Chemical processes are events involving  Democritus (Greek, 400 B.C.

) -
one or more chemical reactions. Some Gave the first idea of the
commonly used chemical processes include composition of matter. Matter is
combustion of fuels to produce energy, made up of atoms.
fractional distillation in the components of  Empedocles (Greek, 400 B.C.)-
liquid mixtures, fermentation or the Gave the first idea of elements,
conversion of sugars into alcohol and the classified as earth, fire, air, and
extraction of valuable metals from ores. water.
 Aristotle (Greek, 350 B.C.) -
Chemistry plays a vital role in the Philosopher and prolific writer
improvement of the quality of life through on science.
various application in the following areas of II. AGE OF ALCHEMY (300 To 1400
human needs: food and agriculture, B.C.)
clothing, shelter, health and sanitation, A. Nature of Work - Age of
sports and leisure, energy industry, great experimentation, the
education, transportation and primary aim was to
communication. transform metals into gold.
B. Chemist-Geber (900 to 1000
CHEMISTRY- came from the Greek word B.C) the greatest alchemist,
CHEMIA meaning "The Black Art". inverted filtration,
Egyptian origin dated from the 4rth century. sublimation, crystallization,
and was the first to prepare
I. AGE OF PHILOSOPHERS nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
(EARLIEST TIME TO 300 A.D.) III. Age of Combustion (1650-1785
A. Nature of Work: More on A.D)
speculation and theory but little A. Nature of Work:
experimentation. Metallurgy Phenomena of Combustion
already developed: the earliest B. Chemist: Robert Boyle
metals, were Gold, Silver, Copper, (1620-1691) wrote the book
Iron, Lead and Tin. Later known to “The Skeptical Chemist” in
the ancients were Sulfur, Antimony, which he criticized the ideas
Mercury, and Zinc. Glass was made of alchemy. He discovered
by the Phoenicians. Pottery glazes the relation between volume
and soap were made by the and pressure of gas and was
ancients. Dyeing was practiced by the first to work with gases.
the Egyptians and Jews.
IV. Age of Modern Chemistry (1785
A.D. to present)
A. Nature of Work:
- development of modern theories
B. Chemistry Involved of matter
 Thales (Greek, 600 B.C.) -First - development of the Periodic
Chemist Law and Periodic Table
 - further development and 4. Biological Chemistry
application of these theories are (Biochemistry) - in a chemical
currently taking place study of substances and processes
B. Chemist: that occur in living organisms.
 Antoine Lavoisier- He correctly 5. Physical Chemistry- is the study of
explained the nature of theoretical aspects of the structure
combustion and Father of and the changes of matter, such as
Modern Chemistry how and why bonds are formed, and
 Henry Cavendish- Discovered energy changes takes place.
Hydrogen.
 Joseph Priestly- Discovered Chemistry is a broad and existing field that
oxygen. contains numerous other branches
 Carl Scheele - First to prepare 1. Nuclear Chemistry- deals with the
oxygen reactions of the nucleus of the atom
 Joseph Blank - First to prepare and is fundamental particles.
carbon dioxide 2. Electro Chemistry- study of the
 John Dalton - Atomic theory relationship between electrical
 Dmitri Mendeleev- Father of energy and chemical processes.
Modern Periodic Table 3. Industrial Chemistry- study of the
physical and chemical processes
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY applied in the industrial
manufacture of substance.
CHEMISTRY is generally divided into five
branches RELATIONSHIP OF CHEMISTRY TO
1. Organic Chemistry- is the study of OTHER SCIENCES AND TO INDUSTRY
compounds of carbon. Chemists
who work polymers petroleum and CHEMISTRY has been called the Servant
rubber are organic chemist. Science because it supplies descriptions and
2. Inorganic Chemistry- is the study of understanding of the many kinds of matter
all elements and compounds other that are studied in detail in other sciences
than carbon compounds. chemistry like physics is a fundamental
3. Analytical Chemistry- is concerned science. Knowledge of chemical principles
with the identification of is essential for a thorough understanding of
composition. the sciences such as geology, botany,
zoology, and medicine.

