. They each have an equal chance of winning the
first set. When John wins the first set, his probability of
winning the second set rises to 0.6, but if he loses the first
set, he has only a 0.3 chance of winning the second set.
a. Show the possible outcomes on a tree diagram.
b. Calculate:
i. Pr(John wins both sets)
ii. Pr(Paul wins both sets)
iii. Pr(they win one set each).

Reasoning
18. A bag contains four red and six yellow balls. If the first ball drawn is yellow, explain the difference in the
probability of drawing the second ball if the first ball was replaced compared to not being replaced.
19. James has six different ties, five different shirts and three different suits that he can choose from when
getting ready for work.
a. Determine how many days he can go without repeating an item of clothing.
b. Determine how many possible combinations of clothing there are.
c. James receives a new shirt and tie for his birthday. Determine how many more combinations of clothing
are now possible.
20. Three dice are tossed and the total is recorded.
a. State the smallest and largest possible totals.
b. Calculate the probabilities for all possible totals.

Problem solving
21. You draw two cards, one after the other without replacement, from a deck of 52 cards. Calculate the
probability of:
a. drawing two aces
b. drawing two face cards (J, Q, K)
c. getting a ‘pair’ (22, 33, 44 … QQ, KK, AA).

22. A chance experiment involves flipping a coin and rolling two dice. Determine the probability of obtaining
Tails and two numbers whose sum is greater than 4.

586 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

23. In a jar there are 10 red balls and 6 green balls. Jacob takes out two balls, one at a time, without replacing
them. Calculate the probability that both balls are the same colour.
24. A coin is being tossed repeatedly. Determine how many possible outcomes there will be if it is tossed:
a. 3 times
b. 5 times
c. 4 times
d. x times.
25. A box of chocolates contains milk chocolates and dark chocolates.
1
The probability of selecting a dark chocolate from a full box is .
6
Once a dark chocolate has been taken from the box, the chance of
1
selecting a second dark chocolate drops to .
7
a. Calculate how many chocolates are in the box altogether.
b. If two chocolates were randomly selected from the box, calculate
the probability of getting two of the same type of chocolate.

26. Claire’s maths teacher decided to surprise the class with a four-question multiple-choice quiz. If each
question has four possible options, calculate the probability the Claire passes the test given she guesses
every question.
27. In the game of ‘Texas Hold’Em’ poker, five cards are progressively placed face up in the centre of the
table for all players to use.
At one point in the game there are three face-up cards (two hearts and one diamond). You have two
diamonds in your hand for a total of three diamonds. Five diamonds make a flush.
Given that there are 47 cards left, determine the probability that the next two face-up cards are both
diamonds.

TOPIC 10 Probability 587

10.6 Review
10.6.1 Topic summary

Probability of an outcome Key terms

• The probability of any outcome always falls between 0 and 1. • Trial: A single performance of an experiment
• An outcome that is certain has a probability of 1. to produce a result, such as rolling a die
• An outcome that is impossible has a probability of 0. • Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes,
• An outcome that is likely has a probability between 0.5 and 1. represented by the symbol ξ. When rolling a
• An outcome that is unlikely has a probability between 0 and 0.5. 6-sided die, ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
• Event: A set of favourable outcomes
For example, A can represent the event of rolling
an even number on a 6-sided die: A = {2, 4, 6}.
PROBABILITY • Complement: All outcomes that are not part of
an event. The complement of event A above is
denoted by A'. A' = {1, 3, 5}.
Experimental probability
• Experimental probability
impossible to determine the theoretical probability. Venn diagrams and two-way tables
• Experimental probability = Relative frequency
• These are two different methods that can be used
frequency of outcome to represent a sample space and visualise the
• Relative frequency = –
total number of trials interaction of different events.
• The more trials conducted, the more accurate the • For example, in a class of 20 students, 5 study
experimental probability will be. Art (event A), 9 study Biology (event B) and 2
• Expected number = probability of outcome × number of trials study both subjects.
• Venn diagram:

