Kocuuquz ascJreABaHuq s Etntapun

Toru5.Corpun.1986
Errcapcrt.a arca1emun Hd HagKume

Editorial Board

K..Seraf imou (Editor-in-Qhief), D. Mishea (Secretary), L Kutiea. S. Chapkunou,

M. Gogosheo, A. Bochea, H. Spiridonou

Pe,qaxquoH na KoJIerI4F

K. CepaQunoe (rnaeet peAaKrop), II,. Muwee (cexperap), LI,l(ymuee, C. Van'

K"6tloe, M. foeowee, A, Dor4ee, X, Cnupu)onoe

Address ,

Space Research in Bulgaria

Central Laboratory for Space Research
Bulgaria, 1000 Sofia, I Rouski Bld.

A.apec

KocMrz,{Hr.r r{gcJIeABaHI4a n Strrapun

[eHrpalna na6oparopufl tto KocMIITIHfl LIgcJIeABaHL'In
1000 CoSnr, 6yl. ,,Pycrn" Nt I

A,
w/
E.AH, IlekTpanHa Jaooparopxfl no xocMllqHti a3cJIeAE€BEfl
1986
c/o Jusautor, SoIia

629.13 (05)

IZs,qarelcrBo- ua EnnnapcKara aKaAeMI,Itt Ha HayKI4Te

PeAaKrop JI. Il,IBedoBo KopeKrop E' Torueaa TexH' PeAaKrop An' Haanoa
IZoA. uHAeKc 10219 AaAeHa 3a Ha6op Ha 7, VIII, 1985 f, floAn' 3a neqar.Ha %. l. 1986 r. u^. no9532422211
zoitboo/to Tupax 700 fler. xonu 4,25 Hsl. xonn 5,50 yHK 5,58 I{eHa 0,95 n". 'r"^ '"lllffii-
fleuaflilrqa Ha EAH - ll13 CoSun, yn, ,,AfiaA. feopft EoffqeB" nop.400
 lssN 0204-9104

Volume 5. Sofia. 1986

Bulgarian A"cademy of Sciences

Contents
Academician Prof. Dr Kitil Borisov Serafimov. , D
I(. B. Seraf imov-Analytic Approximation ot the Line
X, 630 nm. B
I. S. Kutiev-The Outer Ionosphere at Mid- and Low Latitudes. T4
M. M. Gogoshev-Space Plasma Emissions-lndicator of Mal nhprie-Innn-
spfrericProcessei. ....... 27
S. K. Chapkunov-On Measuring Instruments for Space Plasina ectron Compo-
nent Parameters in the Presence of 'Plasma-Body' Potential l fference 35
N. I. Georgiev, A. G. Massevich-The Georletic Experiment the Satellite
INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-1 3OO, 40
T. I(. Yanev, D. N. Mishev-Mathematical/Statistical A,lethods Classification
of Objects by Means of Spectral Reflective Characteristics. . 45

CoaepxaH14e
AxaAenur upoQ. [-p
Knpr.u Eopltcoe Cepa$r.ruoe o
K. E. CepaSnMoB-Anarunzqecxafl aflnpoKcuMaqur anrerpa.rnnofi OCTI,I
truuuu }u 630 nm. 13
14. C. Kyru eB-Bneurgss aruoc@epa r'ra cpeAunx t4 Hlr3KHx rfilrporax. 26
M. M. f o ro rtr e e-Zaavqegr4e KocMuqecKori nragurr r4HAuKarop MarH oHo-
cQepr{brx npoqeccoB. - 2i
c, I(. 9anKbrH oB-06 ycrpoi.rcrBax H3Mepenufl napaMerpoB 3ne(rpo KOMIIOHet{Tr,l
xoctunqecroit nna3Mbr npr4 Hanuqnn pa3Hocrrr noreHllnanorJ "06' T-rIJIa3Ma" . 39
Irl. f eoprl,teB, A. I' MaceBHq , c clryrrrl-IKoM
H.
I4HTEPKOCMOC.6O/IFAPI4'. - feoAeslqecxnil 3xcrlepuMe
I 3OO. 44
T. K. 5l ue B, A. H, Muruen-Mero4ura analnl3a orpa)I(arenbgbrx pr-rcTr.IK. , o/
bULGA(IAN ACADEMY OF SCiENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 5

Sofia 1986

Academician Prof. Dr Kiril Borisov Se fimov

Born on May 24th, 1932 in Sofia. Married, with three c

the Mechano-Technical Secondary School of Sofia in 1951
of his alumnus. Graduated from the V. I. Lenin Higher M
trical Engineering Institute as an outdtanding studenl in rac
In 1957 he became Research Fellow at the Scientific
of Communications (NIIS). There he initiated the establis
stations and multiple tethnical developments. He was t.
ionospheric research at the Soviet Institute for Earth /VM
and Radiowave Propagation in 1958. Since the beginnin
the Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of
came Candidate of the Physico-Mathematical Sciences at
Universitv oJ Moscow. In i969 defended a thesis and
the Physico-Mathematical Sciences in the field of space
versity of Ilostov-on-Don. Praoda newspaper frontpaged t
Doctor's thesis. In 1965 he was elected Scnior Research
in 1973 became Professor.
With the establishment of the National Committee f
January 1967 he was elected its Secretary. Since 1973 he
sident and since 1977 President of this Committee.
From 1972 to 1975 held the post of Deputy Directo
Earth Sciences. Between 1973 and 1977 he was Scientifi
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Since 1977 he has been
sidium of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Since the
Group for Space Physics (in 1969) K. B. Serafimov has
rector and in 1973 became Director of the Group. In I
transformed into the Central Laboratory for Space Rese
foundator and Director ever since. Frorn 1979 to 1982 hc
Astronornical Department with the National Astronomical
In 1969 K. B. Serafimov became Vice-President and
been President of the Bulgarian Astronautical Society. Si
rnember of the Presidiurr of the Union of Bulgarian
1982-Secretary General ol this Union.
He has been President of the National Committee
since its establishment in 1975. He is member of the Nat
Geodesy and Geophysics and of other bodies. Since its es
he has been President of the Council for 'Iechnical and
!,ylS1.riory 4tldelx! oj.Sciences, and on the Frtitorial boara of the in a-
lonlt scientific journal Adoances in Earth-orienti])i'aTipt'ications on s ce
Technotosv,.as wel as or rhe Butsarian c;iiif;;;; j"'ff;;1',--M'titily"t
noLogv, Fathertand, science and "Techn"t"s't
-?iiik,'"lti,iiii'tffiigr, h-
He rvas scientific observer for the Zemed,ershS'7;;*; :t"7 rc.
*#rp"p.,
and 1979. Since 1979 he has been scientiiic obseiver"ioi"ilr" between I
Delo newspaper. eabotnic
He is the author of more than 420 scientific contribnrtions (developme L^
tJr
l""ll'_.:.1""1,..:-11",:il'^1"1111:j tive monogra4,r. rTi.'w;;, ;;;"-;;bii; ed
in international issues. of repute. over ebo 3r iiir".ii"i;"rj;-il;"-;;""iJf"; ed
s,9ries, of his.studies'ir-a;i..n
""'-
::."ilj*gr:i
documents and i:.d^:"0^r-"19;^A
by other international
uoopted as IN
"rgi"irrii"";
 Acadernician serafimov has been corresponding Member of the Ir :na-
tional Astronautical Academy in paris since'1969 u-no
Regutur Member nce
1984. He has been rnember-of the programme c"mr[_tt.-es for the Intr 'na-
tional Astronautical Congresses since 197f. He ras held membership in the
Bureau of the World Cimmittee for Soace Rerearch fCOSpAR) sinne l )75.
rdio
per
lR-
ing
tire
ver
rne Dulgaflan slcle oI. tne Sulgaro{ndian uommission for scientific and T ;LII-
n"ical^Cooperation and since 1926 has been president of the Bulgarian sid of
the commission for Scientific and rechnicar cooperation with Gr?ece. He MAS
awarded medals by the Intercosmos council, th6 Acadetnies of the GDR. Po-
land and other countries
He led the Bulgarian delegations on the Scientiffc and rechnical ub-
I
committee of the UN for the Peaceful Explor rtion oi outer Space. At the
second conrerence or the uN on thi. J"frJli"'ii.?rtoH.ElJii i3'i"";'"'l tlllr-
nated Vice-President of the conference. He w s awardbd the'orcler of ( yril
qnd Methodius, tst
?no rvretnodtus, Ist- grade (1969), Gotd Order of Labour (1973), M
(t9ti9), the Gold ]V n
Drinov Medal, the Gold Decoration of the Bulgarian Astronauticai Societv. the
6rder of Georgi Dimitrov (1984) and received- many otfrer government h,
rations and distinctions_from other organizations. Since 198"0 he has ber
Honoured Scientist oi Bulgaria
r ile activity
The acuvrry of Acaoemlclam Kiril
or Academiciam Klrll serafimov
Serallmov within
wltnln the
tne entire
entlre fra
trame\ k
of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is extremely usetul. He manifested ca-
pacities of a learned, capable contemporary scieniist ufith broaa views
initiative, as well as talent for organization, ln a short period the ce
Laboratory for space Research at the Bulgarian Acadeiny of sciences u ter
um

ian
ive
rer-
is
for
nf-

rrk
pe-
ifi-
rk
.ll-
he
 Academician K. Serafimov has published tnany works
abrOad. His overall activity for the establishrnertt and im
iects and studies, for the results obtained is valued extl
flatteringly described in the recently published book b
cosmona-*ui Col. Eng. G. Ivanov Flights. On page 179 it
heaid about Serafimov. But I understood that he is a ma
nality, combining the 'proiective' and 'generating' featu
organizer, excluiively dilligent and capable of extreme
hy-pertense mental aCtivity.-Author of many scientific wo
portance, promoter of science, he is a skillful' temperame
iublicist. So, no wonder, that he successfully i:g.l.j:tt
international space field and the world space forums, t
nrany nationaf and international otganizations. The ener
invested in our training w€re only part of his entire conr
with purely scientific - cooperation. We were lit qp .by
e xperienced his passion and ambition to rank our Fa
ing
- space countries.. . .
At tris 50th birthday and the 25th anniversary of
let us wish him good health, greater and still more sign
study and exploration of spa-e for the well-being of
public of Bulgaria.

Corr. Member, Prof . D Misheo ) Sen.

Prof. Dr M. M. Gogoshea; Sen. Res.
 BULGARTAN AcADEMy oF scterucEs
SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 5

Sofia . 1986

At?Jyti. Approximation of Integral tntpnsity

of the Line i 630 nrn
K. ts. Serafimoa

The deduction of the quantity relationships between the ai[glow and the u
3tqgspheric. pararneters. provide for the complete analysls--of the phenonie
in this medium. The. aim of this paper is to 'obtain ttr! fpproximaie anal
expressions for the integral intensity .I of the red oxyg.{t'iine }, 630 nm,
nerated in the upper atmosphere of the earth. The ti,imfrtae for the voiu

Ionosphere- IRI-75. The

_analysis of the new modet" {ot itlin i; ,g;;;t;
with clRA-7g and IRI-79, as well as the models based on MSIS, Sorli
with IRI.(see _[a]), do.n9t change the nature of the anaryt{c expressions. on
tneir digital characteristics are changed. Through the exprlssions thus deducr
for the integral intensit I, in dep"endence ttr" p"ii*[t.r. oJ the mo
fgl t],g neutr-al upper at osphere arid for the"-n
ionosphere, a possibility is
vided to resolve seriesof direct and reverse problems-fr{m'the t<nown pa
meters to determine the intensity, or from the known interlsitv, combined'w
lreasurements on the intensity of the line l" l35,6nm and single measureme
on the local electron density, to measure the val res of the iraximal electrr
density
l*l (or. its respective critical frequency /oF) ; oi the height of tl
d_ensitv h-F and the.constant ,40 of the distribution'N(h) in agreeilrent wi
IRI see the method in on tire other hand, such 'eipressions enable
to -consider the effects of[5].-various lactors determining t[re intensity of t
line l" 630 nm, and to compare the moclels of the neutial
ionosphere. [tmosphere and t

Cornplete Expressions for the Intensity /uro

In [1] from the general exprcssion for the volume emissiori rate
(1) dI
KAno y[O2l Nd.h
dE:-T tTid-t{[-+B@)]
approximation of the denominator is obtained
(2) tr + d(h)l Allt + B(D)-es(hrF)e-n,(h-h"F) : llh),
I
Where K: | , /eao : 0,069 s-t, / .=0,0091 s-1, N de nsity, d(h
d.(h) dd-
notes the total deactivation of collisions
colli.sions o{ - elect o
of excited
excifed gen aatoms; in
d
in staatp
O(q)_with neutral nitrogen molecules and with the elect B(h)y1[0,
t[or]/ot
AI
,r/Yy
L1t
ayrfNr]luuN, where y, and y2 arc respectively the ts ofrf the exchan6
excl ngF lge
reactions between the ions of the afomic oiygen and the neutral (ygen, or
tral oxygt ol
I

the nitrogen molecules ; and a, and cr, are the -coefficients of the
he dissoc ciatil
sociatil
ivg
recombination for ions Or+ and NO+, respectively. For the val res of the
values le ex
thr )xai
mined coefficients and their temperature, temporal and tial
tial vat tions
variationInS S(
see
sr
[1,2]. In agreement yit! [1]
agreem_ent with at midgeosraDhic'latitudes
tll_at midgeographic'latitudes ((rp 45") ) inin 00h
00hh sur
suf
Lrmi
mertime under ft:10 (7".,:$$}oK) and- hoFo,l80 km, wd (o(lB0):
ve (o(l ))*34t
and pr-0,4.
-34717,+

, In agreement
asret with IRI-79 for N(tr) under h:- h^F (fur
tion we shall use N*F:N-
N^F:N* and h*F:h_\
for simpplificica;
her for
h*F:h.) w*e have
(3) N(h) : Is*lrll(t *
+)" -.43 exp (- o,\ )l'
whe_1e1 ,4,_ of two fixed values (for low and righ so
constant
- (atlow^T.lar itvl
solar act:tivit'
see IR) i,4l=2 activity) i As:B (ai trigtr solar act vity); _i i
); Ag: A4,:1
A+:AAz|(AL-A)-0,05. It is iteai ttrdt unter know solar lar activitity ull
a
the constants are known from IRI, excluding Ao, which i either takenr ffrot
rer taken om
IRf or specified through measurements similar"to"those in Expressions
)xpressionrils fot
t!\k) are given-
given in IRI for ]. f<
N(h) Ior h=h-F
h<h*F which introduce seriei
seri of new
new constz ltsl
consstant
But we use in [5] the known fac[-that the circummaximum arear of the the IF-rr
'fe't
gion has distribution very close to the parabolic one,and is characterized
racterizedd rwit
symmetry with reference.to h*F.'Iherefore, we use exp ',3) for h=3h.
'ith
(3) ,r4,
also up to heights of about i80-240km, and in this' in agreeemen
in 3n!
with [2, 3, 4] 0 nm is initiated. For
For tE purpose
rpose rwee onl
nlV
substitute ft- h*-h.
We have e@) is given with the expression (2) u
up
to a height th6 eartE. At /z > 280 m, we have (:1
'l-herefore, we " f.l
l
analyse the following cases:
1. Region with (91(r<280km).
This case can be divided into 'the foltowing consideringgth
the
location ol h*F:
l.l. h-F<280 km.
The airglow occurs in three parts: a) hn<h<280km; b) h c) h>-
h>-280
80 kn
iln.l
We denote with r, g and z thd respeciive parts of the inte ^i
v
(4) I:1,* Isi- 1,.
a) h*<280km
For low solar activity, the following expression for is obtained fronr
(l), (2), (3)
(5) I,:1,,a1,,
(6) 1,,:ffiv102,r0(180)N,, Ar'j' B-(0,-t) ft-tao1
h l, -h-n*Y-
\-' Ao I
The exponential approximation for the altitudinal bution of the mo-
lecular oxygen lowest boun-
of (6). It is con-
.tha.t, r,egardless to the complex nature of thrj te
sidered rature (and there-
fore altitudinal)-variations of Tr, in'agreement with (1)-w5 may consider that

I
y1ry1,60 10-11'cm3 S-1 in the examined altitudinal reg It follows
that

(7)
ryq= -,
- A o( p r- p r) E t IAo(p.,,- Pr)Ul )
u:r
Kleto
.. Alo y1 [0r]o(180) A; E; is the
where Kr: generally a ed denominati
the exponential-integral function.
At high solar activity (R> 100) we have
280

(B)

(e)