It is divided into: In Geology and Mineralogy, is

a) Qualitative Analysis- knowledge of chemistry is necessary in
determination of the kinds of order to determine the composition of rocks
substances present in matter. and the chemical reactions that cause
b) Quantitative Analysis - changes in them.
determination of the amount of In Botany, the botanist must know
substances present in matter. chemistry to enable him to understand the
part which the different components of the  The construction needs paints,
soil play in plant growth. pigments, alloys, cement, glasses,
In Agriculture, chemistry is utilized plastics, and ceramics. Our clothing
in soil analysis and in the manufactured of and fabrics are increasingly
fertilizers, insecticides, and other manufactured form artificial fibers
agricultural inputs to increase production. as nylon and polyesters, colored by
In Medicine, knowledge of synthetic detergents and solvents.
chemistry leads to an understanding of  Fertilizers, pesticides, drugs, and
man's ailments and the physiological effects adhesives are just few of the
of medical products in the human body. products of synthetic chemistry.
New vitamins are continuously being  Many chemical engineers are
discovered to improve our health. involved with the design or
In Zoology, chemistry is used to optimization of processes in the
determine the composition of bodies of chemical industry, so it is clear that
animals and the food they eat and the they would be dealing with
chemical reactions taking place in them. concepts from chemistry on a daily
In Industry, new and better basis.
products are being produced from basic raw  Civil or environmental engineers
materials such as petroleum, coal, wood, working on environmental
limestone, and natural gas. The chemist protection or remediation might
uses chemical changes to produce spend a lot of time thinking about
thousands of modern-day conveniences and chemical reactions taking place in
health aids. the water supply or the air.
 Modern electrical engineering relies
THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY on solid-state devices whose
 The world in which we live is a properties can be tailored by
chemical world. Everyday life is carefully controlling their chemical
besieged with chemicals. The compositions. And although most
human body is a complex chemical electrical engineers do not regularly
factory that uses chemical processes make their own chips, an
to change the food we eat and air understanding of how those chips
we breathe into bones, muscles, operate on an atomic scale is
blood, and the tissue and even into certainly helpful. As the push for
energy that we use in our daily ever smaller circuit components
living. The medicines that we take continues, the ties between
when we are sick are chemical chemistry and electrical engineering
compounds. Most of the familiar will grow tighter.
products around us depend on the
chemical industry. Modern The scientific method is the systematic and
transportation relies on synthetic logical approach used in investigating a
rubber, refined metals, and high natural phenomenon. It consists of five
energy fuels. steps, namely:
1. Problem. A specific problem that of flour, a tablespoon of butter and ¼
needs to be solved. teaspoon of salt. In chemistry, all
2. Gathering Data. Observations are measurements are made in metric
made to gather data or information system. The main advantage of the SI
related to the problem. Data may system is that it is a decimal system;
come from direct observations or that is, the units are all multiples of ten
from several investigations. of larger and smaller units.
 Qualitative consisting of general
observations about the system. Two System
 Quantitative comprising the 1. Metric system is the system of
numbers obtained by various: measurement using the unit
measurements of the system meter (m) as a standard unit of
3. Formulating Hypothesis. Make a length, kilogram (kg) for mass
wise or educated guess of the and seconds (s) for time is also
solution to the problem based on the known as the International
gathered data or facts. System of Units (SI units),
4. Testing the Hypothesis. The MKS system meter, kilogram,
hypothesis is tested by second, CGS centimeter, gram,
experimentation to establish its second.
validity. 2. English/British system-s system
5. Formulating a Theory. After a of measurement using the unit
hypothesis has been tested may of foot (ft) as a standard unit for
times and found to be true again and length, pound (lb) for mass and
again, a theory is formulated. second (s) for time. FPS system-
Usually, a theory explains what has foot, pound, second.
been observed and is also used to Base units in SI-meter, kilogram, second,
predict the results of new kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.
experiments. A theory is different
from a law. A Law is a relationship Table 1. Prefixes used with SI Units
between cause and effect. It is a Fraction
Prefix Symbol Example
statement of what occurs in nature s
and proven to be always true based picometer
pico p 10-12
on observation and experiment. (pm)
nanometer
nano n 10-9
(nm)
MEASUREMENT
micrometer
micro µ 10-6
(µg)
Measurement is a process of comparing
milligram
a thing with a standard to see how many milli m 10-3
(mg)
times it is bigger or smaller. We use
centimeter
measurements everyday of our lives. centi c 10-2
(cm)
We measure gasoline by the gallon and
decimeter
milk by the quart and we buy meat by deci d 10-1
(dm)
the pound. A recipe may call for a cup
 dekameter Hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom has a
deka da 10
(dag) mass of only
hectometer 0.000000000000000000000000000166 g
hecto h 102
(hm)
These numbers are cumbersome to handle,
3 kilometer
kilo k 10 and it is easy to make mistakes when using
(km)
them in arithmetic computations.
megabyte
mega M 106
(Mb) To handle very large or very small
gigabyte numbers, we use a system called scientific
giga G 109
(Gb) notation. Regardless of their magnitude, all
Terameter numbers can be expressed in the form
tera T 1012
™
N x 10"

CONVERSION OF UNITS SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

A unit conversion factor-is used to convert 1. Any digit that is not zero is
a quantity in one system of units to the significant.
corresponding quantity in another system of 2. Zeros between nonzero digits are
significant
units.
3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero
digit are not significant
Length:
4. If a number is greater than I, then
1 micron= 10-6 meter
all the zeros written to the right of
I kilometer = 0.623 mile= 3280 ft the decimal point count as
1 mile= 1.61 kilometers
significant figures. If a number is
1 foot= 12 inches = 0.304
less than 1, then only the zeros that
Volume:
1 liter= 1000 ml= 0,26 gallon are at the end of the number and the
1 cubic feet= 7.48 gallon zeros that are between nonzero
1 cubic meter= 35.31 cubic pounds digits are significant.
1 quart= 1.06 liters 5. For numbers that do not contain
decimal points, the trailing zeros
Mass: (that is, zeros after the last nonzero
1 kg=1000 g= 2.205 pounds digit) may or may not be
1 ton= 1000 kg= 2204 pounds significant.
Energy:
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
1 foot-pound=1.356 Joule
1 calorie= 4184 Joule In discussing measurements and
significant figures, it is useful to
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION distinguish between accuracy and
In chemistry, we often deal with numbers precision. Accuracy tells us how close a
that are either extremely large or extremely measurement is to the true value of the
small. For example, in 1 gram of the quantity that was measured. Precision
element hydrogen there are roughly refers to how closely two or more
measurements of the same quantity
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 agree with one another.