Two-step experiments ξ
A B
• Two-step experiments involve
Bag 2 3 2 7
two separate actions performed
one after the other. B M P
• The sample space of B BB BM BP 8
a two-step experiment Bag 1
W WB WM WP • Two-way table:
can be represented with
an array or a tree diagram. B B' Total
First Second Sample
• An experiment can be selection selection space A 2 3 5
conducted with replacement
or without replacement. B BB A' 7 8 15
• If an experiment is performed B M BM Total 9 11 20
without replacement, the P BP
• Using these we can see:
probabilities will change B WB
for the second action. • n(A' ∩ B) = 7
W M WM 3
P WP • P(A ∩ B' ) = –
20

Sections of a Venn diagram Intersection and union

• A Venn diagram can be split into four distinct • The intersection of two events • The union of two events
sections, as shown. A and B is written A ∩ B. A and B is written A ∪ B.
These are the outcomes that These are the outcomes that
ξ are both in A and in B. are either in A or in B.
A B

A' ∩ B A ∩ B A ∩ B'
A B A B

A' ∩ B '

588 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

10.6.2 Success criteria
Tick a column to indicate that you have completed the subtopic and how well you think you have understood it
using the traffic light system.
(Green: I understand; Yellow: I can do it with help; Red: I do not understand)

Subtopic Success criteria

10.2 I can determine whether an event is likely or unlikely.

I am familiar with key terms such as trials, outcomes, events and sample
space.

I can calculate theoretical probability of an event.

10.3 I can calculate the relative frequency and experimental probability of an

outcome.

I can explain the difference between theoretical and experimental

probability.

10.4 I can identify the complement of an event A.

I can create and interpret a Venn diagram.

I can create and interpret a two-way table.

I can use a Venn diagram or two-way table to find A ∩ B.

I can use a Venn diagram or two-way table to find A ∪ B.

10.5 I can display the sample space for a two-step experiment using an array
and a tree diagram.

I can solve two-step probabilities for experiments with replacement.

I can solve two-step probabilities for experiments without replacement.

TOPIC 10 Probability 589

10.6.3 Project
Sand-rings

A class of students and their teacher spent a day at the beach as part of a school excursion.

Part of the day was devoted to activities involving puzzles in the sand. One of
the popular — and most challenging — puzzles was ‘sand-rings’. Sand-rings
A B
involves drawing three rings in the sand, as shown in the diagram.
The first sand-rings puzzle requires eight shells to be arranged inside the
circles, so that four shells appear inside circle A, five shells appear inside
circle B and six shells appear inside circle C. The overlapping of the circles
shows that the shells can be counted in two or three circles. One possible
arrangement is shown below. Use this diagram to answer questions 1 to 4.
C

1. How many shells appear inside circle A, but not circle B?

2. How many shells appear in circles B and C, but not
circle A?

A B

1 0 1

1
2 3

A shell is selected at random from the sand.

3. Calculate the probability it came from circle A.

4. Calculate the probability it was not in circle C.
5. The class was challenged to find the rest of the arrangements of the eight shells. (Remember: four shells
need to appear in circle A, five in circle B and six in circle C.)

590 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 After completing the first puzzle, the students are given new rules. The number of shells to be arranged in
the circles is reduced from eight to six. However, the number of shells to be in each circle remains the same;
that is, four shells in circle A, five shells in circle B and six shells in circle C.

6. Using six shells, calculate how

many ways the shells can be
arranged so that there are four, five
and six shells in the three circles.
7. Explain the system or method you
used to determine your answer to
question 6 above. Draw diagrams
to show the different arrangements.
8. Using seven shells, calculate how
many ways the shells can be
arranged so that there are four, five
and six shells in the three circles.
9. Again, explain the system or
method you used to determine your
answer to question 8. Draw
diagrams to show the different
arrangements.
10. Determine the minimum number of shells required to play sand-rings, so that there are four, five and six
shells in the three circles.
11. Modify the rules of this game so that different totals are required for the three circles. Challenge your
classmates to find all possible solutions to your modified game.