The expression for /r, does not depend on the sola

tain
280

, f
1,": KAazo
^, ,n nz-r)
J s-t
(10) @-180)e
ffiyt[Or](l80),4 tN* hn,

(11) 1.:ffi{r-,-,,
'" \Pz-PilAolAa' (
where
(12) Kr:rytrrloz]o (1Bo)Aa.

b) h<h*
As we have already shown, in this case we substi te in (3) the
sion h-h,n with h*-h, which is yielded at low solar tivity
lu
I g,: K 1N *Aoe-( r,-P )
(h Ao-r801
m+
{- eA"l

(13) * A o( p z- p ) E'lAr( p r- p t)UJ),

(t 4) 1":ffi\!-r-ro'-to'-o
Aa- Pz-Pitto t \

At high solar activity we have

p2-p,)Aou, ( pr-pt)'A?o
(15) _Ao( pz-pr)e( 1- D| |_
EiLAo\Pz-Pt
2u ^z-
10
 /*,,has the form of (14).
c) ft)280 km
This case is treated under (:1.
1.2. h,,,F>280 km
In this case the total intensity is also formed in thr
<280 km/(f 1 ; submaximum iegion ; b)280<h<hn,l(:1.
and hlh^l(:l: abovemaximum region.
lnd c) h>h*1q:1; resion. Cases b) and
and r
for (:1. For case a) we use (13) anil(l4) for low and
tively and substitute the bottom boundary in both cases wi
2. \:1(ft)280 km)
2,1, h^F<280 km
We have again the subcases and the respective co
indices r, g and n, shown in 1.1. We use for the com
ready deduced expressions (7) and (9), (ll), (13), (14), (1
pendence is given for the component z
(16) In:In,lI""'
where at low solar activitv

(r7)

(1S) Inr: I(sNo,Aos-P,(h,,-Ao*t*,

l-";'o" , -prAoEi(-
At hlgh solar activity
(1s) I n, : I( sN *Aoe- P,(h *-Ao-t tol *
[:1]u
I

+ryE,(-p,Aourl*+'
where K e : KA asoTl [02]o( 1 B0),4 /A.
It is considered in (18) and (19) that in with [,3, 4]
upper boundary of the airglow with l" 630 nm h,*400 km at
activity and about 600 km at high activity. For
80)
K 4,A6N,ne-P'(h o'-l
(20) I n":
PzAolAt
where Kt: KAaaoTr [0r]o (180),4al4.
2.2. h*F>280 km
In this case also three components of the indices
able, anrl f, is determined with (13) or (15) for low
pectively, but with substituted bottom boundary: instead of
is used; expression (7) is justified f or the component 1o
gument-instead of h-h^, h*-h. Expressions similar to
dary equal to an unit are obtained. Dependences such i
are used for the components I, with substituted bottoni boundarv, na
u:1.
With the dependences here
parameters can be determined and
analytical manner similar to the
The data from IRI can be used in
of the respective solutions.

Discussion and conclusions

According to IRI, the cases with h*F-<280
h*F.<280 km are quite r[re. In f act, our
our c
ser-vations on midgeographic latitudes contradict this foncept since oft
220<h*F<2B0km, see sumrnaries in [2, 10].
For the computing procedures it should be considered that in many cas
(for example at high values of the power index in the d{creasing exponent
functions or at largc arguments of the integral-exponenfial function) signi
simplifications oI
cant slmpltllcaTlons of tne
the expresslons
expressions
ment with the method developed in I
the red oxygen line, together with t
line with l, 135,6nm and a local meas
yield of parameters N* Ao and h*. T
meters necessary for the computation o
in radiocommunications. On the othe
N(h) of the electron density in this rn
crete measurements of the mentioned
the electron density, enable the perfo
the IRI model. Therefore, its adequac
The exoressions obtained contai
complex reli,tionships. But their grap
falsi melhod is not difficult in the a
IRI, or from the ionospheric models of the CCIR.
Both through the dependences e
found for the intensity of the emissio k-
ground lor the complete consideration
the most important oxygen lines in t
tical theory of this phenomenon in t
the earth is compiled.

Refere
1. S e r a f
2. Seraf
3. Serai m
n
4. Gogo el,
p
5. Seraf
6. Tinsl
/. J e r a r
8. Seraf
9. Seraf
10. Seraf

12
Asa"rnirraqeeKaii aii[pol(cr.rMarIHfl r4HTerpa/rbHort
I{HTCHCHBHOCTH trrurP.Hvr r 630 nm
K. E. Cepafiunoe
(Pesrorue)

Ha- ocHoee MoAenn uerirpansuofi arrvrocfiepu CIRA_79

peQepeurnori uouoc$epu -lRI-79 rroJrHbre aHa
"",".A."o, Ha AnrzHe r
HHTeHcvBHocrlt rpacuofi nruHriu KucnopoAa
rpeHbr pasflHrrHbre c/ryqaH u npeAcranaeHbr nonH6re
O 'nbr AJrff ^/6o e sa$u-
cHMOCTH oT BSaI4MHOtO pacnOJIO)I(eHHfl BbICOTbI MaKCLI ,lrHorl a.ler<rponriofi
:?:.1:itp-ryi^ \,y! u Bbrcorbr 280 rrra (ao xoropori. ui
@arrop e eH ar\aei{iren.
BosMo)r{Hocrb "nil;.;;;;"J;i.'ij
pa30M Bbrpa)r{eHr4s Aator""r.rpin"-"oa
ror{HOfO peru6uus
PSrHbrx 3aAaq a3poHoMHH, B TOM qrzcJre onpe4eneHUfl HOH
\ll,-h*F H Ao (lRl.uo4e.nu; nocpeair"ou orrr.rqecKux
peHnft,

'f
Biir,c,q,RrA.N Ac.qoEMy oF ScIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 5

Sofia 1986

The Outer Ionosphere at Mid- and Lp* Latitudc

I. S. Kutiev

Introduction
Satellite data came first within our reach in 1969, with lhe beginning of int
investigations with the working team of Galperin frorli the Space Res :ch
Institutt in Moscow on f and of
data obtained from the lites. In
1969 broad-scale research worl ing
team of Prof. Gringaus fro h , in the
ield of the processing
f the measurem nts
of ion density, made by were the first for
Bulgaria rnethodological d interpretatior of
the volt-arnpere charact hat tesulted in the

ga-
of
cal
ata
rch
rial
en-

tde
be-
cy-
nts
cal
the
the
other instruments for scientific researches.
Aboard INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-1300 satellite, lafrnched on August th
1981, there was a payload of 11 instruments, aimed at lesearching the in
actions of ionospheie and magnetosphere. The values me{sured involve the pa-

I4
 fameters of thermai plasma and its drift velocity, the
fields, the magnetic fields of the earth, the energy spect
electrons, and the intensity of the atmospheric "einiss'ions
in ultra-violet portion of _the Recenfly, on the g
there has. begun the study of-spectrum.
itre structure of" the equaT
oi the polar oval, the behaviour of the S,{R-arcs, the doubl
the particle acceleration, etc.
- -__
Bulgarian participation is significant in experiment
VERTICAL type, lauriched from a" midlatitude staiion anr
tude..of .up .1o 1500 km. Using the vertical profiles r

the multitude of their findings this paper presents only

a .c_omplete idea of the physical condiiions in outer iono
-
midlatitudes, independentiy of
the fact that these results
over a period of more than thirteen vears.

Latitude Variations of Ion Density

The latitude variations of ion density have been extensively studied, using dat4
from spherical ion traps (SIT) on 6oard INTERCOSMOSI, and B. and thosd
from_the retarding potential-analyzer (RPA) on OGO-6 sa
The latitude Eistribution of O+ ion density measured t INTERCOSMOS-B
between 280 and 580 krn height in the aftern"oon and even ng hours has beerf
ana\rzed in [1,2]. Fig. 1 gives profiles of the O+ densit5 between 50o and
--DU" diplatitude for
-- 50o dlplatltude ior several lonqitudes. The lor
s6veral consecutive longitudes. loc I times of the me{
asurements lie between 15,30 and 19.80h. In the front panel average satellitQ
altitude shows the dependence of ion density on heig'ht. T orbits have beed
chosen with a view to the satellite passing the equatorial region around t
maximum_of F-layer where the anomaly is-better pionounc . The main featr
is a double maximum distribution of ion densitv.'The two rests are situa
at about 15o on both sides of the geometrical equator. At ngitudes betwee
ano ion density reaches it-s minimum al about I
-50oThese70
ator. longitude peculiarities will be analyzed further c
north of the equ
. Daytime distri
bution of ion density around the maximum 6t the F-layer shown in Fig. 1.
is in_ full conformity with the results of the previous inveitil tions, for exampl
[3, 4]. Meridional piofiles of ion density ln ihe evening hori (17.00-22.30 L
are shown in Fig. 2. It displays clearly the distortion "of tt daytime anomaly.l
lle -equatorial depletion ii now shified to the north to
15-20o,-while
latitude oi about
the louthern crest acquires higher density. tendency can be
obsetved for the latter crest to shift iowards "the eouator" a for the northern
c.rest to disappear. This picture corresponds to a transition
lis.htlg a steady one.maxl'mum distribirtion during the nig
mjni.ma,_aplearing in longitude range (-50o, 60o)lare caus?d
oI th"e f-layer,- ytigh will be discussed further in this paper
Model calculations made in [7, 8] show that the Aiyiin r F-layer equato-
rial anomaly .has an upper altitucie liftit. At altitudes abbve 700 km the crests
+ Qourtesy of WDC-A for R&S

15
 1611 -19J0
1453 -1820
1536-1903

1s55 -]859
5 -'1838
_17T1,

_175S
l' t+(4
lE 1@7
u
; o-
E
z
ltl
o
a
.c
k\g
E

Fig. l. Daytime 0t density vs. magnetic latitude

The average altitude oi the measurements is drawn ln th front panel.
Longitude"s and local time for every, llndtvldu-al- proflle are lven on the
righ'i strle. The denslty scale is glvCh-on the left slde

60 npg-zz,t z
19.57 -21,U
T9.00 -22.35
I R.[t, -22 39
I 6tv.tJ-22,3/

IE
u
F
tt
z
UJ
o

Fig. 2. The same as ttt Fig. l.

t6
 ti.
S€em to
shift towards! each other and at altitudes nlgn
distribution of O+ ion density.$is established at the equat
ExB driit in equatorial plane the F-layer goes up to

e
o

d
zu
z

Fig. 3. Nighttime H+densily over the

and midlatitudes taken by th! INTERC
January 3-10,,1970
The density scale ls shown on the rieht' side.
avetage satellite altltride is given in the-front

/
(j)
'4lo 3
U
'2 r1nJ
UU
o
f,
.F
tr
J -30
o
LrJ

-m

-180 -'150 n20 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60

lru oe ,/ gla
GEoG LONG

Fig. 4. Contours of [constant nighttime O+ density values for altit about 1000 km (th
heavy lines)
The data are taken by OGO-6 in the summer of 1969 and 1970. The thln lines the magnetic equat
and magnetlc nreridlans

higher than the normal midlatitude F-layer, the equato

the crest regions with ionization which diff uses down
lines. Applying this 'fountain effect' to helium and hydr

2 Koclruqecxn ugcneAsaHns, t(H. 5

 in [B] has obtained their latitude distribution. According t this model the heliunr
and hydrogen ion la.yers which lie above that of the O+-io are lifted by ElXe
drift to greater heifhts and subsequently they iill netic tubes at hidher
invariant latitudes.-An ion distribution measufed by a satellite flyin$ at
about 1000 km be represented as
follows:
10' -- Maximal density and
mal H+ density at the equator
minimum O+ a maximum H+
at midlatitudes;
l0 The be iour of He+ de rity
- be
should hat in the mi [e:
10-
its maximum d ity should be fo md
equatorward fro H-F maximal dens frr'
He+ density vill
appear at the uator, if the Ic*
T,
layer is elevated bove 1000 km, ot al-
b wise a maxi m He+ should ho
expected there.
o
)
'10- Similar viour is observed by
be
E
n4
INT satellite [9, 101 nd
:z ,.9 ISIS-2 [11]. Lat ude distribution of
O 1o: nighttime H+ de ty at about I
tr
oa
n2 1100 km altitud is shown in F
t-
Z,
c pertaining to a mber of INTE
Lrl
O MCS-2 transequ torial passes during
z.
O
"^q
[J- the period of Ja uary 1-14, 1970 [12,
O 131. The apogee near to the equ
O
at a height of bout 1 100 km.
H latitude profiles shown here rev al
a two-maximum d tribution. resembl I
d
d
the shape oi t e daytime F-la :r
tr equatorial anomal . The crests of T
l0'
density are found tween 10o and
10I,
on both sides of he equator. A
a
10" mately half a ogo, also
maximum solar ivity period,
io2
of latitude distri tion of O+
rn1 sity, at about the same hei ghts
-30 -60 -.9 collected by satellite [1 .rl. \
DIP LATITUDE ldeg ) urs of oxygen density obtain
Iig. 5. Nighttime O+ and H+ densiry tor
by RPA of OG 6 [14] during
five.individual passes of OG0-6 in dif-ferent night at 1000-11 km are plotted
tongltrrde zones Fig. 4. If we c er now only
4pogee of 1090 krr is at the dipequator, wlth the
altitude at ;[60. diplatitude being aOoir OOO iiin latitude variatio we see that
./ '__l'l_F i 2- Ot ; longltude : a-172o, b-lt6o, oxygen ions ha e maximal de
c-72, d--40,e slightly northward from the geometri
--:184"
equator towards the sumlrer he
sphere. At the side of t
equator a deep minimum occurs nd at some locations density ap
to be as low as 20 ions per cc. AA good idea how the titude distributi
of H+ and O+ density should look is given by Fig. 5, RPA data
several passes of OGO-6 over the equatorial region are nted. The sha

IB
 1100
"..r .
..'.f;
9m 3"" "
.r3..
800
."il .
'i{is','
.
f..i.'.: .
6m

500

1000

900 .i
I
E :"l.
J *t t'
ta.u,
lrl
f il
t 6m
5
<l 5m
b

9m

.8m
700

600

-90 -60 -30 30' s

DIP LATITUDE.( DEG )

Fig. 6.. The

T altitude deoendence of the transition level on e diplatitr
in three
:e longitude
l zonei
HMIN:400,400 and HMAX:I100 tndicate the altitude llurits over which i data have b
taken inr summer,
su nlghttlme

of H+ and O+ + densities
r distribution is in full accord with le 'founi
:r minimum ol oxygen ions at about 30o dil titude c
theory. Winter
to a highly exhr
xhausted nighttime midlatitude F-region. Tl relative
summer minimumum is a result of the more intensive nl oionizat
 the day, as well as of the influence of the neutral wlnds
will be considered Jurther on in the paper. Fig. 5 s
uniformly distributed over the latitudei conside-red.
these da.td have been collected the H+ and O+ densi
several times. The altitude where these densities
i. e. the so-called transition level, is a parameter which
alize some dynanric properties of outer l,ow and midlatitr
every single point repr-esent a transition level value ex
lite orbit. The transition level (TL) poir,ts taken from ni
agatnst their diplatitudes. The ttir6e panels of the F
shapg of TL in three longitude intervali: a l50o); b Rlttun-
tic,(-60',,|0"); 3nd c-- pacific (150o, through - Eurasian
180
10o,
- fnain
to -60"). The
Ieature of these TL profiles is a deep minimui locat between 0o 400
diplatitude, where TL descends to 60d km; while aroun( the equator and pole-
ward end of the latitude region TLis at iOOO_ilOOk;. n [15] it is pointed out
that around 18 local time TL is at about 1000-1100km throughout the refion.
During_ the niglit TL in the equatorial zone remains at he same height, \+hile
at midlatitudes a significant decrease of TI_ occurs. Hi r TL values ad the
poleward edge of the region considerecj here is due t tfre abrupt dec{ease
o{ the .H+ .dEnsity as it can be seen from the indiv dual passes in Fip. 5,
Ine nudtatltucle decrease of fL represents the normal nighttime collaps{ of
the F-1ayer. An interesting featuri is the maintenanc of the high equatprial
during the night:.This behaviour is closely
Ilsity "?Jl.r_
distribution, shown in Fig. 4. Maximum oxygen i"on
r ted with O+ den-
sity occurs at 5]-10'
latitude in the surnmer hemisphere. The existirifassyme y in O+ density afong
the magnetic field lines o.ver the equator gi-ves iupl rt to a diffusion flow
fronr surRner to winter side. This O* flow i ."p. i ^ti her 01- density afong
the magnetic Jlux tubes close to the equator, 'becaus of which TL hei[hts
remain high. The latitude at which the- height of TL changes abruptly lcor-
-
responds to those magnetic tubes which limit "f rom a the transequatprial
flow
rrvw of vr the
ruE oxygen
u^yBclt ions.
lul:i. I3eyond
t)eyon0 tnls
this lautude
latitude the
the difec
dirt support of ioniz{tion
to winter nighttime F-region is strongly restricted, be use of the nece$sity
of conversion of oxygen ions into hyErogen ions and .
ce versa via a chprge
exchange reaction.

