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185p. Animal Eyes

[1] The great m a jo r ity of s p e c ie s in the animal k in g d o m have eyes that( ) fu n c tio n much like those( ) of

humans, where( ) light e n te rs and fo rm s electric signals which( ) the brain in te r p re ts as im a g e s .

H o w e v e r , understanding how animals interpret those( ) signals is p ro b le m a tic since scientists do not fully u n d e rs ta n d how

animals’ brains fu n c tio n . N e v e rth e le ss , it is known that some animals have s p e c ia lize d eyes that( ) provide th e m (

) with a d v a n ta g e s . Eagles and other birds of p re y , for example, can focus on tiny d ista n t objects, which( ) b e n e fits

them( ) while h u n tin g . For other animals, their( ) eye p o s itio n in g is a d v a n ta g e o u s . There are two p rim a ry

eye p o sitio n s : eyes on the fro n t of the head and one eye on e ith e r side of the head. These( ) are known r e s p e c tiv e ly as

binocular vision and monocular vision.

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1 The word "them" in the passage refers to

A animals’ brains

B some animals

C specialized eyes

D advantages

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[2] An animal with binocular vision has its( ) eyes placed c lo se together on the front of its head. Most animals with binocular vision

are p re d a to rs such as lions, tigers, and wolves. With their( ) eyes set c lo s e ly together in front, these animals have

in te rs e c tin g fields of vision, th e re b y allowing them to ju d g e depth. The manner (which / in which) the brain in te r p r e ts the images

seen by each eye in a s lig h tly different p o sitio n allows for depth p e rc e p tio n . Many predators with binocular vision are a m b u sh

hunters that( ) typically w a it in s ile n c e until the prey animal they( ) are ta r g e tin g is close enough to a tta c k . For

them( ), a se n s e of depth is v ita l to ensure a successful a tta c k .

2 The word "judge" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A attain

B alternate

C determine

D obscure

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3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about ambush hunters?

A They rely upon their depth perception to hunt prey animals successfully.

B They prefer to attack animals from behind while hiding in tall grass.

C They utilize their great speed to run down any animals that they attack.

D They suffer in their ability to hunt whenever one of their eyes gets damaged.

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[3] There are d is a d v a n ta g e s to binocular vision though, the primary one of which( )is the lack of a w id e field of vision. Most

animals with binocular vision cannot see an area c o v e rin g more than 180 degrees. This leaves them s u sc e p tib le to another predator that

may be tracking them( ) from b e h in d . A s a r e su lt , many predators have d e v e lo p e d h e ig h te n e d senses of smell and

hearing to p e r m it them to know when danger is a p p ro a c h in g . A d d itio n a lly , numerous animals, including those in the fe lin e family,

have su p e rio r night vision, which gives them a d v a n ta g e s when hunting and when a v o id in g being hunted. Some predators la c k

binocular vision though. F o r in s ta n c e , the m a jo rity of sharks are predators, yet the eyes of a shark are on each s id e of its head. For

sharks, eyes are s e c o n d a ry when it comes to (find / finding) prey because th e y have other highly a ttu n e d senses, p a r tic u la rly smell,

that( ) they u tilize when h u n tin g .

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4 The phrase "susceptible to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A open to

B frightened by

C aware of

D weaker than

5 In paragraph 3, why does the author mention "heightened senses of smell and hearing"?

A To explain the process that animals use to improve some of their senses

B To show what some animals utilize to detect various unsafe situations

C To claim that they are more important than sight for most predators

D To mention what prey animals use in order to avoid attacks by predators

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[4] As for animals with monocular vision, they tend to be those( ) that are h u n te d and include deer, rabbits, warthogs, and numerous

other h e r b iv o re s . Each of these animals( ) (have / has) eyes located on the sides of its( ) head. Each eye v ie w s a

s e p a ra te image, and neither o v e rla p s with the other. The a d v a n ta g e of this eye p o s itio n in g is that animals are p ro v id e d with

a w id e field of vision —nearly 360 d e g re e s for some species. This is far g re a te r than the 1 8 0 -degree field of vision of those(

) animals with binocular vision. The eyes of prey animals e v o lv e d to the side position in order for them( ) to have su ffic ie n t

warning of n e a r b y predators. Having eyes on the sides of the head (reduce / reducing / reduces) an animal’s ability to p e rc e iv e depth, yet

creatures with monocular vision can a tta in a s lig h t degree of d e p th perception by c o m p a r in g a m o v in g object with more distant

s ta tio n a ry background objects.

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6 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about animals with monocular vision?

A Many of them utilize their vision to hunt grazing animals such as deer and warthogs.

B They once ate meat but became herbivores over time due to their inability to hunt.

C They tend to eat in groups and post guards to alert others of approaching predators.

D Some of them can see nearly everything in front of and behind them at the same time.

7 According to paragraph 4, animals with monocular vision can obtain depth perception by

A focusing a single eye on two objects distant from each other

B viewing moving and nonmoving objects at the same time

C using their 180-degree field of vision to observe objects around them

D creating images that stack up on one another in a single eye

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[5] Another advantage some prey animals have is eyes with h o rizo n ta lly slit p u p ils . [1■] Scientific studies have shown that animals with

these have a much b e tte r field of vision. [2■] While g ra zin g in open fields, the eyes of these prey animals( ) sh ift positions so

that when their heads d ip as they fe e d on plant matter, their p u p ils remain in a h o rizo n ta l position. [3■] This( ) in c r e a s e s

their( ) chances of s p o ttin g an a tta c k in g predator and making a successful e s c a p e . [4■]

9 Look at the four squares 9 Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

This enables them to be able to observe what is happening around them even though they may appear to be unobservant to nearby predators.

Where would the sentence best fit?

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[6] It is strongly believed by biologists that the d e v e lo p m e n t of the eye positions of both predators and prey animals is closely lin k e d . With

predators able to s p o t prey from fa r distances and then fo c u s on them( ), prey animals had to e v o lv e eyes that could d e te c t

danger before it was too la te . In tu rn , as prey animals d e v e lo p e d methods of avoiding a tta c k s , predators c a m e u p w ith different

styles of hunting. Some evolved into a m b u sh hunters w h e re a s others, such as lions, learned to use n a tu r a l cover such as tall grasses to

get near g ra zin g prey animals in a s te a lth y manner.

8 According to paragraph 6, why did some predators become ambush hunters?

A They were utilizing their unique body types to hunt in the best possible way.

B They were using their monocular vision to learn to hunt better.

C They were unable to approach prey animals stealthily when hunting.

D They were responding to defense methods devised by prey animals.4

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feline family: all species of cats, including lions, tigers, leopards, and housecats

herbivore: an animal that only eats vegetation and consumes no meat

10 Directions: Select the appropriate statements from the answer choices and match them to the type of vision to which they relate. TWO of the
answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on VIEW TEXT.

TYPE OF VISION

Binocular (Select 3) Monocular (Select 2)

ANSWER CHOICES

A Requires that the eyes of an animal be placed on the front of its head

B Enables some animals to lie in wait for others before attacking them

C Is the type of vision most commonly had by prey animals

D Has helped sharks become outstanding marine hunters

E Permits only a limited amount of depth perception for animals

F Lets animals keep their eyes in a horizontal position while grazing

G Prevents animals from being able to see positions behind them well

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