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 10 Workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and project) (ewbk-2010)
Interactivities Crossword (int-2712)
Sudoku puzzle (int-3212)

Exercise 10.6 Review questions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions for
all questions, go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Fluency
2
1. MC In a trial, it was found that a drug cures
of those treated by it. If 700 sufferers are treated with the
5
drug, calculate how many of them are not expected to be cured.
A. 280 B. 420 C. 140 D. 350 E. 100

2. MC If a die is rolled and a coin tossed, recognise the probability of a 6–Heads result.
1 1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D. E.
6 2 8 12 3

TOPIC 10 Probability 591

 3. MC Twelve nuts are taken from a jar containing macadamias and cashews. If three macadamias are
obtained, the experimental probability of obtaining a cashew is:
1 1 1 3 11
A. B. C. D. E.
12 4 3 4 12

4. MC From a normal pack of 52 playing cards, one card is randomly drawn and replaced. If this is done
208 times, the number of red or picture cards expected to turn up is:
A. 150 B. 130 C. 128 D. 120 E. 144

5. MC A cubic die with faces numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 6 is rolled. The probability of rolling an even
number is:
1 2 1 1
A. B. C. D. E. 1
3 3 6 2

6. MCThe probability of rolling an odd number or a multiple of 2 using the die in question 5 is:
1 1 3 4
A. 1 B. C. D. E.
3 4 4 3
The following information should be used to answer questions 7 and 8.
Students in a Year 9 class chose the following activities for a recreation day.

Activity Tennis Fishing Golf Bushwalking

Number of students 8 15 5 7

7. MC If a student is selected at random from the class, the probability that the student chose fishing is:
1 2 3 4 5
A. B. C. D. E.
7 7 7 7 7

8. MC If a student is selected at random, the probability that the student did not choose bushwalking is:
1 2 3 4 4
A. B. C. D. E.
35 5 5 5 35

9. The mass of 40 students in a Year 9 Maths class was recorded in a table.

Mass (kg) Less than 50 50− < 55 55− < 60 60− < 65 65 and over
Number of 4 6 10 15 5
students

Calculate the experimental probability of selecting a student who has:

a. a mass of 55 kg or more, but less than 60 kg
b. a mass less than 50 kg
c. a mass of 65 kg or greater.

10. Calculate the following expected values.

a. The number of Heads in 80 tosses of a coin
b. The number of sixes in 200 rolls of a die
c. The number of hearts if a card is picked from a reshuffled pack and replaced 100 times

11. A normal six-sided die is rolled. Calculate the probability of getting an odd number or a multiple of 4.

12. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Calculate the probability that the card is a heart or a club.

592 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

13. Insert each of the letters a to d to represent the following events at appropriate places on the probability
scale shown.

0 0.5 1
a. You will go to school on Christmas Day.
b. All Year 9 students can go to university without doing Year 10.
c. Year 9 students will study Maths.
d. An Australian TV channel will telecast the news at 6∶00 pm.

14. Indicate the set that each of the shaded regions represents.
a. Subject preference b. Leisure activity c. Favourite drinks
ξ ξ ξ

Music Textiles Surfing Golf Coke Fanta

Reading Sprite

15. An equal number of red (R), black (B) and yellow (Y) counters makes up a total of 30 in a bag.
a. List the sample space for picking a counter from the bag.
b. Event A is ‘draw a yellow counter, then randomly draw another counter from the bag’. List the
sample space of event A.
c. Explain whether ‘choosing a green counter’ is an outcome.

Problem solving
16. Teachers at a school opted for the choice of morning
recess refreshments shown in the Venn diagram. ξ
a. Recognise how many teachers are in the set Tea Cake
‘cake ∩ coffee’. 8 2
b. State the total number of teachers surveyed. 10
Milk
c. If a teacher is selected at random, calculate the 12
probability that the teacher: 6
17
i. chose tea
ii. chose coffee only Coffee
iii. chose milk 5
iv. did not choose tea, coffee, cake or milk
v. did not choose coffee.

17. Thirty-two students ordered fried rice, chicken wings and dim sims for lunch. Four students ordered all
three, two ordered fried rice and chicken wings only, three ordered fried rice and dim sims only, and
three ordered chicken wings and dim sims only.
When the waiter organised the orders, he found that 16 students ordered fried rice and 18 students
ordered dim sims.
a. Show this information on a Venn diagram.
b. Calculate how many students ordered chicken wings only.
c. If a student is picked at random, calculate the probability that the student has:
i. ordered chicken wings and dim sims
ii. ordered fried rice
iii. not ordered dim sims.