n
ity
rtrl-
try
and
itu-
are
300
^A
the
oll-
the
VC
r
 itr
_, o
U"Q
;
a kz.
: :f
ul
l'^< lv c)
zLd (J
F:
-?o G
z
' "\.^ _IU C)

/" " ..j" 0

LTJ

I 'n n I 110
I

lzo

rc4p '0 100

-180
LONGiT!DE ( dsg )

Fig. 7. Nighttime O+ density vs. longitude takerr bY aL two fixed

ctiplatitudes
Tile magnetlc declinatlolr has a scale on the light' 1'his 1 sent all average

curve o\.er points, btrr was adiusred ro match the o+ denasrifivtuXu"tfutjlJl;o altitude 650-900
-r,CdiplatitLrde
-i0', rocar tinie (Lr) 22.o0'22.30h: b- 30",
;:+;;ltlH.[fn

- 160

LONGITUDE (deg )

Fig. B. A sketch representing the neutral wind action on

regioll from the winter side shows the lowest densities,

responds well to that shown in Fig. 4. A reasonable expl
'winds
is demonstrated in Fig. 8. The flowing at F-la
 ,c
cF jb a6 -bg .*.
LONGITUDE ( DEG )
Fig. 9. O+ density profiles at different longitudes in D months
proliles at and longitudes indicate the pr"."n{" of irregularlry struc-
Ir:fftaoiS:r6lrthe -16o -49'

!{qgulqrity structure at heights of about 1000 kn hds been observecl Cv

the INTERCOSMOS-2 satellite. In fig. 11 oart.s of satelliltes fraiecfions u,i]"h
irreo..ttlrritieq nf
irregularities of nrror 0/o al
over 77 o/^ l^- currE
ol ion ^'."i
sents tlie geomagnetic equator in a ge

22
 f-il
f
t
L
I+- i
\i\i
;-,E \t\t
J] \l

F
\i\r
7.m5
z.
\1
\\
Lrl
o 1\
Ir
z.
O
H
ti

L 2.0 1,2 1.2' ?.o

rTtF|) 18.40 n.E 20.50 21.12 22.Ql

Fig. 10. O'. clensity oblained in two consecutive orbits of INT MOS-8
The Dortiorrs of tlre curves around llle eqttator drawn by dols sllow tlle p nce of small-scale
Lrceularltv strucfure. The boltolns oi t'ott depletiolts in thc eqrlalorial reglon represetrt Ilre
seniitivity' threshold ol the lnslrtlment: a - lotlgitude 39" ; D - longitude I ': c-tlleavefage
al titu d e

ffi
O
bJ 30
on
D
F-
H
t- 10

J 0

Ir -'n -nJ
7.', I
.i
o-
E.
o
o
l!
c)
GEOGRAPHIC LONGITUDE (

Fis' 1l' Geoqraphic distribution of irregularii)/ structureat a itudes of about

10"00 km mea"surecl b.y INTERCOSMOS-2 in the winter of 1969, where the
clominant ion was H-F. LT 20.00-06.00 h '
I

resolution of the measrtrements is sufficient to detect lPw

as 2 km in size. The histogram at the bottom of the fig nPer
of transits in each iOo longitude interval used to cons It,is
obvious that the probability for the occurence of irre uflr-

("
 the irregularity stru
been shown abovr
by neutral winds is
is somehow influe

trl
g
LLI O

l
t--
F
J-s 03
p4

-160 -'130 -do 0 s0

tsF4€,gTUDt (3[:S )

Fig. 12. Conlours

_of _O+^rlensity measfirecl by BIMS on
in the winter of 1977-1978

between neutral rvinds at the F-region heights and t

Ia^rge scale plasma irregularities are consider"ed as a re
of meridional winds ovir the ionosohere.
FiS. 12 shows thc contours of O+ density lneasured at
18 and 24h local time by Bennet ion mass ipectrometer
winter 1977-1978. The shaded area marks the regions w
sity below 103 cm-3 have been recorded. fnese Eeptetion
on the summer side of the equator, beino closei t., it
higher magnetic declination. Th'eoreticai
shown in Fig. 13. For these calculation
winds are considered varying only in lat
for
rol a neutral Oenslty
density ol
of bX
5Xl0o cir1-t at
lUU Cm-r
r-ison of Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 shows an excellent coincid
drift maximum and the O+ density minima in the w
interval.
.,. Yuny researchers associate the occurence of irrequl
with the generation of the so-called ,bubbles' 122, 2gl. ih
of depleted ion density aregenerated at ttre tiotiom'oft
gradients of ion density exist [Z+1. Once generated, the I
gl_q:rl perpendicularly to the- magnetic Tietd lines and
1000 km. Born in a iertain mugneTic flux tube in the

24
depleted area creates dilfusive flows whose magnitude dep
of the bubbles moving upwards. As a result 6t ttis, tiri
this particular flux tube can- decrease significanily. Accordir
create both vertically elongated depleti6ns and "depletions

610
t!
F
II
o0
f,
F
H
t-
J -ro

tr-fril 060
GEODETIC LONOITUDE (DEGI
Fig..l9. Contours of vertical ion drift velocity (m/s) calc ted under r
possible winds and electric field conditions jir D months
Posltlve velocity ls upwards ; altitude 300 km ; LT 19.00-22,00 h

field lines. Taking into consideration such a conplicated s

sity distribution, there can be drawn a parallel between
'l'here is an impression
that they are not so much con
represent one and the same season in the solar maximu
explanation miglr! b9 that the two figures represent differ
larities. The INTERCOSMOS-2 data represenf small-scale i
in size, while AE-E data reveal large-scale plasma depletior
accompanied by small-scale irregularities. Now it is cons
bubbles generation is due to, or is accompanied by, stron
which_ dissipates as bubbles move upwards. At higher altitr
irrggularities get smoothed out due to the larse difJusion co
scale irregularities, appear in Fig. 11 at the region of mar
plasma rransporr.
prasma transport. Apan
Apart rrom
from the Illghest
highest magne*tic
nagnetic declin:
declinat
over the equator is favoured by the lowest value of L
implies that magnetic force line 6rnerging from the Earilr
geomagnetic latitude wili pass ovei tne equator in a
150 km lower than over the other longitudes. The net
through by neutral winds is most intense in this vallev an can elevate irreg{-
larities to heights observed in Fig. 11.
_ Acknouledgement: The author is obliged to prot, I(. S e r a f I
Bankov and other collaborators from ilre Central Laboral-ory for
works have been used in this paper.

26
References
1, Seraf imov, K., I. Kutiev, J. Arsov, Ts. Dachev, G Stanev, G. Gda
vich, V. Afonin, V. Gubsky, V. Ozerov, Ya. chmilauer.-
Res., 16, 1976,27.
2. Seraf inov, K.. L Kutiev, J. Arsov, Ts. Dachev, Stanev, G. Gdalle-
vich, V. Af onin, V. Gubsky, V. Ozerov, Ya. chmilauer.-Sflace
Res. in Bulgaria, l, 1978, 5.
Eccles, D., J. W. King,-Proc. IEEE,57, 1969, 1112.
i G o I d b er g, R. A. Proc. IEEE, 57, 1969, 1119.
Anderson, D. N.-- Planet. Space Sci,, 21,1973,409.
o. Goldberg, R. A,. P. C. Kendall, E. R. Schmerlin Geophys. Res., 69,
1964, 417.
7. Rush, C. M., S. U. Rush, L. R. Lyons, S. V. Ven ataswaTall.- dio
Sci., 4, 1969, 829.
R Chandr a, S. J. Atm. Terr. Phys, 37, 1975, 359.
9. Gdalevich, -G. L., B. N. Gorojankin, 1's. Dachev, L Kutiev, K. S
f imov.
i m o v. Compt. rend. Acad, Buls. Sci., 26, 1973, 755.
Bulg. Sci.,
10. Gdalevich, - G. L., B. N. Goroiankin, I. Kutiev, D. Samardjiev, K.
r a f i m o v. Issledovaniya, lr, 1e73, 2 (Ru ).
ll.Hoffman, J. H., - Kosmicheskie
W. H. Dodson, C. R. Lippincot D. H. Hammac
J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1974, 4246.
12. Gdalevich, G., B. GoroiankirGoroiankin, Ts. Dachev, I. Kut K. Seraf imov
Bu1l. lnst. oI Geophys., 20, 1974, 39 (in Rirssiatt)'
evich, G., B.- Goroiankin, I. Kutier', D. S nardjiev,
I r). Gct alevich,
f i mov. Geophvs., lS, 1974,7l
Bull. Inst. of Geophys., 1974,71 (Russ.).
t4. Hanson,;on, W. -B., S. Sanatani,
S anaLani, b."D. Zuccaro, T. FlowerFlowe a y. - J. Geophys,
75, t970,5483,
15. Kutiev, I., R. Heelis, S. Sanatani.-J. Geophys. Res 85, 1980, 2366.
16. Seraf imov, i{., Ts. Dachev, L. Bankov, L Kutier
1983.
- Reprint GLSR
17. Dachev, Ts., G. C. G. Walker.
18. Dachev, Ts, Private communication, 1981.
- J. Geophys. Res., 87,
I9. Barfkov, L., Ts. Dachev.-COSPAR Space Res., 1978,
20. Seraf imov, K., Ts, Dachev, L Kutiev, G. Gdalevi h. -- Proc. ot the S
on Magnetospheric Ionospheric Physics. Sun and Solar W Gorbanovo, 1979,
(in Russian).
ol Hans'on, W. B., S. San alani. -J. Geophys, Res.,78, I97
22. Dyson, P., R. Benson, Res., Lett',5, 1978,795.
23. -Geophys.
Ossakov, S., P. Chatnrvedi.-J. Geophys' Res.,83,1 2085.
24. Chaturvedi, P. K.-J. Geophys, Res. d3,'1978,4219.
zD, Tsunoda, R,, R, Livingstone, J. P. McClure, W. I-lanson,
phys. Res., 87, 1982, 9171

Bserusss arMocQepa Ha cpeAHlrx Iz HH3KI,Ix url4

H. C. Kymuee
(Pesrcue)
Aerop AeJIaer lronblrKy o6o6u1urr HeKoropble pesynbrar cnyrHlrKoBbIX
AoBaHui4 cpeAHell r,r Hr.r)KHeil HoHocoepbl, npoBe,U,eHHbIx B rpaJrbHori
ropr.fH KocMHqecKrdx r.rccJleAoBa:H]l1'fr. B cosrzn 3a IIocJIeAH 13 ner. fl
AaHHbre o rxr4porHoir H AoJrrorHoli crpyrrype erofr I'I B CBCTC COB
Hbrx rroHr4MaHHfr rrpoHcxoAflIql4x B Heft [poqeccoB H fl Hnfr. Or.uersso
cMarpHBaercf noBeAeHrre oKoJIoMaKCI4MyMHOIi qaLTIl cJIOfl O6JIACTI{ HA B
oKo,/Io 1000 rrr,t. 3tH .u'se o6nacra HaxoAsrcfl B KoHra I{ B3AI]MOACI4CT
nocpeAcrBoM rrpoqeccoB Ar400y3ril,I r o6MeHa sapfAaMI,I. accMoTpeHbI AOJ
HbIe oco6eHHocTrz B pacflpeAeJleHlil4 I,IoHHoft TIJIOTHOCTI'I K pe3yJlbrar B3a
AeticrBnfl Heftrpa.nsuux BerpoB nplz pa3Hbtx KoH@nfypau X MATHVTHOIO
VAeleso BHr{MaHlre [osBJIeHHIo HeoAHopoAHocretl s a pr.raJrbHoM pal{o
rrpHqHHe o6pasoeaHnfl HeoAHopoAHofr crpyKrYPpt.
26
 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGAR]A, 5

Sofia 1986

Space Plasma Emissions Indicator

of Magnetospheric-lonospheric procesl
/VI. M. Oogosheo

Introduction
Airglow investigations wefe initiated at the beginning of t
experiments of the English rstronomer Simon Nucorib, re
ments of sky brightness. He was the first to make the conc
Dngntness of
brightness oI stars, galaxy,
galaxy, zodiac light and other sources
source
interpret the observable night glow. These experiments la
a new scientific field, intermedilte between asironomv a
mainly astron_omical methods orientated to geophysiis, t
tions, especially during the 50s oi this centufy,- largely
more complete understanding of the physico-chemical pr
'low-temperature surrounding space piasha.'
..
We may summarize thtt this type of measurement p
mation on:
_1.
neutralizing processes in the ionosphere ;
2. availability of minor constituents and their distribu
sphere ;

, 3.. wide range of aeronomical reactions, their velociti

oepenoence;
4. interaction between ionized and neutral components;
- 5. magnetospheric effects on the ionosphere, both in a
and low latitudes.
These ormation on many
phenomena investigated mainiy
radiophysic a gendral diagrani
transformat into a glow "as a
The But
[, 2. 3]. They were
to the interpretation of the green oxygen line behaviour
aroundmidnight maximum.
lhe }irst
The first experimental
exoerimenta observations and the initiation of
airglow investigations in Bulgaria had started later, in 196t
of photographiC and electrophotometric instruments we
Observatory bf SLara Zagota. Various techniques for tial and al
study of the optical etnissions rvere developed here i with station ry
alrglow facility [5] successfully used not only in the B observator
but als o in India [6], Cuba [7] and Guinea, Konakry [B].

Solo r wind

tt li I---r -----1
1l lr\Recom-l t!t^)tno-,1.
tt,."lioina
ir, itst.as'- i| irnics
|*r-- iI
Ir lfton 1l I
11
ri L--+J --W-- L sul
<)
=----:r
,u*---:--:---f

Fig. 1, Scheme of the dissipation of solar energy in th rt*o-

sp nere

The first Bulgarian airglow instrument was launch into space in 1 77

This was an electrophotometer aboard the VERTICAL-6 rocket, developed for
the tneasurement of the vertical profiles of various optica emissions [9]. S
ful experiments were carried out on VERTIC AL-7 a d 10 and on the
Indian rockets CENTAUR-II B [10].
A 6-channel electrophotometer was launched aboard INTERCOSMOS-
February, 1979 to measure the main spectral emissions i the upper atmosp
in the visible spectral range.
Successful experiments were carried out with tilt f i r photometers, o rat-
ed by cosmonauts aboard SALYUT-6 and SALYU'I-7 s rtions. These st Lies,
along with the various optical experiments aboard the IN' :ERCOSMOS-BU lA-
RIA-I300 satellite, launched on August 7, 198t, substant aliy contributed the
understanding of the physical processes in the surround ng space plasma, )me
of which will be discussed here.
28
Airglow and nighttime F-region behaviour
Some scientists had originally concluded in the 40s that
red oxygen line with a wavelength of 680 nm correlated
ters. of. the F-region - of the ionosphere. Nev
^nighttime_
b,eginning of the 50s D. Bfrbier [11] suggestbd a semi
the relationship fslwssn the measured
lelations.hip _between iilesral intensity
measured integral intensif.
the FJayer height and its critical frequencyl This form

(1) Ian:K(f oF\zr-!!:41g.

Here
'( and C are rwo constants, depending both the situation of the
observational station and on the concrete observation co tions. On the babis
of a more advanced theorv for the ionosoheric in the F-laver ahd
assuming that:
a) the main generative mechanism of ), 680 nm du ng nighttime is the
dissociative recombination of the Of, ions;
b) t_tr"V_ are. obtained through eichange reactions be n O+ and 02;
c_) the density of O, beyond 200 km varies after the exponential
^^6^-+:^t t^---.
law;
dJ the electron density around the layer maximum i approximated by bv a
parabolic function, and above this by an 6xponential, vr and Gogoshlv
haue o.btained [72, 13] a rnuch more accurafe dependence than Barbier, wh(re
part of the empirical constants acquire also physical con rt. This is as follows :
h'F-200
(2) Iaao: Kc(foF)<P(H, Z^)e H +
- _ Here, similar to (l), the critical
foF, h'.F being the virfual height oI
neutral atmosphere and q(H, Z^1 is
the FJayer.
Very important result is the fact that the constant
lae acquires the following physical meaning
(3) K":| .24 . L04K"*,[Or]roo,
-constant of the velocity of the excha
where {"*" is a
and
:,91+9 when Thlbugh
[On].roo is_ theoxygen mollcules density
Obviously, a serie-s of experimental obsdrvi
merical value oI determined, then-it is possible to o
tant parameter as'(6_is
[Or]roo.

Investigations on topside F-layer portion

through optical emissions
Few, are the optical emissions, irradiated into the topside
most substantial are the oxygen l,I 130,4 nm and i3S,6
region of the so-called vacuum ultraviolet, they are inacc
surernents from the earth surface. Regardlesj to this, t
lity was demonstrated in the few rockEt and satellit"
""p"
Serafimov devoted serie ; of theoretical publications'
of excitation and glow of these two spectral lines, Furt I
theory was accolxpanied with various experimental w
tensity of the two lines aboard
te [18-21].
generative mechan
,ll,""i:tt"''"*
a) radiative recombination of O+ ions with electron
b) ion recombination of positive and negative atomi
1Q+ and O-);
c) collision excitation by soft electrons (of energies
Most productive of these mechanisms is the first
topside F-region.
Each of these generative mechanisms, the regions
of each versus the others and their quantity values
mov in his works. He founds in [22] the following cor
com
bulk velocity of the emission of .Irsr,* into the F-re
AI
t'rBo,+
(4) crronKr{o"rsoo N". [o+]+ o, ,ro,n . I l.[o+]
an

't I
*,fo,ro n B .N,. s-n4e 42sl ,

r)
where .(, is the quenching coefficient of deactivation the excited r ien
term ; ae1r*o,4t oi, lgo,4 are the velocity constants of t radiative a ton
recombinations of O+ with electrons and O-ions. tively, orro,n is the
cross section of the electron collision of O with electrons t output O(2p33sa r?) ;
E, is the upper boundary of the integral by energies hich in Se V,S
opinion may be sufficiently assumed up to 100 eV; is an index in he
exponential of the electron flux spectrum, BN" is the mount of el NS
f rom the flux of energy Eo:9 eV, wherefrom the excit ion of the trip :te
around 1" 130 nm starts with electron collision. Serafi ov found comp rte
expression for the emission vertically (zenith intensity' of I 130.4. nm i te-
grating by the height h, under approximat-ions of the a titudinal distribu
of the subintegral functions deduced by him. This exp is to be o-
perly compared with the experimental data.
Successiully using the models for the neutral compo nts distribution to
the upper atmosphere, Seraiimov considered the increase of l, 130,4 nm int n-
sity due to its multiple resonance scatter lrom the at c compone
In the result to this the observable intensitv of I 130, nm denends on he
height of the satellite, and of the UV instrument, tively. This effec is
significantly reflected on the measured ratio of l,.ao,+lIy,r,u hich will be d
ed further on.
Similar procedure was made to analyse the other traviolet emission of
a length l" 135,6 nm. Serafimov defined that the outout term O(2p33S6Sf) of
this emission had the same generative mechanisms as th of )" 130,4 nm
Similar to (4) is the expression for the bulk velocity of 135,6 nm emissi
Serafimov obtained for the bulk velocity of emiss for both lines
-r
dr,,.
^
q1(ft)Nef I o.ru,u Bre-P'Ee
,
dE"

(5) dh
aG;-
dh
 gr(h) and qz (h) in this expression are linear functions 0"r, 136,6 dfld 0e, 13Q,4

was not accidental, since hs

130,4 nm depends on the (i-
on the a of the emittir;S

Global diagnostics of ionospheric parameters

through optical data only
Bittencourt and Tinsley
_were the first [24] to draw attent onLto he ifact
tl the tact thdt
Iar t
the intensity. of .the r-ed oxygen line ii u"ty sensitive nd(de pend
dss on
ends on the
height at whic
which is located th-e-maximum of ihe nishttime F-la
-laye rr., Simulta
/er. i iim
multanf-
laye. Si ianf-
ously, similar is the behaviour and the dependence"on-the
deoendence-nn:tt, axin
raxit
maI imunum1e.
Irum elect:trol
electrop
density of l, 135,6 nm. The authors were'the first to s thee idea
:st th i lea
idei ltrto diag-
iiag-
di
the specifically ..important. parameters h*F and N* rugh
ougl
hrou the
th eccombirf-
rbirf-
comt
19se
ed 3hr the
measurements of these two lines.
Based on the thorough studies of l" 630 nm and of theetw
, twr
1 wooul rltr
ultravir
travioleit
iolQt
l,l" 130,4 nm and 1135,6 nm made by
lines l.l" bv the Bulgarian
Bulsarian ntist
cient
:ntis sts, K . Serafi-
ts,, K. rafi-
Ser:
re complete and correct interpretation leccom
i the
.he ,mbined
r :omb ined uste
u$e
r

emissions for the determinaiion of t :se: irim,

npor
lmp(
imtr rorta nt io:
rrtant ionQ-
o119-
[17]. While Bittencourt and Tinsley rsedds
:di sem :miempiri
;emie
SC :mpiricdl
ricdl
Cetermination of the ./rru,u dependenc-e tn ,A,N*'F(
N*l :ralimof
qennes rne same based on formulae deduced by him
V*F,
mt,\, SerafimroY
for € nission
,e emir
Irrn,e
r,e efl ;10n aanq
with the use of the international reference models IRI. T latl' )r ar
ter
tter iare used
used tp
ive the s
give.the-shape of the profile only, while the maximum vz f
.ue coftthe he electr
electr
rroT
orl
ItP
density N.F is given by the measured .Irru,u. This depend lnce is isiasas follou
Iollows I *ri
(6)

-'+{ #)] - * ,N,1

e- P Ao pA
p A o (#,- PA"u.
- e- "*, I r - *f^ n
n0 t___
t3 6

*e!#l+ (+4 IE,( - PAoxz)- Ei- pAo)l

In thr-s rafher long, but very suitable for computation pression, the pa.
rameters As, 41, 42 and P arc taken from the IRl'models for each concretr
r.
case, Az: r h-h
L+'ff, and E, is generally adapted den ation of the intg.
ral-exponential funciion.
Formula (6) in combination with h_F determined t l, 630 nm mea.
nents, enables the determinati
surements, on 6i
determination di N*F
ru--n practically
nracfical i any point above
the_ earth surface, through the use ot a reliiiv6ty ctreap an accessible satellite
technique, i. e. with the incorporation of optical "equipment. (Here the alterna.
tive posslDlllty is
uve possibility ls c(considered the use of a satettlte
satellite io
expensive technique). - the osonde a vefv
-

3l
Verification of cornpatibility of neutral
and ionospheric models through airglow observati
As it is known, the first models for the distribution of he neutral compo
in the upper atmosphere were built up at the beginning of the 60s (UR
dard atmosph., CIRA-55, Jacchia-71, etc.). Data mainly fr n the measured tell-
ite resistance were used for the purpose, resul shortening the
satellite orbit and from mass-spectrometric data, too. models were i V-
ed regularly and after CIRA-75 and Jacchia-7T, the precise one at the
moment is the MSIS model.
The ionospheric models composed by Prof. Raw group within the
scope of COSPAR and URSI were initiated in 1975 They are also ub-
ject to continuous improvement.
Many experiments on the simultaneous use of eutral and ionosp
lor practical
models for practlcal geophysical
geopnyslcal corrputations nave sn wn certain incom
computailons have ti-
bility and necessity of improvement. Many Bulgarian pu ications of Sera )Vt
e criterion for ch
compatibility l. The exci ion of the red ox
line is used for the purpose )" 630 nm in nighttime ionosphere. Many stu-
dies, including Bulgarian, have- shown that in a calm agnetic situatio the
following aeronomic reactions are basic for the formation l, 630 nm at n rht-
(time ol the F-region
(7) o++or*o;_+o;
(B) 02 + e--o(1a) + olae;.
The first of these reactions (7) is limiting to the mission velocity.
the ion compotrent (O+) participates in ion-exchange tion with the
ne utral Or. Thus, we may write the following on for the e
velocitv of emission:
dl$o e1A66yyN*F. S(lrl_.
(e) dh- -
olr*{f;]t+B(h)t
In this formulae, e, is the quantum output of reac n (B); recent sat llite
measurements yield e1^, 1,33 ; ,4uro: Q,069 s-l ; A:0,0 I s-1; S(ft) is file-
shaping factor i N*FS(h):N,(ft) is the local electron density, and d(h and
B(h) are the deactivation factors, depending also on re altitudinal dis bu-
tion of the neutrals. Through the integration of the t sides of equatio (e)
by the height ft we obtain a dependence of the colum emission (zenilh i lt-

sity) in dependence of the distribution of N, and O with the height. The

latter are taken from IRI and any neutral model, tes tively. Experi lly
comparing the nteasured zenith intensities with the. heoretical values thus
defined, the compatibility of ion and neutral rrodels is timated.
In the nublications of Serafimov and others a thor study is 30n
comparison between theory and observations on the I lme emlssron of l,
630 nm, performed in the observatory of Stara Zag a. It is found tha the
model computations give intensities at midnight of t order of several Rei-
leighs {or low solar activity, while the actually meas ones are 20 R.
The use of various neutral models (for exanaple Jacchi 77 and MSIS) a IRI
orovide the same results. This fact, as well as some ot criteria. contr ted
io the conclusion that the lRl-models at-low solar acti ity should be corr ted,
since the electron density deduced by them is lower the actual one,

32
 Conciusion
The study of the optical emissions in the last decade contributed signifi-
cantly to the clarification of
_the sophisticated complex of lar-terrestrial intef-
r

action as a whole, and of the magnetospheric-ionospheric processes in parti-

cular. A lot qf Bulgarian publicaticns
- theoretical
ground-based, rocket and satellite, contributed to the mo
a experimental 1
tion and study of. the energy transfer in the surrouncling
which together with its fundamental nature is of definite i

References
1

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

B.
9.

10.

11.
lo
12
CepaSaMoB, K., M. 16roruee. Teopnli Ha r.rsJrrqBaHero Ha
lr4Ht4fl, B Q-o6lacrra Ha rlouocQepara. __ AoxlaAu na xs6nl,
3aropa,1971.
1+.
!.pr,!t MoB, K, Er,rrr. reodras. cnac., 6, lg80, 25.
15.
9 . p n"Q u n o a,..K. - reofrua. cnvtc,, 7, l98l, 21.
16. -_6rar.
Jerarrmov, K. Co.mpt. rend, Acad. Bulg. Sci., BB, 1980, gl7.
tt. -
Q.p,0r.rMoB,_K. - KocnaaqecKue uccrreAoeu"uo. MocK"a, Zd, l9r
18. Gogo^11,.:,,M*,t<. p-er.1j^in19^1, I, Mendev, s. sargoi
Acad. Sci. Bulg., 85, 1982, 1069.
19. Gogo_shev, M., St. Sargoichev, B..i!!endeva. J. Mend
T. Perevodchi.kova,.- Compt. rend. Acad. Bulg, Sci.,
20. Seraf imov, I(., M. Gogoshpv, f i. Gogos^h.ui. lnu(. Sl
21. Gogos_hev, M., B. TanEva, L Mendev,'S. Spasov, A doll
lqh^e1e Spectra, Obtained by IC-Bulgaria-l300
CLSR- 83.
22. S era f i m o t. rend. Acact. Bulg. Sci,, 36, 1983.
23. Serafimo Geophys. J.,7, l5}l,2l.
24.
Ill.1.,V: t"tenio1It.,- J. Geophys. Res.,80,
25. 9ogoqhev, rvr.,.n. reraf imov. Airglow anA ioho"spfreie.
26. Cepa_r!HyoB, K., M. f orourea, I{"e. f orolres;i. _ fdot iin
17, 1977, 1044.
Rawer, K., S. Ramakrishnan, D, BjliIza. preliminaryRefe
tron and Ion Density and Temperature (lRI). _ IpW_Scii Rep.
28. Gogo:_heva, Js., K. Seraf.irnou, Gog ort,"ri, 5.-S;';'.
IRI and _IvlS_IS Intercoqparison. tl.
paper, -pr.senLa' ; il.;
.X

dapest,1980. -
29.Serafimov, K., M.Gggoshev, B. Taneva, Ts.Goso
Ts, Pashova.
- Compt. rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci.,-B-z,f9igli

g l(ocrunuecxu HcneqDaurrr, Kr{. s

Itlznyuerlue i(ocMr,tqecrofi u"[asMbl
- r4trv:RaTop
rrrarurarocsepHo-r4oHocfi epHslx npoqeccoB

/n. M. I-oeotuee

(PesrcMe)

CAenaH o6sop ocHoBHbrx $usnxo-xnunqecrax rpoqeccoB,

BOASI{UX K BO3Oy)I{AeHVTO v r.rsJryqeHr{ro onTrzqecr(flx 3
nJIasMe. Zccne4oeaupre 9rr.rx usnyueunfi Aacr Bax(Hyro kr
JIHSaqUOHHbIX H r.IOHr4SaIIr4OHHbIX npOqeCCaX, O CKOpOCTflX
quri, o [JrorHocrsx Ma,/rbIX cocraBJlflrorqnx, o BBaHMoAeficr
n nefirpa,rsHbrx KoMrroHeHT, o BoaAeficreuu rraarHurocQepu
KonrperHo rroKaoaHo yiracrr4e 6orrapcxr.rx yqeHbrx B srr4x
trrrxcfl pa6orauu K. CepaQurraoBa c Haqa.na 60-x roAoe. fI
pe3ynbrarbr rzoJryr{eHnfl ua4iraancnuyuuofi .{acru f-o6aac
qecKnx 3Mncczfi, a ra'K)I(e ynvqrxeHr,rg MexAyuapoAHbrx
TpanbHbrx ruo4eleli rr Ar,rarHocrr.rKr4 MafHHTocSepuo-uoa

J+
BULGARIAN ACADEMY oF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 5

Sofia 1986

On Measuring Instruments for Space P

Electron Component Pararneters in the Fresence
of 'Plasma-Bodv' Fotential Difference
.S. K. Chapkunoa

The measuring instruments for space plasma electron co

are applibd in the study of the surrounding space aboard a
ites when variable potential is available at the space objr
Such instruments are familiar from reference sources a
riments with the help of Langmuir cylindric probes [1,2,3
ed of a current-voltage converter (TCV), connected with
collector (CSL). In turn the TCV output is connected w
system (TMS), as well as with sawtooth voltage generator
controls the protective electrode ol the CSL.
The disadvantage of the described instruments is incon
of space plasma electron component parameters (only densi
perature in restricted range) under relatively high potent
respect to the surrounding environment of plasma. Compl
tion is to be observed occasionally in such experiments.
L In order to design instruments for measuiement of
ponent parameters with CSL so as to obtain complete sci
on the density and the temperature of the electrons in I
ments aboard the spacecraft within a large range of var
plasma potential difference, it is necessary to satisfy severr
First, it is necessary to incorporate an additional sy
control of the variation range of the sweep voltage, appli6
of the CSL, in dependence on the value of the mentioned
In general, this system contains a TCV converter, connecl
and the protective probe electrode. The TCV output tr
and e-nhanced signal t.o the TMS, as well as to the system f
tion SAC of the translation voltage. One of the outputs of
by the pr"obe protective electrode and the other is conne(
The other input of the SAC controls the output of the ma
Such a device has positively advantages as compared
ln use.
 An exarnplary design of the described instrurn is given in Fi
y[ere j ir probe (protective electrodes);2 po. tial meter; 3
- converter;' 4 collector of cvlindric
DC voltage - rjrol ;5-secondco -
ter of DC-DC voltage ; O--- input (outpui of arirpli r-differentiator);