TOPIC 10 Probability 593

 18. The following are options for dorm rooms at a university. You are required to choose one option from
each of the four categories. How many different combinations of rooms are there to choose from?
• Upstairs or downstairs rooms
• Single or double rooms
• Male or female roommates
• A choice of 10 different locations on campus
Calculate how many different combinations of rooms there are to choose from.

19. A future king is the oldest male child. The future king of Mainland has two siblings. Determine the
probability that he has an older sister.

20. A witness described a getaway car as having a NSW registration plate starting with TLK. The witness
could not remember the three digits that followed, but recalled that all three digits were different.
Calculate how many cars in NSW could have a registration plate with these letters and numbers.

21. There are 12 people trying out for a badminton team. Five of them are girls. Calculate the probability
that a team chosen at random to play is a mixed doubles team.

22. An ace is chosen from a deck of standard cards and not replaced. A king is then chosen from the deck.
Calculate the probability of choosing an ace and a king in this order.

23. If you randomly select one number from 1 to 500 (inclusive), calculate the probability that the selected
number will have at least one 4 in the digits.

24. If you flip a coin eight times, calculate how many of the possible outcomes would you expect to have a
Head on the second toss.

25. Use the Venn diagram to calculate each of the following.

ξ 8
A B

1 4 5

3
2 6

7
C

a. A′ ∪ (B′ ∩ C′ ) b. A′ ∩ (B ∩ C′ )
′
c. A ∩ (B′ ∪ C′ ) d. (A ∪ B ∪ C) ∩ (A ∪ B ∪ C)

To test your understanding and knowledge of this topic go to your learnON title at
www.jacplus.com.au and complete the post-test.

594 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

Online Resources Resources

Below is a full list of rich resources available online for this topic. These resources are designed to bring ideas to life,
to promote deep and lasting learning and to support the different learning needs of each individual.

eWorkbook 10.4 Individual pathway interactivity: Venn diagrams and

two-way tables (int-4536) ⃞
Download the workbook for this topic, which includes Venn diagrams (int-3828) ⃞
worksheets, a code puzzle and a project (ewbk-2010) ⃞ Two-way tables (int-6082) ⃞
10.5 Individual pathway interactivity: Two-step experiments
Solutions (int-4537) ⃞
Download a copy of the fully worked solutions to every Two-step experiments (int-6083) ⃞
question in this topic (sol-0730) ⃞ 10.6 Crossword (int-2712) ⃞
Sudoku puzzle (int-3212) ⃞
Digital documents
10.2 SkillSHEET Probability scale (doc-6307) ⃞ Teacher resources
SkillSHEET Understanding a deck of playing cards There are many resources available exclusively for teachers
(doc-6308) ⃞ online.
SkillSHEET Listing the sample space (doc-6309) ⃞
SkillSHEET Theoretical probability (doc-6310) ⃞
10.3 SkillSHEET Determining complementary events
(doc-6311) ⃞
SkillSHEET Calculating the probability of a
complementary event (doc-6312) ⃞

Video eLessons
10.2 The language of probability (eles-4877) ⃞
Key terms of probability (eles-4878) ⃞
Theoretical probability (eles-4879) ⃞
10.3 Relative frequency (eles-4880) ⃞
Experimental probability (eles-4881) ⃞
Expected number of results (eles-4882) ⃞
10.4 The complement of an event (eles-4883) ⃞
Venn diagrams: the intersection of events (eles-4884) ⃞
Two-way tables (eles-4885) ⃞
Number of outcomes (eles-4886) ⃞
Venn diagrams: the union of events (eles-4887) ⃞
Venn diagrams (eles-1934) ⃞
10.5 The sample space of two-step experiments (eles-4888) ⃞
Two-step experiments (eles-4889) ⃞
Experiments with replacement (eles-4890) ⃞
Experiments without replacement (eles-4891) ⃞
Tree diagrams (eles-1894) ⃞

Interactivities
10.2 Individual pathway interactivity: Theoretical probability
(int-4534) ⃞
Probability scale (int-3824) ⃞
Theoretical probability (int-6081) ⃞
10.3 Individual pathway interactivity: Experimental
probability (int-4535) ⃞
Experimental probability (int-3825) ⃞

To access these online resources, log on to www.jacplus.com.au.