Fig. l. An erample of a b.lock diagram

_vc

t-
I

Fig. 2. An example of a tlme-voltage diagram

I0 digit-to-an og
I3- 'measure :nt
-
protective elect les
of the cylindricL in fa from the body rnd
the other equipme d to to the potent of
the surrounding p the i measurement c cle
one of the inputs I I is , and switches B
l4 arc open. The collector 4 receives initial potential V: from the outout of
the potential meter 2 atter conversion into convertor & ual to the pote :ial
at the input of ihe
fed in the resul of
outout of con ter
is added to the ol-
potential of 3C-
tor 4 l4l. Due to the serial connection of blocks 5, 3,6to llectol4, a signal
is obtained at the output of amplifier-differentiator 6, which proportional to
the derivative of the collector current lo in time
ft . Srnr" he variation law
of the potential of collectbr 4 in time is linear, the signal i proportional also
dI .
to the J".tivative 77i. This performance is interpreted with he following theo-
retical consideration: the volt-ampere characteristics of the are comDos-
ed by
eo Dy two sectors otof dltlerent
different curvature. potential ot
I he potentlal
iurvature. The of t collector in the
inflextion point of this curve is identified with ihe potential of the sutround-
ing plasma. At the moment when this derivative attains its maximum, a sig-
nal occurs at the output of the peak detector Z, which ol ns switch B and
provides resolutlon to switch 11. The determined value of tt signal from the
output of the digit-to-analog converter l0 is summed in the analog summator
I5 wlIh the value of the potential difference l/sx betrveen the 'floating' electro-
des 1 and the body from the output of meter 2. At the or put oi summator
15 we obtain potential equal to tle plasma-body potential diffeience.
The signal from the first detector 7, atter certain delay ', determined by
the retarding block 12, is fed to 'measurement sampling' blr k 13 which clos-
CS switch 1I and repeats the measurement cycles of period ity 7".
II. All the things discussed thus far could be summari and specified,
considering the fact that the bulk charge generated as a ru depends on the
size of tl-re radius of Debav, and hence, on the lneasureme height. In addi
tion, the consideration of the error in the measurement is n t possible-without
some other additional Drobe measurements. The aim of the lowing analvsis
is to consider the effect of the bulk charge arround the pro and as a result
to decrease the errors in probe applications of space e ments. This pro-
blen is resolved as follows (Figs 3 and 4). Fig. 3 illustrat the block diag-
ram ol the discussed instrument and Fig. 4 shows the tenrp rai diagrams of
the instrument (in particular to the outputs oi the two ge tors of tapezoi-
dal voltage blocks 4 and 5).
-
The principle of performance is the following : each cyc of performance
on the diagram contains four characteristic tirre intervals re tively denoted
by fr, tr, ft and lr. The ratios /1*l2ltslta and tr:tz),ta e valid for them.
During /, the block controls the logics Z, switches through s itch 3 the second
end electrode 1 to the collector of probe 2. The cylindric La muir probe per'
f orms as a unilateral protected probe of length 1:1trl*lrzl= 2Iey in total.'l'he
current from the collector (already l+2) iI converted into v Itage by current-
voltage converter 6, and the latter is fed to integrator 10 through switch 8
and the first (upper) channel of distributor 9 where it is t emorized. During
the period trlt, Ihe second end electrode 1 is switched block 7 through
switch 3 to the first end electrode 1 and the probc oper tes as a,bilateral
protected Langmuir probe with collector length of I [5]. The r rrent from collcc-
tor 2 is transformed into voltage by 6 and through sec nd switch B and
second channel of distributer 9 is fed to the input of inte; tor I1 where it
is nremorized. During the interval of trlt2*1, the genera r 5 generates dc
voltage of value equal to the maximum accelerating voltz of the linearly
decreasing sweep. During /1*/2 switches 12 and 13 are clos, open. During lg
switches 12 and l3 are closed and the voltages from the outpu of integrators 10
and 1l are fed to the inputs A and B of summator 14, as channel A has
coefficient of convergence "1" and channel B has coefficie t of convergence
"2". At the output of summator 14 we obtain voltage, t ional to the

37
current, determined by the availability of the bulk cha in the frontal
of the second end protective electrode 1.
During /a, switch 3 switches second end electrode in its capacity
protection (1+1;. The current of collector 2 is transfo by 6 into v

Fig. 3. The actual block diagram of the device

Fig. 4. Temporal diagrams of the instrument

and the latter is fed to the I telemetric channel through switch 6. During
the second generator operates in linear decreasing swee mode (Fig. 4).
The output signal obtained in the interval la desc bes the volt-am re
characteristics of the probe, and the electron density is omputed by its s )e'
through the use of familiar formulae of plasma theory. The signal obtr
within interval /3 is determined by the availability of charge and con
information on the introduced error.

38
Conclusion

Future attempt will join together the above-mentioned a ts rrom

:cts fr the mlnm inl
ntization, optirnization and updating of the probe techniq ,ap rplying
lpplJ lril
lindr:
ng cylin<
Langmuir probes .in space experiments. It should be men iont
neded he nere hat:ih
e Tthal i

some space experiments in particular the ionospheric-m etosl

Snet rheric
ospheric
osphe: rc pro
; i.gt
rro jer
INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-I300 instruments were desip :d onrn th
on the b:lsis;4t
the: basis r

the above considerations. They successfully performed and rovir

pro led abund
vided
rvided abtrndat
a alr
inlormation for the fine structuring of the electron plasma colllponer
comp(
)mpc nent.t.
,ponent.
The instruments described have been part of the gariar
garl
arianan partr
ian partici patic
oe ticipar tion
in the VERTICAL program.
AcknouLedgements: The author is grateful to the entire alTlr of th,
teal
team he 'Spat
the 'Sp)aae
lnstrumentation' scient'ific branch. led bv him, for their du
d wor
wot k anc
'ork rd im1
and lor-
impo
tant consultations during the application of the above-d :rib
:ribedld inst
instru menl
;trume ntP;
He also extends his thanks to Academician Serafimov for his overall ll supl
rerall lolt
s uppo
and stimulating guidance in his capacity of Director ol ntralI Labr
.he Central L abor
\rd=
tory for Space Research at the Bulgarian Academy of S

References
1. Findley,-andJ.A,,L. H. Brace. The Cylindrical Electrostatic P
IlII ano cxDlofer
Exolorer ]l,\1\I
XXXI Jar'elllres.
Satellites. -- PIEEE, 57, lvot,
vlDLtrt o/, luo+-r
1969, 1054-l
'2, Brace,, L. n., F. 'l'h
H., R, l. ei s. The
Theis. llre Sehavlour of the Plasmapau
Behaviour oI Plasmapause
Langmuir Probe Measuremeuts. J. Geophys. Res., 79, I
o. Brace,., L.-H.,
L.-H.. Theis. A. I al
L."H., R. F. Theis, -
alsarno.
algarno.-fhe The Cvlindrica
Cylindrical
Atmosphere Explorer-C, -D anl -E. Radio Sci.,8, 1973" 4
A -
tIanrrnos, C. K. u,up. Vctportcrso sa onpeAeJlflHe floreHulrata
Agr. ceuaer. I& 27708/11. 09. l97B r.
ganrruon, C, K, r.r,(p. IluruttilptI.{Ha coH,[aBa I'rSMepBaIIe Ha
Ast. crurer. N 26181/31. 03. 1978 r.

06 yctpoficrsax I43MepeHLIs napaMerpoB sJIeKTpoH KOMIIOHCHTbI

KOCMr4qeCKOrz nIa3MbI npl4 Ha/IUqI4A pa3HOCTI,I IIOTeH

,,o6beKT IJlaBMa'(
-
C. K. Vanrcwuna
(PesrcMe)

.Il,ucr<yrr,rpyercff crzryaunfl BoKpyr o6terra IIoct'rre/lfl yuuon annaparypbl B

-
peaJrbHbrx ycnoBlzflx, Hannque pagHocrl4 rloreHIIHa.IIoB,,
rlprrBecrn r olrn6oqublM HayqHbIM pe3yJlbraravt, oco6esHo
Bbrx MeroAoe. B pa6ore cAeJIaHa ronblTKa on[carb ycrp
paMerpoB 3neKTpoHHoft xolanouenru n,/Ia3MbI c rioMo
BoHAa Jlanruopa, trocpeAcrBoM Koropblx rloJlyqaercfl rlo
MarIHs o KoHueHrpawvt Lr reMrleparype 3nel(rpoHoB npH He )cpeAcrBeHHoM z3Ye-
peHI.IKc 6opra KA (n [II]poKHx IIPeAelax usMeHeHlas p
,,Kopnyc nJIagMa((), a rarxe anaJll{sttpoBarb BJIHaHae (
- lr B pesynbrare
KpyN soHAa yMeHblrrurb outr6xn npH
KOC MHqeCKOM SKCrrepI{MeHTe.
-

39
BULGAIITAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCI{ IN BUI-GARIA, 5

Sofia I98O

The Ceodetic Experirnent of the Satel

INTERCCSMCS-BUICERIA. 1 3OO

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,

C^enlral Laboratorjt Jor Geodesy'
Sofia -
*Academy of Sciences of theIJSSR,
Astronomical Counci i Moscow
-
On August 7,l99l, within the framework of the INT SMOS interna
programme of space research, an artificial earth's satelli IN*
BULGARIA-1300, dedicated to the 1300th anniversary of he Bulgarian Sta
was launched into the soace.
Although the satellite INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-I was not specifical
desrgned for
designed Ior geodynamic and geodetic studies, it was
was su ied with a svste
for laser location. This was the first satellite of this tvo since due to the
significant weight and dimensions such systems were -so ar installed on s1
cialized satellites only. Firm restrictions on the weight a I dimensions of t
laser tracking^ lystems were imposed already in thd stage, since apa
from the OLSS. systern (optical Jaser light-reflecting syst ), 11 other instr
ments were to be housed aboard the satellite. Thro"ughbut two years of in
sive efforts (1979-1980) this difficult task was suice lly resolved in t
Central Laboratory Jo-r
.Ge_odesy at the Bulgarian Acad of Sciences [1
A reflective system of 4,5 kg weight was dEsigned for t satellite, using i
very good and stable orientation on the verticil and circ
o{ a tetrahedral truncated pyramid was selected due to
r orbit. The s
restrictions. a
12 prisms were located at th-e small base, 16 at flre late faces, and the la
base was used to fix thc system at the satellite bottom. uch an angle w
selected between the lateral faces and the base so as to sure the energy
the reflected signal bf the re o zenith angles
Z:35o, and at a larger angle panels. Due to t
configuration of the retrorefle of the circular v
occur at Z:35. In order to the OLSS s
at the extreme angles of tracking, tripleprisms of covera and of differe
divergence were used. The experinrental tests on the re ectance capacity
the system, made conjointly by the Central Laboratory f r Geodesy and t
Astrocouncil of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, had st n that the O
system provides a sufficiently powerful signal, up to Z: , and that the

40
 Table 1

Maxlm, Duratlon of tracklng lnterval

errors (m)
I day 7 days 14 days

Along the orbit 7,4 364 1460 6690

range 5,3 262 1050 4820

Table 2

Ernpirlcal
Interval of Epoch of the Number ol Number o[ mo tlon atmosph.
polnts in the Tracking
observa tlons
(MJD)
observatlons
(M.rD) series
poJnts wlth
50 rn
stdtions
rotar.
v (c#
. coeff.

44833
*44837
44833,91 160 156 Riga 1 138376 5.83E-6
Simeiz
44836 44836.95 164 163 Potsdam I 1384!2 9.42E-6
Riga
-44840 Simeiz
44846 44816.93 31 n Potsdam I 138639 6.33E-6
-44850 44850.89 67 Potsdam
44850 80 14 38691 10.85E-6
Riga
-44855 Zvenigorotl
44869 44869.72 247 214 Riga 14 39016 8.7 rE-6
Simeiz
-44875 Zvenlgorod
44875 44875.73 245 245 Simeiz 14 39155 6.178-6
-44883 44886.70 136 Potsdam
44884 136 I 39243 3.54E-6
Riga
-44890 1063 lo08

zones made up 17 o/o

of the circular view. The observat made by 12 laser
tra had confirmed this experiment.
BULGARIA-l30O is subject to atmospheri drag, in spite of
its high altitude 850 km. This is caused by t
of ries and bv the fact that the satellite- w
a period of high solar activity. Unaccountable fluctuatior
density could therefore influence the accuracy of determina
elements.
Possible errors (due to the fluctuations of density not ken into account)
of the determination'of the satellite position along the orbi and on the slant
range are shown in Table 1. These values are determined by the consistent
lQuare polynomial nethod [3] on condition that variations density are distri-
buted in the worst possible way.
Laser observations of the satellite from four stations
nigorod, Potsdam have been processed at the Astronomic - iga, Simeiz, Zve-
Couircil for esti-
-
mation of the atmospheric influence on the speed of the sate ite motion during
the first two months when large splashes of solar activit were observed
('l'able 2).
One passage a day was observed at each station, if me eorological condi-
tions permitted. Observations were united in series of b ays. The analytic
theory of satellite motion used for the calculations provided n accuracv of the
orbit determination at a 5-day interval no better than 50 m. The discrepancies
between measured and computed ranges, after average o elements
on all series of observations have been determined, are than 50 m.

mean value of the average motion (n) and the atmospher coefficient (+) -
computed for all arcs. The variations of the index of sola factivlty F 10.7$r

-lf a

I
I
,
I V
! -\-

Fig. 1. Graphs of the changes in: a the minimum he lz.in (km);

atmospheric coefficient nl2; -and c
- the
b index solar activity
F-the
70.7, as f unctions of the time I (in mean Julian {ays
- M for a chosen
period of the motion of the artificial Eatth's satellite INT MOS-BUL'
GARIA-I3OO

values of the atmospheric coefficient (+) are pfesented F-ig. 1, showi

dependence of changes i" (f) variations ln F 10. T'he change the

satellite height is shown
""
in the upper part of Fig. 1 for t same period of me.
A method of differential improvement of the orbit using the analy ical
theory developed 6y l4), was applied for the calculations oI more preclse v ues
of the orbital elements of the satellite from laser obse vations for the tme
period at the State Astronomical Institute (USSR) [3]. intermediate or tis
hn orbit of the generalized problem of two fixed res. The algorith Lof
filtration is the least squares method. The theory of m ion takes into a unt
perturbations from the geopotential up to the 20th er harmonics. L
42
and solar perturbations and secular perturbations are in atmdspheric dra$.
The model of the geopotential is GtjM-lO.
Six elements of ttre intermediate satellite orbit and
secular change of the mean motion were improved para
aralogous programs, the secular changes of th6 other'el
theorv.
Eleven series of observations at intervals from 3 to
used to study perturbations in the satellite INTERCOS
motion.
Following conclusion can be made from the results
1. The theory of the motion for the satellite BU
satisfactory accuracy at intervals up to 5 days, the mean
between measured and theoretical ranges being about 3 to
!o J"!S rnore precisely into account perturbations of th,
including variations of atmospheric density with time at i
5 days, in order to increase the accuracv of the theon
accuracy of determination of the angular brbital elemen
least squares method, is about 0.8 seconds of arc. The
estimated from two nearby determinations, is 4 seconds
explained by the instability of the atmospheric density,
were not taken into account, as well as -by the smali n
took part in laser observation of the satelliti INTERCOS
2. The accuracy of laser observations utilized in
passages of the saiellite and for various stations varies
3. The obtained laser observations of the satellite
GARIA-1300 can be used for studying orbital changes a
its motion. These observations can be used for oosi"tioni
thods in.an accuracy limit.2-5 m._ A joint processing of I
observations of the satellite, obtained at statiois Riga,
rneiz at, q tyo-lay interval in June 1gB2 in a peiiod
(Fro.z:160X10-?2), has been carried out at the Astronomi
the ORBITA program [5], founded on the numerical integra
equation. Perturbations of the gravitational field were take
for harmonics up to the order B. As estimation shows ver
the determination of the satellite radius-vector (see below)
of the atmospheric density are not taken into iccount, a6
culations based on the atmospheric model DTM 7.
l:0,5 days Ar:16 m
t:l day A,r:62 m
l:1,5 days A/:135 m
The mean square errors oi the forecast of the orbital
day interval, as computed by the ORBITA program, are:
ffio:l tni t/1":$.10-6; nli:So. 10-4; ffin:4o . 10-4 ;

References
1. Georgiev, N. Bulgarian Arttficial Satellite 8-1800.-CSTG Bul
2,XaLNnricrra, A., H. f eopru ee, Br. Iuxos. OnrH'{ecraqra:
crcreMa [nr cryrgr.rKa I4HTEPKOCMOC-Eoarapux-1300.
-
nporpaMMa onruqecKr.rx sa6arcAeunfi crryrHuKa I,IKE-1300,
AH CCCP. Mocrsa, 1984.
3,3nunc6epr, fl. E, u ap. O6pa6orKa AaHHblxnaoepHbrx Ha6ro.qeHufi uua
"I'1
Eorrapun-1300". Hadrrc,(enrq l,IC3, 1983, 21.
-Blo.r.
4. EueJrLsHoe, H, B..Onpe4eleuue 3JreMeHroB op6nrrr , 1300"
3epHhrM ua6.lro.qesuslr, Ha6arcAinal AC3, 1983, 21.
5. KyxelIes,'C, B, I4ccreAosaHlre-Erol.qucJ]euHoro MeroAa 3Kcrpa[onq npofHo3rrpo
ABnxeHn fl I,1C3. 6roa.. Ha6rrolenns LlC3, 1982, 20, 334-3
-
6. KacHMeHKo, T. B.. H. A. CopoKhn. Blussue ropMoxeHr.irr rMocFepbr Ha .(BIIX(
crryrHHKa,Zureprocruoc-Eo.nraprax-1300', .- Epa. Ha6.trcAeuut 1C3,1985, 22.

leo,qeezqecKr4rl aKcrrepr,rMeHT co c[yrHHKoM

I4HTEPKOCMOC-EO/IIAPI,1fl -1 3OO

H. H. I-eopzuee, A. f. Maceeu,r

(Pesrove)
B pa6ore AaHbl rrepBbre pesy,rbrarbr .rraoepHbrx Ha6JlroAeHr cI|yTHUKa ,, [4H
KocMoc-EorrapHs-1300". Ha ocHose nonyqeHHbrx pesy,'lbra CTAHIIHqMIZ
H florc4aM cAenaHbr (oJrH
Cnr',tene, 3ueuraropo4 C OIICHKH BJ'LI'I fl
arMocQepbr Ha cKopocrb ABrrlKeHUfl cnyrHnKa. Ha ocHose nr.r3a pesynbrar B
CACJIAHbI BbIBOAbI O KAqECTBAX I4C[ONbSYCMbIX AHAII,ITHqCC reopHri o6pa6or t4
Ha6rroAeHafi H BooMolr(Hocrefi cnyrnuKoB c o6ulaM flpe HI,ICM C UCJI
perxeHr,rfl BonpocoB, cBgsaHHblx c onpeAeJreHLIeM BJlr.rgHurl epxHeH
HA ABHX{CHI4C CIVT}IIIKOB.