TOPIC 10 Probability 595

Answers 7. a.
b.
3, 5
1, 2
c. 6
Topic 10 Probability d. 1, 2, 5, 6
Exercise 10.1 Pre-test e. 1, 2, 3, 5
1. C f. No favourable outcomes
3 g. 3
2. a. Zero b. or 0.375
8 8. a. {hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades}
7 1 11 b. {clubs, spades}
i.
3. a. 100 b. c. d.
25 2 50 ii. {hearts, diamonds}
1 iii. {clubs, diamonds, spades}
4.
3 iv. {hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades}
5. True
9. a. 6 b. 2 c. 52
6. D
d. 4 e. 5
7. C
1 1 1 1
8. A 10. a. b. c. d.
1 3 13 13 52 4
9. a. b. 1 1 1 1 1
4 14 11. a. b. c. d. e.
2 52 2 26 4 2
10. Pr(drama not comedy) = 1 4 2 12
5 12. a. b. c. d. 0 e.
5 52 13 13 13
11. 2 9 4 7
7 13. a. b. c. d.
12. a. B b. 0.33 11 11 11 11
13. a. C b. D c. A d. B 1 1 5 3
14. a. b. c. d. 0 e.
8 67 1 67 4 8 16 4
14. a. b. c. d. 2 1
15 225 6 240 15. a. i. ii.
3 3
15. D
b. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
in the online resources.
Exercise 10.2 Theoretical probability
16. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
1. b a the online resources.
17. a. 18 b. 20 c. 36
0 0.5 1
7 3
a. Certain b. Unlikely 18. a. i. ii.
10 10
2. a b
2 1
b. i. ii.
3 3
0 0.5 1
a. Likely b. Certain 19. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
3. b a the online resources.
20. Probabilities must be between 0 and 1, so −0.5 and 1.05
0 0.5 1 can’t be probabilities.
a. Certain b. Likely 1
21.
4. b 2
a
22. The coloured portions outside the arc of the spinner shown
are of no consequence. The four colours within the arc of
1
0 0.5 1 the spinner are of equal area (each circle), so there is
a. Likely b. Likely 4
equal chance of falling on each of the colours.
5. a. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 2
23.
b. {H, T} 3
c. {defective, not defective} 24. There are 36 outcomes, 15 under 7, 6 equal to 7 and 15 over
d. {red, black} 7. So, you would have a greater chance of winning if you
e. {hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades} chose ‘under 7’ or ‘over 7’ rather than ‘equal to 7’.
6. a. {1, 2, 3} b. {1, 3, 5} 25. 0.09
c. {1, 2, 4, 6} d. {3, 4, 5, 6}
e. {1, 2, 3, 4} f. {5, 6}

596 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

Exercise 10.3 Experimental probability 16. Svetlana 6, Sarah 4, Leonie 3, Trang 2
1. a. i. 16 17. C
ii. 4 18. a. 27
iii. 111, 112, 115, 121, 122, 125, 151, 152, 155, 211, 212,
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
b. { 215, 221, 222, 225, 251, 252, 255, 511, 512, 515, 521, }
Relative 522, 525, 551, 552, 555
0.19 0.06 0.31 0.13 0.25 0.06
frequency 1
c.
3
iv. 1 2
b. i. 270 d.
3
ii. 40
1
iii. e.
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6 3
Relative 1
0.19 0.14 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.17 19. a.
frequency 12
1
iv. 1 b.
20
2. a. r.f. (H) = 0.44, r.f. (T) = 0.56
i.
No, because John has a higher probability of winning.
c.
1
ii.
7
b. i. r.f. (H) = 0.62, r.f. (T) = 0.38 20. a.
10
ii. 1 b. Yes, far too many mistakes
3. a. 0.365 b. 0.33 c. 0.25 d. 0.875 21. 32
4. a. 0.275 b. 0.64 c. 0.365 d. 0.635 22. 1000 balls
27 33 23. Red = 10, yellow = 50, blue = 40
5. a. b. 7 2
95 95 24. a. b.
1 20 5
c. d. Yes, reject this batch. 25. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
19
the online resources.
6. a. Not reasonable; not enough trials were held. 30 91 59
b. Not reasonable; the conditions are different under each 26. a. b. c.
241 241 241
trial. 27. 16, 64, 40, 80, 128 and 32 degrees.
c. Reasonable; the Sun rises every morning, regardless of
the weather or season. Exercise 10.4 Venn diagrams and two-way
d. Reasonable; enough trials were performed under the tables
same conditions. 1. a. A′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
e. Not reasonable; monthly rainfall in Sydney is not b. B′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
consistent throughout the year. c. C′ = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
5 59 d. D′ = {8, 9, 10}
7. a. b.
24 72 2. a. A′ = {11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20}
8. 200 b. B′ = {20}
9. 20 c. C′ = {12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20}
10. A d. D′ = {12, 14, 16}
11. B 3. a. A′ = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19}
11 3 17 3 b. B′ = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20}
12. a. b. c. d.
20 10 20 20 c. C′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
33 40 2 3 d. D′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}
13. a. b. = c.
100 100 5 100 4. a. 27 b. 11 c. 13 d. 6
14. a. i. 6 e. 7 f. 9
ii. {356, 365, 536, 563, 635, 653}
2 5.
T T′
b.
3 S 6 5
1 S ′
7 9
c.
3
1
d.
3
15. D