44
 BULGARIAN ACADEMY oF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCII IN BULGARIA, 5

Sofia 1986

MathematicaUStatistical Methods for ssification

of Objects by Means of Spectral Refl tive
Characteristics
T. K. Yaneo, D. N. Misheo

The resolution of the problems of the earth surface and

sensing relates to the measurement of various quantitativ
elect-romagnetic field. These are mainly parameters of the
ed from the earth surface and tran-sfbrmed bv the at
the p_r_oper thermal radiation of the earth-atmosphere s
we have to mention lirst the spectral
We soectral reflective si r

particular the spectral reflective coefficient (sRC).

(SRC).
The SRS is a
tural formation. The SRS is a multiple function of variablr
physico-chemical and biological properties of the studied
and the conditions required to obtain the SRS (illuminati<
ditions, etc.) That is why the SRS is a multifactbrial i
cific information on the- obiects it has been obtained ft

L .SRS features
In order to cgryplete a S_RS classifier (see point II.), it is reas
factors that define the SRS values aclording to some of th
Further 'feature' will mean a factor that alfects the SRS i

geometric (shape, surface, structure, etc.). I

- external
. b) features (atmospheric cqnditions, illuminatic
perature, soil and air moisture, soil electroconductivity, orie
surement system, etc.).
 B. Seconciary features which are the SRS valu€S, in the ind
dual channels of the multizonal measuring systems.
C. Generalized features obtained in the processing of the primary
secondary features alter being treated with certain r (mathemati
taxonomic, etc.). The generalized features may be grou into:
a) generalized primaryfeatures, fo.r example, type-ki anrl subkind, fo
ing the taxonomic features within the natural classifica on of the sub
soil, vegetation, water, etc.
b) generalized secondary features obtained after mat matical transf
tions of the SRS,

II. Aim of the SRS analysis

The necessity to study and classify the SRS results fr the possibility of
their^ ap_plication in agriculture, geology, ecology, etc. The forrnal expression of
the SRS applications in this respect is : to deline the rele ionship bettween
SRS and the other features (primary and secondary-genr ralized), in order
resolve the reverse problem; based on the SRS infoimat to reconstruct
lially or entirely the values of the primary features (and heir generalizat
Such a reversible relation is the classifier. It could be co piled on taxono
probabilistic, set-structured, regressive, physical modelling etc. principle.

IIII. Specific features of SRS

The SRS are random lunctions obtained in discrete (spectrum a

the wavelength) under conditions of incomplete apriori ration and s
ficant aqcompanying noise.
ticant ise. These specifics requir
noise. require the i plementation of
tistic-probabilistic techniques for the SRS analysis.
The larger portion of subject-specifying features (incl ing quantitative
neralizations) have joint conditional distributions in the r Itidimensional s
of the signatures that, as a matter of fact, are not interc
Further the conditional distributions will be briefly rred to as di
butions only. In this sense such features may be denoted as discrete (Fig.
and at the highest level of generalization as qualitative. rne of the sub
spesifying features (and their generalizations) characterize t state of the gi
subject only (for example, various evolution stages) a may have interc
sing distributions, but of differentiated modes, i. e. thev quazi-discrete.
external features (parameters) may have largely overlappin distributions
ing in smooth transition of the parametric surfaces into the multidimensio
space. Such features may be denoted as continuous (qua ive). In the cou
of development or formation of the subject, for example soils, the transi
into a stage (or type or kind) possibly can be perf smoothly, but or
the purpose of our Classifier well-shaped states are of int est and this def CS
the necessity of introducing the quasi-discrete features. I rdless of the e n-
tual smooth transition betwr en them, the probability of inguishing them is
defined with the possibility of identifying various states of he studied subiec in
their set of features.
Another important specificity of the features is that t are random
nitudes in terms of our lack of knowledge on their e pected values in
progress of the experiment.

46
 a) The primary leatures (and their generalizations) random due t$
inaccuracy of the measuring instruments and insufficient v ume of the repre+
sentative samples in the course of the experiment.

f; ''{r)

Fig. 1. Discrete and quasi-discrete feature

distributions
xb Jcz
- disctete features ;
tt
"
x1 t a2 - quasi-discrete teatures ;
/ - dlstrlbution denslty ;
0 patameter
-

b) The SRS are random functions due both to the

here and in a), as well as to the impossibility to study
affecting the SRS. 'Ihis problem will be discussed in detail

IV. Major problems

.A,s it was already mentioned, the main purpose is to define the lationship betwee
the SRS and the other features. The precise analytical of this relation
ship still seems an irresolvable problem. The various of approximatio
to this task could be formulated as follows:
Physical model o/ S(S.
At the availabl6 state of our knowledge this is
particular relations between the SRS and the primary
results attained by now do not permit large-gcale
culture.
 Statistical Model o/ SRS.
This is realized with the determination of the regrr ve deoendence
face in the multidirnensional space of the feature) bet SRS and a g
seT oI
set of pflmary features or tnelr
primary leatures their generalizatrons.
generalizations. There
I hel no available
by now to define thc confidence regions of such a on in the al
case, when both the features and the ndence val
the dependence value the SRS irr this c se)
are random variables [1]. The Classifier procedure req to know these utl-
fidence legions. RelativCly easier is the problem of reg ion coefficients de-
termination. This can be done using, for example, the thod of the maxi ul11
likelihood [1], the method of least squares [2], etc,, and fegressron ls t
between the l-th component the SRS r vector and
comDonent o,f the and a the ft-th com
of the c vector of the features, k:1, . .. , K
r;:f (c11,..., cr), i:I,..,, ftr-channel number for RS.
The confidence intervals of the regression may defined with cer
inaccuracy with the available techniques (which rdqui for the ind ent
variables of the regression to be determined variables) f we can ensure hat
the relative variance (measured for example, with the v iation coefficients of
|fe pljm.ary- features^(and their generalizations) is at le t of an order sm ller
than that of the SRS.
The evaluation in this respect may be obtained, if compare the tor
ol
of the relative errors 6" of the vector c of the prin
6o o! y features (incl ing
lheir generalizations) and i.he vector of the relatjve rors 0, of the ve tor
i (tr, c) of the secondary ieatures (incl. their generali ions). If 0 is assu
to be measured with the variation coefficient, then 6r= ,/p1, where p, is the
average value of the l-th component of r, respectively c, S, is an esti ate
of its mean square deviations. Basic sources for Oo-and 6. formation are
pectively (p. A for 0o and p. B for 6,):
A. a) Test field measurements:
i. Errors from the measuring systems.
ii. Errors from the interpolalion and extrapolation f the measured d
when studied areas are large and with various conditi (and they must
such in order to receive statistical representation of the ta), therefore mei
rements of sufficient coverage cannot be performed.
b) Remote sensing (helicopters, airplanes, balloons, tellites):
i. Errors from the measurement systems.
ii. Errors from interpolation and extrapolation measured values (as
for p.A. b).
B. a) Test field measurements:
i. Errors from measurement svstems.
ii. Errors frorr insufficient kn-owledge on SRS yield ng conditions (m
in evaluating the illurnination conditions).
iii. Undetermination of r in the result oi the fact th not all the intri
and external features are included in a,
b) Remote sensing:
i. Errors from inaccurate evaluation of the SRS ng conditions (ill
nation, atmospheric state, etc.).
ii. As in B,'a, iii.
All the features incorporated in c (if properly sele ed) are indepe :nt
from r (but they also might be interdependent) and affec the f values on he
cause-effect scheme.
Present experience shows that the q and r t distributions rre
close to' normal. From the definitions in A and B and experience acqu )d,
the following conclusions can be made:

48
 c. 6;ar and 6naz ate Comm€nsurable respectively wi dnd 6aar, arid
6aaz is commensurable respectivelv with 6.qar.
D. 6aar and 6aar ar€ iommeniurable respectively with nz and 6,qoz.

r\r
Ilh(
l\

iii
I'rl
Itl /
- 1'
i+r -/-'-
-t
lfL
ltl

$", .r'
"',

Ftg. 2. Confidence regions of regression surfaces

4
- three-dlmensional regresslon surlace iancl tts coalldence
reglon S)R.

- two-d|nenslonal
D projects of conildence regions e Rl and e
and thelr cross section f)4r.r,

The errors from D are much larger than from C. The

tal possibilities provide for a significant ieduction of 6
to the other 6 from D. Therefore, a regression with con
termination can be effectively traced (at least at present)
c on test field data, if a sufficient number of well
available with 6p is at least an order smaller than 6aoe.
The possibility to obtain regression with a confiden
not lead to an easy practical application, at least due to:
1. The confidence regions Oo (Fig. 2) arc defined fo
face parameters and the cl-assifier"requires'the confidence
dual result Or:flp fl Or" to be known, where O7" is the

4 Kocxnqecru xgc.fler(eauxg, rH. 5

 2. The determination
-r-is. of O" and O15 is related to ificant Computati
a iir i cuu i e s. t-;;;;. i'r' J'f ,#'l t"i$, ""at Hi"'.jlrlj ons (c contai
two features).
features). Even in this relatively
relativelv simplified
simnlitied case the
th a lytic (and res
tively the automatic) determination of Op is significantly mpered. We sho
add to the necessity of plotting the fla projections over t coordinate s
axes the necessity of knowing the confidence
con intervals of
intervals the individual pa
meters (features). Additional difficulties result from the eternrination of O
Certain facilitation may be achieved if r is obtained as mean square f
the multiple resolution elements (RE), each of a dim n representative
the least possible RE, already marked with the properties-proble the studied c f
$2r., will tend to Oa.
Then $2." Oo. This case reveals the the proble of determining t
mlnlmum RE
minimum Rb, dirnensions.'Anvw
dirnensions. Anywav. such a oroblem should resolved in ge
ral prior to the large-scale SRS "measurements, in order t determine for ea
class or theme of classes (although approximately) the o, imal RE climensi
in agreement with beforehand selected criteria. In [3] there i a solution throu
which the optimal RE dimension is defined in the cour of the experime
Certain general methods and instrumental requirements f site-testing in t
ground-based studies of SRS arc given in [4,5],
Another problem related to RE of SRS is the case hen mixture ol t
or more thenatic classes is available in RE (i. e. such will be of inte
to the interpreter) and a separation of this mixture is req ired. In general, t
separation of SRS mixture is a problem of two main asp, ts:
of a mixture from SRS distributions ined from a
- separation
set (pixel), within the limits of which RE there is no mixt re of SRS of dif
rent classes. and
of SRS mixture, obtainert within the li its of one RE.
-Theseparation
first problem is closely related to the selection optimal RS dime
sion. Under proper selection, if possible, i. e. if a platea exists within t
limits of the studied region, the problem does not exist t the interpretati
level. In the reversible case the SRS distribution from va ious RE is obtai
in polymode. Under defined ronditions, for example, ide ification oi the d
tribution type, the component number determination is pe rmed with the w
known methods [6].
The second problem requires solution when two o more in{erpetati
classes are mixed within the RE limits [7,10] and their rcentage partici 1
tion is sought (weight coefficient) in their collective SRS. Such case is rep
sented, for example, with series of agricultural crops di ided by soil stri
The problem is solvable in the statistical sense, if the clz distribution nu
ber is known for the classes participating in the mixture their paramete
Then the confidence intervals can be deiined for the wei coefficients w
sufficient channel number in the SRS measuring system i available.
In conclusion we mav sav that the elaboration of ral regressive fu
tion r (1, c) is still very difficult both on methodological and applicable co
puting level. Therefore, in near future it is possible to ain only particu
regressive dependences of largely limited c dimensional y. Nevertheless,
consider that even so the information will be useful for t SRS interpretat

Probabilistic -s et c Las s ifier

Ihis classifier is built by comparing the confidence regions the primary featu
and their generalizations with the confidence regions of t SRS or their tra
formations. The adequacy of this comparison with the a ailable aoriori inf
rnation, as well as the updating rvith the experience acqui ed is coirtrolled

50
the interpreter. Ttris appfozich is suitabie for the discrete nd quasi-discrete
features mainly. The major stages in the compilation and ration of such a
classifier are:
a) training
- with
b) classification
and without supervisor,
and new information accumulation,
c) updating,
. d) dirnensionality reduction of the featUres space in given thematic
class set.
Further, a largely simplified scheme of the SRS classifi r is applied. This
is compiled within the attempt to balance the two basic con radictory require-
ments: application simplicity and suificient accuracy of the lassificaton.
The following exposure contains in brief and in a eralized form
the fundamental information for the structural units of the suggested scheme
and also a brief comparative analysis of some available met s and approaches
related to the discussed problem.

V. SRS Classifier
1. SRS Transformations
The basic criterion of effectiveness for a given transformatio is the risk func-
tion Q (Appendix 1). In a iixed set of classes the transfor ation which redu-
ces ,Q to a higher degree should be adapted as more eff ient. The evalua-
tion of R in most of the cases is difficult. Some indirect r teria are known
that are used as alternatives in first approximation of 1] lir r and nonlinear
functions ol the intra- and interset clasG distances (clusters respeciively), en-
thropic criteria, etc. In the case r,vhen the class distribution are close to nor-
mal we assulne as the clearest and in many cases directly pr rtional the rela-
tionship between the variation coefficient V of r (by comp nents) and Q:V,
:c,,fi' r;," i:1, .. . ,tfl channel numher of SRS. Firither ; , when possible,
it will be preferred as - a neasure of effectiveness Ior the t formation replac-
ing R. The main types of transformations that are availab
l.l. Orthogonal (expanded by orthogonal functions).
a) non-eigen systems of orthogonal functions: Fourier, alsh. Hadamard.
Vilenkin-Chres=tenson, orthogonal p5lynomials, etc. No direci ala are available
as to whether the use of these expansions coefficients as r mponents in the
transformed space results in 11 reduction. It rnay be demo rated in particu-
lar that for the Fourier transformations such a 'reduction i not guaranteed
(see Appendix'2).
Another defect of these transformations is that when stee SRS sectors are
available (for example, vegetation), a iarge number of expa ion components
is necessary which increases the dimension of the transfo ed space. Also
these transformations assume that SRS are oeriodic functio e. a compfo-
mlse_with reality which
rrr-rutr wlLlr rcalrLy
. results in
wflrcrt resurls rn qescllptlon
description lnaccuracy.
inaccuracy.
b) eigen systems -- transformations of Karhunen-Loev the discrete
version a method of the main components). The advantage these transfor-
mations is that no SRS periodicity is required here" The di vantage being
that fhe eigen systems of the j-th 'this class is optimal with resl t to the econo-
mic class description only for class, and not for the o her classes from
the classifier set examined. That is whv, the switch-oft of me SRS cliannels
after the analysis of the given class in its eigen system n negatively affect