TOPIC 10 Probability 597

 6. ξ 1 6
S 14. a. b.
2 25
V 2 22 16
21 c. d.
7 25 25
15. a. No
10
Croissant croissant Total
7. a. i. W′ ii. None
Coffee 27 2 29
b. i. A ∩ B′ ii. A∩B
No coffee 9 7 16
′ ′
c. i. A ∩B ii. B ∩ A′ Total 36 9 45

8. a. Left-handed Right-handed 3 38 11
b. i. ii. iii.
Male 15 40 5 45 45
Female 12 33
c. 1218
b. 16. a. 16
ξ 5 3 5 7
L b. i. ii. iii. iv.
M 12 16 16 8 16
15 17. a.
ξ
40
A B
33

73 2 3 13 13 6
c. i. ii. iii.
100 5 25

8 17 1 3 8
9. a. b. c. d.
25 25 5 25
10. 29 4 19
ξ b. i. ii. iii.
40 5 40
A B
18. a. Children who are not swimmers
b. Children who are swimmers and runners
3, 5, 7 1, 9 4
c. Children who neither swim nor run
d. Children who swim or run or both
19. a. i. ξ
2, 6, 8, 10 H
11. C 4
3
ξ
A B 2
1, 5, 7,
3, 9, 3
11, 13, 17,
6, 12 15, 18,
19, 20, 22,
21, 24 ii.
23, 25 H H′
C 3 2
2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 16 C′ 4 3
12.

1 73 4 68
9 11 A B 12 7 3 1 1
2 b. i. ii. iii. iv.
13 14 12 4 4 2
17 10 16
19 5 20 18 20. a. Favourite topic
ξ
C
12
15 Probability
20
Measurement
1 1 31 25 5
13. a. b. c. 10 13
2 10 40
Algebra
27 9
d. e. 15
40 40

b. 25 c. 15 d. 12

598 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 3 43 26.
e. 43 f. g. ξ 156 520
5 100
9 13 1 2
h. i. j. 3 2 2
50 100 20 5
13
21. Quadrilaterals

ξ a. HCF = 2 × 2 × 13 = 52
b. LCM = 3 × 2 × 2 × 13 × 2 × 5 = 1560
27. a.
ξ
Rectangle Square Rhombus A B
45 21
34
4 11 15

12
22. a. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 b. 4 C
c. 8 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 58
23. a. b. 4
c. 21
HP S 81 97
16
8
4
d. i. ii.
200 200
11
12 2 3
e.
50
27
Fred Exercise 10.5 Two-step experiments
10
1. See table at the foot of the page.*
8 4 1
b. = a. b. 0 c. A total of 7
90 45 9
24. a. ξ
C M 2. Scarves
14 20 31
R Bl Pi
4
12 15 Beanies Br Br, R Br, Bl Br, Pi
Pu Pu, R Pu, Bl Pu, Pi
S 24
3. a. See table at the foot of the page.*
7 1 3 3 13
b. b. i. ii. iii. iv.
12 4 4 20 20
1
25. a. 31 students b.
13