ol
 R within a given situation of the class description in set e, it
is possible to identify well some of the classes precise yln ls).
1.2. Autocorrelative transformations (some form afe n-
dlx,5).
The advantages of these transformations are: di sion of the tr rm-
ed space not larger than that of the primary space; variation coeff ient
of r in the transformed space is smallei than- thit of primary space; slm-
ple calculation operations for transformation. As a di vantage we may int
out the ambiguity of the transformations II and IV in the sense that ^l
al
autocorrelative functions may be derived from various unctions. But thi atrt-
biguity
orgulry lnctuoes
includes a class oI
of symmetrical functions to
symnaetrical tuncttons to t coordinate axes. and
such symmetries cannot be iound in SRS of the natu I formations over the
Earth surface.
l.3..Fnthropic transformations (Appendix 4).
.it is already _known, they are iealized in eigen
13], and, therefore, the summary of p. 1.1. refers tJ t
coordinate syste
^(Appendix m also.
1.4. Divergency transformaiions 4).
They lead to the optimal results in the sens'e of inimizing the de ned
divergency only for a given couple of classes and, ther ore, the disadv ?ge
of the eigen transformatioirs from p. 1.1. In addition, th involve a very lar-
ge number oI calcuiations, and information losses in t real case in un tual
covariant rnatrix of the classes [9].
1.5. Metric measures for similarity and distance o mization bewteen
to rs-realizations.
According to the type ol the distance metrics, the transf ormations
rto: (A) Euclidian; (B) Mahalanobissian,
de into: Mahalanobissian. etc. ;: aar by the optimi
criterion into : (a) minimizing intraset distances ; (b) ximizing interset dis-
tances, and (c) mixed,
i. Complex (in the sense of a certain criterial function) distance optimi tion
[9, 11, 12,J3] and ii. Serial realization of a) and b). U ually (A) methods afe
based on linear transformations and relate directv to (a and (b). (A, a) t ns-
lormations lead also to enthropic transformations. The on-paratnetric Pat ick-
Fisher transformations [13] use the exponential function as crlterion that i rea-
ses with the expansion of the interset distance and the rev
rse, and relates to (c).
T'he advantages of these transformations are mainly two: they have a < om-
pleted analytical technique for determination of the tran formation matrix, and
provide possibility to improve the class separation in t sense of the def ned
criteria, but without a direct link with R.
The disadvantages are grouped into: i. criteria (a) o not guarantee
rately the obligatory decrease. of ,Q; ii. criteria (c) make it possible to ev ate
in explicit form the increase of the class separability y when there are wo
classes, while in the general case of many classes (1 ially when the pr ma-
ry space is populated with a large density, it is difficul to evaluate re-
hand the effect of the global distance change between realizations.
crlption of other metric and non-metric clusters-algorith is given in [9, 1 11.
The possibiliiy for their application in SRS classificatior probably sm ller
than oI the techniques discussed here.
This brief comparative analysis provides certain vantages of the a
eorrelative transformations, because it is possible to in with them
versai (for the complete class set studied) impro t of the class Ia-
bility, measured in ihe first approximation with the vari tion coefficient V nd
estirnated by now for the primary space only, and not r the other t of
transformations (These translormations also relate to simpl computing operati ns)
tro
dL
 As a general disadvantage of all the mentioned transfo ations, we shall
note the absence of a clear analytical link in the general of unequal co-
variance matrices of classes between the risk function in the rirnary and trans-
formed sDace. Due to this the transformation effectiveness n be evaluated
only appioximately in an analytic mode. After the translort ration, direct cal.
culations of Q must be performed for each beforehand giv class set with a
theme comoiled in the Classifier.

2. Transforrnations to aztoid ill-conditioned cooariation

When the channel number of the system for the SRS yie is large, Jor ex-
ample 32, there is a possibility for the determinant of the variation matrix
of certain classes either to become smaller than the compute zero (in the case
when the SRS are reduced to spectral illumination coefficie smaller than a
unit, and therefore, with dispersions oi the 10-1 order), or exceed the up-
number of r, is
ing due to scale
th a suitable and
S to its nean
stem and loss of
information for the mean class vector, except iI it is not in oduced as nn ad-
ditional feature. The transformations discussed are not effec ive when the de-
terminant is ill-cor-rditioned in structure.

3. Subtraction of subnatrix
A possibitity of reducing the input matrix {rom dimensions (nt\.n) to dimeu-
sion(m'Xn) is foreseen when it is possible to decrease dimens nality of the pti-
mary space of the features.

4. CLuster anaLysis
It is applied tor grouping the input data by some forrnal
larity. The quantitative expression of this criterion is the I re of similarity.
Usually it is selected as 'distance' in space apriori selected rics (for examp-
le, Euclidian). The following procedures divide the cluster rithms into two
groups : (a) subjecting the measure of similarity to threshold alues through the
realization of non-equalities, and (b) optimizing the selecte function of this
measure, in order to define a criterion (most often for this rpose the trans-
cluster-algorithms
formations from l.5.areapplied). There are tens of well-know cluste
(nearest neighbouring maximum distance, ISODATA, etc.) [ 12,l3l.The com-
putations of inter- and intraset distances is periormed m ly tms
NS

lrom (b). These operations make dilficult the algorithmic rlic the
be
numbe-r of vector-observations that are subject to clustering is 103
03
[121. Since in the real case of remote sensing data (and even les of
for
the SRS their number will be larger than 103, it is recomme abl he
the
application of more simplified cluster-algorithms) mainly thr : fr

5. Automatic controLs
5.1. For cluster population: if population is less than the cr ical (given hrr th r
user) the cluster is not analysed and is entered into the mory.
 5.2, For normai cluster tlistribution : in satisfyins
given criterion of normality the vector-onservotlon's -?or ta
are
passed for the calculation of an average vector and col
5"3" For ill-conclitioned covariatiori matrix.

6. Normal distribution simulation

Based on average vectors given by the user, a set ( normally distri
ted
vectors rs obtained, i. e. classes of normally distributecl vectors are mode
led.
Such data file is necessary for the cornpu.uiiu" study o the effectiven
of
various transformations oi other programs when the iea. data available a
in-
sufficient.

7. Compilation of cLassifier
7.1. All clusters satisfying the controls (incl. the op( tor control of
tering accuracy explication in 7.5) arid all classer
- see
at the input of the main program are passed for compu
formed by the
tion of average ec-
tor and covariation matrix. Afterwards the information storaged in the
sifier. The storage may have various variants in depen ce on What ty of
transfot'mation has been applied for its compilation.^
7.2. Stonge cla-sses limits : (a) with Bayes approach the limits depe on
the set of classes which at a given stage oi classifier c lation are c r-
ed in determining the risk function. This approach ensu minimum risk f
tion; (b) in beforehand limitation of classes.
i. lvluruutmensronal
r. Multidimensional conll0enuaI
confidential pafalleleplpeds
parallelepipeds
narallelen with axes parallel to the
coordinate axes and multidimensional confidence ellioso whose axes VC
been obtained with sufficient statistic material for flre c (after a trai ng
procedure); in this approach the computing operations a Iargely f acilita ed,
but the value obtained of tt e risk ft,nction is not minin um. Anyway, solu ion
may be looked for at apriori given admissible upper lii of R.
ii. With linear and non-linear decision functions: i this case
gion of a given class is lacalized, witfr timitatil;";1' - the 1e-
of the multidi ln-
sional planes and non-linear surfaces. fhis approach is ated to the fo no
"b
significant disadvantages :
even when the discriminators are linear at a cla number larger t tan
20-30,- the oblique multidimensional linear surfaces are c mplex and resul in
an inadmissibly large number of computations; in the c ctf SRS classif
tion, the class and subclass number subiect to identific ion should hard
smaller than several tens :
probabilistic evaluation is difficult for the classi ication quality,
over-that the larger part of these algorithms do not per it probabilistic 'a-
Iuatron and become cycling when the classes interc (an exception is he
algorithm of Ho-Kashyap [9]); iii. In the statistic algo thms for obtainir a
decision functions; stochastiC approximation, perception*a1 roach, potential f tc-
tions, etc. ln this case the convergence of the algorithmr to the Bayes cl
lkl,i: .lo*.[9]",This disadvantage will be rfanifesJe particularly st
the :XI
1y
in SRS classification when the dimension ol the ture space and he
class number are of the order of several tens and this i the real situatio
Due to the disadvantages demonstrated, the further procedure will
der the limits defined in (al b. i).
7.3. Risk function computations. Case 7.2.a is com tted when apriori
formation is available on the class distribution, their a iori probabilities

54
the loss matrix. Advantages : minimum Rruy., is guaranteed' D
the apriori information -is not available, assumptions tn si
needed to be adapted and to be updated in the process
finn Anrrhnulrxrhcn
tion. Anvhow, lhe form of distribution
when the can be ASSU
distrihtttion can ass
certainty (in this case the experience acquired in SRS is
16]) and there is a possibility to increase the repres-entativ
luriie required, the Bayes approach is recommended [17].
Case 7.2.b has the following advantages as compared
stant limits simpliiied computation; and disadvantages : ,

not minimum at the expense of the cutoff 'tails' of the

formulation of the class constant limits. The upper limit
calculated with the 'tails.'
7.4. Classification oi newly added vector-observation
the newly added observations to a certain class in the C
none in particular) is clelined rvith the verificaiion of the
in the case 7.2 as obiained with the principle of maximu
the case 7.2.b, i from the class limits.
7.5. Classifier- learning. In the scheme suggested the
lized as follows :
[Jnsuperaized learning: through the cluster program
the introduced formal criteri rn in them lor for slmllarlty
similarity b0(
Superoised learning: (a) at the output ol the cluste
interactive mode the operator controls the ciustering qual
erroneously grouped -of observations, based on the available c
(b) At ttre input the najor program : through apriori .
iitis, tor example, from test field'measurements; c) upda
fier storage. The verification of the normal conditions guz
ry closen6ss of class distributions to the normal in the cl
refore, guarantees the Bayes mode of learning of the ave
ple
^ volume tending to infinitY.
Ihe superviseE learning is perforrned with apriori i
parison between the confidence SRS regions (and their
ihose of the generalized features.

B. Qeduction of the feature space diruension

In many cases the identification of a given set oI cl
with a beforehand given identification quality (Ior exampl
sible maximum R value), with a portion of the inlormati
experiment (for example, with the SRS -values of some ch
lution oI this
lutlon of prbblem results III
tnls proDlem in both direct cLurruruy
DU[Il ulrtreL economy ur of
optimizatiorr of the technical problem with regard to the
aird their exploitation capacity. The result from the resol
lem may serve as a criterion for the effectiveness of ce
tions. Some Basic methods for the reduction ot dttnensto
are given in [9].
The precise resolution requires a study of the compl
subsurfaces forned with the subset ot nf leatules (prinar i
features (prlrlary
a definition satisfv the selec
definifion of those combinations that satisfy s€
classification quality. In the general case of unequ
ces and non-linear decision functions this problem is diffi
regard to the computation
^ efforts involved. But if we as
ria"tion matrices, though unequal, are diagonal (of
those of the real niatrices) and the classes are limited wit multidi
parallelepipeds, includins ihe confidence elliosoids whose A
es are parallel t
trices, then
ossible solution
the classifica
DrnaToncs program. 'lhe restrictions introduced in ed with the com
the reso of the pro
lem in this case result in the ollowing: if the progrur- p, ides an an
-f
that given subset of features is sufficiEnt for th'e ciassifi on of the stud
set of classes, then this conclusion is preserved in the eral case also fo
th.e nondiago'al covariation matrices, but the risk f;;tio? n the general
cas,
will be smaller. The reverse answer that the given feature ubset is not suffi
cient for the set class recognition at a lixed "value, is not guarantee that
nondiagonal matrices the same result will be preseived"

9. of classified, reaLizations uith geographic

andloupling
c
contouring of the spectraL hontogeneou"s rZgibns
In order to resolve this problem, it is necessary to pro accompanyln
code for each vector-observation through which it ge5g, ic coordinates
"
RE c.an be compared.. With :he help oT plotter-p;;g;;;l a two-dimensiona
coordinate system, the coordinates of att ttre ^obiervation of a given clas
are plotted. When simultaneous visualizations are neederj (graphs) of mor
than one class, several well distinguished symbols are use Ttre computatio
of the geometric characteristics of the cont"oured regions ca be provided wit
upplementary programs : perinreter, surface, formfa&or, eti

10. Classifier storage updating

All classified and unclassified realizations entered in the clar ler afe lTlemofl
ed to the type_ of the classification progrr*, ie yes, multidimensi
onal.acc,ording
vrrqr ellipsoid, etcJ, andauu the of Ine
rLrrryovru, Err..ri Llle type
rype oI the aprlorl
apriori JK>
SFS transl
transt rmations.
Alter accumulating a given quantity of such data the u ating is perform
ed (on user's request) -in two directions":
A. With the already classified observations the avera vector and
covariation matrix of each available class in the storage is pdated. It is advis
able for the purpose to use numerical moclels for brfei co rputations [9]. Th
approach assumes the implementation of nonmarked traininl sequences of SR
in the classification of new observations, i. e. for which it is not aprio
known to which class they belong. Therefore, if in the- cl cation mode
the input of the .program the ma-i<ed training sequence is I, the informa
from the unclassified observations cannot be" useb for direc updating of r
lution surface parameters. This may be performed, if the te iques of stoc
ilc approxlmation are applied for the iterative determinati of . these para
meters.
B. With the unclassified realizations to any classes in the storage a
also with those that have not satisfied the automatic contr ls. For the purpose
an inplt {il. jr c_omposed from them and the complete tra ning cycle is per
formed with it. Here it is possible to produce new classes.
" In the
forming
process of compiling a tlieinatic classifier oj fin
classes it is possible -to obtain as an interme
e number
iate result
21y'

SR.on"L.1l,qrt" when the nonequality MlM^,* exists. This is d to the followi

Bayes SRS classifier operates witir theoreiiiit normal distrib tions that are
fined in the interval (-
ing -, o") for each of the features, A er the first learn
stage (no updatirig was made) the class number is zl4 M^u* (in the real
case at the recent stage of knowledge on SRS not always e apriori precise
themes). On the
I case of space
) M+j-tn classes,
nce
between the
e
available filling
of the thematic feature space. Due- to t[is and alsi to con nuitv of the nor-
mal distributions in the intervalS (-*, oo), the Bayestlecii n frrnnlinno li*ii
ing the available classes pass awdy from ihe class centers.
increases for observ.ations-belongirig tb the zl4+/-th class
belonging to some of the M-thclalsejit M+ j-th if6., i,
classes. Such an error of II gender can be- reduced,, if"ios.the rurrneu lvl clas-
ses
.are limited with, for. exanrple, confidence ellipsoids or parallelepipeds of
smaller size and not with Bayes functions, but anyhow su that the sum of
the cutoff tails of the normal- distributions would 6e admis le, i. e. the error
of I gender would not exceed the apriori limit. Then the bility for reali-
zation from the M+ j-th class to enler some of the M.th ses is consider-
ably
aoly. reouced, for if in
reduced, except tor in general the l,f n7'_16 .1ur. d not intercross
largely wlrh
targery with some ot
of the ,,14-th
A4-th classes. After repeated updatin the classifier will
reoeated uodafin
be refilled with new classes -it'"and when M - fu_^* thbn R yes-Rcorst will be
ensured. Therefore, *tr* ;pd;ti;;"ir ;.Til;;;, "j :r they belong M
nder condition
lM,aua; b) with data of no apriori info-rmation as to whi:1 to
onlv. if is recommendable
the M-th formed class only, recommendahlc to in nnmnl e the classifier,]
uslfrg conJidence ellipsoids or parallelepipeds ancl only un lr M-M^^* (the
criterion for this may
mav be the absence bi bf new class formati r after repeated
updalng within the theme) to apply the Bayes clecision fun tions.
For the given confidence deCision functions it is e at fixed value
M (by number and class content) to minimize the risk'func ion [19]. Of cour-
se, the. minimum &,rn thus obtained will be larger than rQ if realizations
belonging to the ulrl-th class are entered only.

VI. Program. package for classification of spectral

reilectance srgnatures
determining.-the structure and the content of a progr
Yh.Tfor the cclassification package design-
ed ation of spectral
snectral reflectance siol'a'+,,rfo
signatures
RS), rnultiple con-
siderations rrom
sluerarlons from both general and particular nature
Dotn genelal must be taken into acco-
nature"must
unt in view of the package effectiveness: scientific, econom and applicable.
rorle
Some orof rnese
these consldefatlons
coniideraTions wefe discussed in the
were dlscussed the previor chapters. Consi-
derations, related to the experimental specifics of SRS obtai ing and affecting
the volume of the computation efforts under application of program package
for SRS classification, may be generalized as fbilows :
1. In the real case of satellite and nonsatellite informat use for classifi-
cation or for learning files, thousand or tenS of thousan SRS are applied ]

(vector-realizations in multidimensional signature space) as o ained from indi-

vidual elements of solution.
2. Class and subclass number that is interpreted within the limits of the
thematical classifiers, for example, for agricultuial purposes, s of the order of
several tens. ]

(. 57
 3. The dimension ol the primary feature space (the hannel number of
multispectral devices) in which SRS are obtained is also veral tens for
contemporary technical provisions.
4. The SRS distribution is in most of the cases iciently close to
normal, due to which there are grounds to apply the res tive statistical
thods elaborated for normal distributions.
The major operational modes for the SRS Classifier usually are: trai 18'
classification and updating. According to the selecied alg ithms for determ td-
tion of the class characteristics, these three modes may be r alized both parall or
in sequence, for example, the techniques of the stochast approximation ui-
re parallel performance of training and updating to achie e more complete in-
formation use for the incrorrectly classified marked reali tions in the t ng
sample, but this involves larger computation efforts, that must be taken rto
account due to the considerations in L 2 and 3.
It follows from the considerations 1. 2 and 3 that necessity of te-
ase in the dimension of the feature space, where the S classilication or ne
of their transformations is performed, should be also co idered. This can be
realized through appropriate SRS transJormations and ermination of the 1111-
nimal feature combination (under beforehand given class set) and thus to aL-
^+
tain the given threshold value of the risk function or another criterion on
the classification quality [9]. In the general case when t covariation mat
of the classes are not equal, the relation.ship between tl risk function Q d
the various criteria for classification quality is establishr rather bl J
after reduction of the feature sDace.
Consideration 1 should be taken into account whe selecting the clu ter-
algorithms with preference to those where the training rix is used in se-
ries, column by column, with nb necessity to be kept irely in the \a-
tional memory, as is the case with the cluster-algorithm that optimize the
criterion lunctions from intra- or intergroup distances, e c. In cases simila to
the latter, the acceptable dimension of the training mat ix is no more han
I 000-2000 vector-realizations.
Consideration 4 makes possible the use of probabil tic methods for as-
sification that are more precise than the cluster-algorith or the deter red
discriminant functions (hiperplanar, etc.) and provide por ibility to comput or
evaluate the function of the average risk.
Accelerated computing procedures are applied to ot ain separate nl he-
matical functions as the probabilistic integral in the m Itidimensional fea ure
space, the average vector and the covariational mairix f each class and the
algorithms for their updating, etc. In l27l an accelerated procedure is s
ed for classification by Bayes through replacement of some of Bayes ecl-
sion functions in the course of the Drocedure with sim r crlterlon non ua-
lities, and also through appropriate transformations of covailatlon ma X.
Significant alleviation of the computation elforts be obtained th ugh
the application of the confidence hiperparallelepipeds as a prefilter to yes
procedure of classification. In this case, the verification of the belongin oI
vector X to a given class is initiated with a system of uations
(1) ap3Xi'<bii, i:1,. ' ., rn, i:l
where m is Ihe dimension ol x. n is the number of in the Class fier,
and a,i and b,i are the limits of the hiperparallelepiped f the 7'-fh qhrr. rese
limits may be determined differently, for example, so t t the respective lon-
fidence elliosoid should be inscribed in it (determined at a given confid :nCe
level) or so that the shaping edges of the parallelepi would eoual the res-
pectiw main axes of tlie ellipsoid (then the latter will incorporated into
the hiperparallelepiped) and so'on. In agreement with co eration 4, the di
deration di-
mensions of the ellipsoid can be determined on the basis
tribution. If under a fixed 7' at least one of the non-eq
_the-.ve_ctor x does not belong to the 7-th'
fille"d,. then ass (under select
confidence level). In the reverse case thle answer ihut belongs to the Ttth
class is not absolutely positive, because it is possible tha the 7'-lh hiperparil-
lelepiped would have section eio+O with anoth er k-t
Under a built thematical classifi6l the indices k of
9rl#.0 ghoul.d be kept in its memory for a given j and
lished. that the system- (1) under fix-ecl 7 is s-atistieh try
should be performed for those values of ft onlv for wh
the classification with the help of hiperellipsoid may be 1

requtres. simple_ computation operations without necessity

halanobissian distance in a prestage and, therefore, we in
fast action of the procedure described. It is possible whe
amount of closely located classes in the Ciassifier to r
of the upper proiedure with the one susested in l27i
(ivhen it is established that x satisfies (1) ;nd O;oaO tdr
that will result in a greater acceleration 6t ttre ciiriitvins
in the qase when the covariational matrices of the clisse"s
that differ in.between.
example of the structure of a program package f
t3king into.account the above-mentioned considerations, is shown in Fig. 3.
The denomination of the subprograms and their destinatio r are as follows:
1
- input matrix of data i 2 multiplication of
-
constant number ; 3 -, cluster-algorithms ; 4 SRS trans
plicatidn of vector-column by normal larv; 6- verificati
cluster-formed distt'ibutions; Z - of a mean
- determination
tion matrix of the normally distributed sets of SRS vect
formations; (7t throu-gh initial training tile, 7, throug the method of sio-
-
chastic approximation, 7s through updating with - accurn- ated data for cdr-
-
rectly classified vector-realizations); of ill-d 'mrneo covarlatlon
B
- control
matrix ; 9,.- com.putation.of the risk function by Bayes; /0
ermined covariatit
computation of the
risk function under decision surfaces, composed irittr tri rparallelepipeds apd
hiperellipsoids; 11 classification by Ba-yes ; 12 cla fication with hip$r-
paraUelepipeds and -hiperellipsoids decision surfaces -; lS _ subprogram for di-
nrension decrease of the feature space; I4 for yielding in X+Y
- subprogram
spatial coordinate system (plotter)-of the vector-riallzati
class.(spectrally homogeniour regions).
File F contains the mean vectors p and the covariati n matrices,.K
matrices, of the
t
formed classes as follows: 0r on the input'(rratrik;
- without
pretransformation
B2 after transformation of the input matrix with some c the transformatiohs
in-subprogram 4 i after fuliiiment of subprograms
Fa
-
-subprograms 4 and 5; Fr- through training mat
ment of
ses are formed by blocks.
File a contains the vector-realizations for updating.
In o, the information from following groups is sto-red
.a) clusters, where the quantity of realizhtions is sr
nu_mber pregiven by the user, the value of which is deter
-normality
offithe criteiion of in subprogram 6;
b) clusters that have not satisfied the requirements f

Te
 c) clusters or sets of vector-realizations, determined as classes of su
progran 5, oJ through the training matrix, determined for f p. These cl
or sets have ill-determined covariation matrix.
Input

0ut
Fig. 3. An example of strucLure of program package for a I reIective
signatures (SRS) classlfier

Information on the vector-realizations that is not cl ified to any of

classes in file B is stored in or.
File or contains vector-realizations classified to some the classes
B (information of the field number of file B together with rmation by

60
 subprogram the classification was perforrned: 11, respecti
this infortnation is used in the updating).
Through the various states of variables ](r, . . ., Ktt,
operation is determined on the user's request.
Principal modes of operation of the package are:
Training.
a) With teacher: this is realized with marked traini
the final result is the formation of the classes in Fr, 02, Fr
of the risk function for the set of classes obtained;
b) Without teacher: this is realized through unma
real case suggests operational conditions of incomplete
that pass through subprogram 3 (possibly in combinat
the variable K6 the operat< r may verify the correctn,
based on the apriori information available, and then to e
introduced vector-realization in a given clusier from t
to start again the selected sequence of subprograms with
formed; the final result is the formation of the classes in
c) For research purposes files Bs and Ba are used in
are formed through subprograms 5, respectively 5 and .

the possibilities of the various types of transf ormat

to the size of the risk function and to the decrease in t
feature space (for the purpose subprogram /5 is used).
CLassif ication.
This mode of operation performs the classification of
realizations through subprograms 11, respectively 12. lf.
performed in field B2, the vector-realizations are beforeha
the .transformation lrom 4 through which the classes in B.
Finally decisiorrs for the belonging of the vector-realizations
and the vectors are sent to cl1, respectively to o,r, for u
characteristics (using the stochastic approximation, the
formed in the real time mode).
Updating.
The updating of the classes characteristics (mean v
matrix) from file B is perf ormed in two modes :
a) thtough formation of an input matrix from data
of the two files after which operation is performed as in
b) from file o3 in 7b, respectively 7r,the vector-reali
considering the field of file p that is updated. File os con
responding to those of B and additional subfields in respe,
ram II ot 12 was used to oerform the classification.
dotted-line in Fig. 3.
'Ihe first version of the above-described program
the Central Laboratorv for Space Research at the Bu
erices on FORTRAN IV and r ASSEMBLER languages
of OC/EC.
Chapters I to IV are composed based on works [25]
V is based on work [26].
Conclusion
The approaches examined (major tasks) are of downward
ity, resulting from available possibilities : physical models
probabilistic-set classifier. Undoubtedly, the physical mod
sirable result for the experimenter and the intet'preter, but
in longterm perspective. The general regressive models
-is acceptable i
,?ra.9tige by now, although pjrtial solution
limitations as given above. -'Ihe closest relative peispectivr
applications on a larger agricultural scale is that of the
though the absence of sufficient apriori information and the
ric effect and other noise sources reduce its effectiveness.

Appendix 1

Qisk function 19,12)

Each SRS is represented as z-dimensional vector r : {
.,
channel number. The compatible
comoatible bybv qiven criterion
a siven rrilerion of
-N,.
-Np, "f
form rne ft-th class oI
the E-tn of populi ltoni: Np
podulr tion
populr h:I.
h,:I,
h:I, ... . ,,.,. . M,
'ii:t- i:7
j:1,
M. j:
Consider the set oi of lI classes. k:t,.'...M
r14 classes, . . . . M eact eich ,
normal distribution f (rlpu) in
_the space of rr7, i. e. each
wlth-an.average vector pu and a covariation matix I(0.
With ce, we denote the losses due to the case when
decisions for availability of subject from the l-th class, w
is a subject from,the E-th class. The elements co, f.orm
losses, l:1,. .., M.
We introduce decision surfaces So, for the classes ft
to have error in unifold classification (of one vector r) is
pnr Ivntf (rlp)dr,
where 7p, is the volume, in which (through Sa,) the tr-th
average value of cu, losses from all combination (k, l) and
ed classification (for many vectors r) is called risk functi
ed from
,MM
R:zfz h:r fht t:l
pucotf $f 1t,) dr,

oI the ft-th class.

where po is apriori probability
. p-..uilty it is assumed tliat cnn:O
classification occur.s and in incoiiect
and cu,:ifletfl:c, i.
classifidation all the
to be o{ equal weight with regard to the losses. Under t
tion ensuing from the principle of maximum similarity it
tions for s'kl are :

(1) Su, : Ln#*t, - ![tr_.vo),x;, (r-Fu)-(r-,,,

|Kn!&t

Equation (1) ensures the minimum e value.

62
Appendix 2

V.ariation coefficient of the Fourier se.ries coefficients

linear approximation of discrete SeS
The real SRS are obtained in discrete shape: r(l"r), i:1, . .
channel number, for example, nL:32, the linear approx
cofrect. In this case the coefficients a, of lhe basic
, __
etn k2n|,
are expressed with [21]
T
ln,

(t) r,-
I
)- &b2 /."" 42n "
A/-COS
k2n^ \
u En
-- .LJ
i:l
| -"' 't',
r h,_r)
h^
2 ?r Al. rl
sin
--- - nttr;?, Li:1\-(r--' '!n
I r (^,+Ii-l
'^"'lk2n'^
\t i-fi-t;stn

V/e assume that ri are normally distributed rando

persion o?:q'p? where q47, Ior example, 0,03. Such an
g1^op^o1!io1 between o and the average vector p we introdu
[8, 20] of the comparative analysis.-We assurie also that
function of period f. In reality this is not true, and in
f ourier series of r(^"), we have to assume that r(X) pe
example, in ),"*, and attains the value of 4" This assirrirptir
not introduce difficulties in the classification, but requires
additional terms in the transformation to describe the'nonli
The periodicity of the function thus defined makes the
pendent between themselves, for example, [9]. Then the
oI au from (1) equals to
teih-i1 A1 | fi
(2) o u: q
#V J{*t* 1,7-)'i"' lff
The coefficient of variation of au is respectively equal to

ln l" hn
sinz (]"r+Ir-1)
(3)
VJ tn
[(ui+u,."-r) a
bn
2'Iti-ui-l sin ff (li*Ii-r)
For comparison we may use the variation coefficient of. r,
(4) Vi:oilVi:Q.
The comparison between (3) and (4) shows that it is p even for small
ft values, i. e. for main harmonicg, to obtain Vu>I, bei the exoression in
the denominator of (3) is a sum of terms of different si For example, for
the discrete series of 32 values (linearly approximated) To r(1"): 53, 51, 48,
46, 43, 42, 47, 47, 40, 40, 41, 41, 42, 38, 3-6, 28, 29,'4g, 53, 99, 85, 65,
50, 38, 33, 35, 30,27,45,53 under ft:S we obtaifli Vp- 'a-8,8 q'
63
 When the discrete Fourier transformation is appiied to obtain vh the i-
known relationship between the Fourier series ioeffic s and its dis e
version has to be applied [21].

Appendix 3

I. Autocorrelative function (for exampl e [22])

x G): .t
i:l
tr(1./)-7(1") lfr(]",afi-V

where

V(X)- 2 r(X,)lm, j:0, l, 2,,, ., ffi-t,q:(?v1 Li-) j: L1,,. j.

i:l
II. Power autocorrelative function [8, 18, 28]

c,,, (d: )\ | r(1,)-r(1" ,*r)ln

i=l
a is given by the user, for example, n:0,8; L;2;,.. t n:2, the
gorov function is obtained [22j)
j:1, . . ., ftil2 Ior m even,
j:1,...,(mal)12 lor nt odd,
xi as for K(t).
III. Integral (mean arithmetic) transfornation [241

I (7,):+ Z
l=l
,&,), I:1, .

IV, Combined transformation [24]

L (.c): s,, r lr (\l: ) | r Q)- r (t,a )o,

i=l
j:1, ,.., rn'12 for ru even,
j:1,...,(mal)12 Ior m odd.
Transiormations I, II and IV are invariant with re to an additive
stant, i. e. they are filter of systematic, additive and a riori unknown er
All the transformations shown are irreversible. ratios between I the
coefficients of variation of I, II and untransformed SRS re obtained in [18,120]
under the following limiting conditions: a) or: Q.ri,Q l; b) random vafues
r; and 11 are interindependent; c) the differences bdtwijeii e uniform comoonbnts
of the mean vectors ro and r, of two classes are sr ll and are measLlred
with 0<1. Under these conditions, from [18,20] it f that the varialtion
g_o.e]ficient Y" _of gwt(ri) is minimum at n:l (z-inte1 ) and it follows
[23] that V|:t, is smaller than Vo and with n>B tuom V, " 14 is

64
variation,coefficient of untransformed SRS. The last esti
ximative.
The upper. ratios are deduced under conditions that
(for example, the covariation matrices are not diagonal).
orientation in the effectiveness evaluation of the trinsfoima
. In [2al the evaluation of transformations III and IV is oerformed which
exhibits their effectiveness with reference to the reduction r f the risk function
rQ value. The evaluation is performed under limiting conditio similar to the abo-
ve-mentioned.

Appendix 4

Enthropip and dioergence transformations

I. Enthropic transformation [9, 12].-transformation
The matrix 4 of the linear x:Ar is d SO AS to
minimize the enthropy
f
t7j: t,1
- - J-| p(rluli)
"
Lnp (rla)dr, j:1,. ..,
(r)
where the integration is in the r space of SRS, ary is deno on of the 7'-f6
class, and p(rluoi\ is density of probability distribirtion for e j-th class. Ma-
ximum uniformity (structuring) of set {p(r/rrr;)} corresp.onds I
'dist ^F/-rn. This corres-
ponds to minimtzation of the dispersion' in- various ons and may be
expected to improve the identification of the classes.
Under equal covariation natrices K ol the M-th cl .4 is obtained as
a matrix of eigen vectors.
II. Divergencelransformation [9, 12].
The matrix .4 is determined foi the linear transformatio n(: Ar, so as to
maximize the divergence (difference in infornration) between he 7'-11r and k-th
classes

I,u: [ [pi t)- p o,(r\ m ffi ar.

Under equal covarlatiolllmatrices Kt:Kn the maximu divergence thus
obtained equals the risk function for 7 and & classess under the condition that
cis:cti (see
cj*:cnj Therefore. it is assumed
{see Appendix 2). Therefore, assumed that /,. I re may act as a
lhat liu
measure of distinguishing between classes
tion of ,4 relates
genefa method to maxi-
mize I for a set of ll,f classes so that secure reduction'of ( may be obtained.

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tlo
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cneKTp a JrbH brMr,r oTp ax<aTeJr bHbrMr{ x a paKTep r{cTr.rKaM

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o6paeonanns COX c qenbro yMeHbrxeHr4r Qynr<qr.rra pacKa.
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67