*1.
Die 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Die 2

4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
*3. a.
Dice roll
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Coin H 1, H 2, H 3, H 4, H 5, H 6, H 7, H 8, H 9, H 10, H
toss T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T 5, T 6, T 7, T 8, T 9, T 10, T

TOPIC 10 Probability 599

 4. R RR 9. a. 3
4 R RR
R B RB 3 R
4
G RG
1 B RB
4
3
R BR 1 4 R BR
4 B
B B BB 1 B BB
4
G BG
3 1
5. a. 2 2 b. i. ii.
16 16
1 4 2 209 77
10. a. b. c. d.
4 4 15 15 225 225
16 9 391
2 3 11. a. b. c.
25 25 400
3
77 123
d. e.
4 4 200 200
12. a. 2 3
2 5 4 B BB 10
3 B
5 5 3
2 R BR 10
4
4 5 3 3
1 1 2
4 B RB 10
b. i. ii. 0 iii. 5 R
6 2 1 R RR
1
10
6. a. See table at the foot of the page.* 4
1
1 1 1 2 b.
b. i. ii. iii. iv. 10
2 6 3 3
2 1 2 14
13. a. b. c. d.
1 1 1 1 9 9 9 45
7. a. b. c. d.
6 36 4 36 5 1 5 25
14. a. b. c. d.
8. a. 1 22 22 11 66
2 H HH
1 1 3
H 15. a. b.
2
1 T HT 4 14
2
1 3 8
1 16. a. b. c.
1 2 H TH 9 11 11
2 T
17. a. 0.6 J JJ
1 T TT
2 J
0.5
1 3 0.4 P JP
b. i. ii.
4 4
0.5 0.3 J PJ
P
0.7 P PP
b. i. 0.3 ii. 0.35 iii. 0.35
18. If the first ball is replaced, the probability of drawing a
( )
3
yellow ball stays the same on the second draw, i.e. .
5

*6. a.
Die 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Die 2

4 3 2 1 0 1 2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

600 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9

 If the first ball isn’t replaced, the probability of(drawing
) a Project
5 1. 3
yellow ball on the second draw decreases, i.e. .
9 2. 4
19. a. 3 days b. 90 combinations 1
c. 36 new combinations 3.
2
20. a. Smallest total: 3, largest total: 18 1
4.
b. 4
Total Probability 5. 18
6. 2
1
3 7. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
216
the online resources.
3
4 8. 8
216
9. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
6
5 the online resources.
216 10. 6
10
6
216 Exercise 10.6 Review questions
15 1. B
7
216 2. D
21 3. D
8
216 4. C
25 5. B
9
216 6. A
27 7. C
10
216 8. D
27 1 1 1
11 9. a. b. c.
216 4 10 8
25 10. a. 40 b. 33 c. 25
12
216 2
11.
21 3
13 1
216 12.
15 2
14 13. b
216
a d c
10
15
216 0 0.5 1
6 14. a. Students who do not like music
16 b. People who like surfing and golf as leisure activities, but
216
3 not reading
17 c. People who like Coke or Fanta or both but not Sprite
216
1 15. a. {R, B, Y}
18 b. {(YR) , (YY) , (YB)}
216 c. No, there is no green counter.
16. a. 12
1 11 1
21. a. b. c. b. 60
221 221 17 3 17 1
5 c. i. ii. iii.
22. 10 60 10
12 1 31
1 iv. v.
23. 12 60
2
24. a. 8 b. 32 c. 16 d. 2x
5
25. a. 36 b.
7
67
26.
256
45
27.
1081

TOPIC 10 Probability 601

17. a. ξ (32)
F (16)
C

7 2 5
4
3 3

8
D (18)

b. 5
7 1 7
c. i. ii. iii.
32 2 16
18. 80
3
19.
7
20. 720
35
21.
66
4
22.
663
176
23.
500
24. 128
25. a. {1, 5, 6, 7, 8} b. {5}
c. {1, 2, 4} d. 𝜙

602 Jacaranda Maths Quest 9