」"-'·'

~~ 」 硒lvs tt\'!J tl•d I心trJisht l lnt>s and Trian~les

~g le s and Plane Fig严S

A. Angles
w~ 如ml 丶丶 hJl .,n au~k ,、 111 p11111.11 > kh·I I ,·1 u, h,,w u ttui, I- tc\ It'\\
1. Forming an angle

\ nan西 I 丶 formcJ \\hl'fl l\\ll lme 洱! Oltnl~Oll't' I UI a ,~)lnl.

·1 he P'1i111 ul 1ntl'r-l'l°l1t11丶 i、 lUl kt.l lhl' 丶｀｀｀｀
l he l\\ll 1 111c 丶l'glllml\ thlll formcJ the ai1glc are 叫kJ urn1, .
\\'~ll、~.111 :U\.' 丶, II>i11Ji四IC the.> unglc.

2. Naming an angle
l
u
The foll,1\\ in!! are tummon nwtlll~ 丶 nf 11,,ming un angle.

Nummg b) 叩m II Nllnung 切 ·the ,·l'nc, II Naming hy a teller I To avOtd ambiguity, we

name lhe two angl蟑 below
,\ as shown

辶 辶 辶
I ., \ ,, '

"fr' m

CBA Ir L-8 II .t'

-
..
3. Types of angles
Ang k丶 lan be d心 1 ficd by their !>i1e~.

r Reflex Round
辶

Acute Right Obtuse Strc1i?ht

angltJ angl氬
angle anglt1 叩gle ang•

丶 I ,.
,.,.,1,,. '
呂 ~ '~
l:;-

......'W). l
「一」
0一..... 責· 一 1Mn I貫「圖

'
鸕...

3的＇，
`)"
`'"
wc u ua y u "> ` '`c ` mh` 7 ' .''
O `
.' u .' ht anee
I dI. c l c
「
量
丶

- -

~~nr, rl n 11111 ,, ■, 111r 1tn)!lt Q~ 「心1 印西 I Ill

.. ,i:lt A
,.,••~,.. ·•~!.- f~ rrfln lllf~ll'I f\lUnJ AJl~I~Ill ._
,;; ,.ll&l'IC ·"•""~Il l

、4
 Section 8.1

Letu丶 introduce two types of angles.

、一－
Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles
When two angle丶 ha、 e a 、um of 90", i.e. they When two angles have a sum of 180°, i.e. they
can fo1m a right angle putting 丶ide by 丶idc . they can form a ~trai!!hl angle putting side by side,
,u-e called compleml'ntary angles. they arc called ~upplementary angle、
e.g. The following t,, o angle、 are complemcntar) c .g. The following two angle~ arc supplementary
angles. angle、

. 'u『二 12
三＼＿
If a and bare complementary angles. we say that a and h are complements of each other.
lf p and q are 叩pplementary angles, we say that p and q are 四pplements of each other.

Ouiclc 凸,ample The following help us remember the

complementary and supplementary
Suppose x = 62°.
c angles.

.
(a) If y is the complement of x, then y = 90° - 62° = 28°.
(b) If z is the supplement of x. then z = 180° - 62° = 11 8°. '[ Complementary angles
t

^
C for Corner (90°)
Supplementary angles

'
S for Straight (180")

~~
It is given that p and q are complementary angles and q and r are supplementary angles.
Complete the following table.

「 I ]
Anglep Angleq Angle r
1. 400
~- "

2. 55°
~

3. 120"

1-
conlpl面正nia.ry angles 恰自 supple而ntary 叨gles~ tli
丶
~ ter 8 Angles Related to Straight Lines and Triangles
一， .,一

。
B. Plane Figures
A c losed figure l y ing on a pl 叩ei丶 called a plane figure .
e.g

二
When a plane fig ure i -; 1.•. nd o:-.c<l by line 、cgments o nly, it i s called a polygon . Let u丶 learn more about the
terminology of thc polygons.

、
.

'_l~
Side Vertex
Each of the points of

-
Each of the hne
segments forming intersection of two

FL
the polygon 1s sides 1s called
called a side of the a vertex

"
polygon.

""'de

Diagonal
Any line segment 」oining
two non-ad1acent
vertices is called
a diagonal.

' AT
12nhta
yewObo t.mh
s.l des myg gg pl
ata
ato. mtOf aJg
ca
red
a5 ad acent s d ¢
ledna .'
.
．」
。

eeOn l,

ve p a .I s
。

- I
.

W e name a polygon u、ing the names of the vertices in either clockwi、e or anti-clockwi se order.
e.g . The following polygon can be named as
AEDCB or ABCDL.

A ,I_
-uV

-C D AEDCB \/j( /)I

c plllOr figure ,f i i Ill~, 回}(:<Ill J JI ~) ~Ille •! d凶gc、n11l t j~ ..._ 袖occnl bide 嶋遺

,
 Section 8.1

Dl!!fi~ffl1
1T =B
In each of the following, draw all the diagonal s of the pol ygon. (I - 3)

I. 2. 3.
』

[O
We can name a polygon according to the number of i ts sides.
＾『

.
二
(5 sides)

[
－

Pent agon
-✓-:--」

仁j
-i
n-s ided
p o lyg on i
'
.
_I_

r'1-.
,
q

4合 [ ; (n sides)
氕〕』

E
--~---
[

' - --
口]

. 仁
Quadrilateral
』

(4 sides)

G) M aths File •

3
-一—
We know that an octagon has 8 sides and an octopus has 8 arms, but why is October the 10th month in a year?
--1

鼻
OCT

.,_
I In fact, the original Roman calendar had only 10 months in a year and Martius (March) was the first month. October was the
, 8th month and December was the 10th month in the old Roman calendar.
After several reforms, the months January and February were added, October becomes the 10th month and December '
becomes the 12th month in a year in the modern calendar.

triangle .E..11 节 quadrilater.il 四逯形 pentagon 五」用 hnagnn 六迫＂ hrp呣on 七是'
l
丶

octagon 入 連 1J nonagon 九迢 'J decagon 十邊 形

':.J
J
一、~ Angles Related lo Straight lines and Triangle~

We can funher de、cribe a 因)gon hy con、 idering it 、 ~ide丶 and ang le、

A polygon whose sides are all of equal

...
「一

-
A polygon whose interior angles are al丨 of
equal size is called an equiangular polygon.

口
length is called an _.~111 l ., .. I r , t,'J •n .

<> 1tu Regular quadrilateral

二
Equiangular quadr,l.rtt:r di
R'11... nr u; (Square) (Rectangle!
Ei

。
司 1

鸕
` 亡》
、

Equ d,l:."c. pC'ntauor1 0rnil.'lr nPnt.'lnCl Eq」,.,ngular per,l agon

丶

`
-
A polygon that is both equilateral and
equiangular is called a regular polygon.
WeWe叭

I23 e hh ee
uup a kkge
nn nd a ea fe
de sg g th
e ene
mf
ao
。

。
nn

ar r r

•
__ a c nd
o. ea an ze

`
磲

yg n ua h n an ' u- a po- n
。
。
。
。

「
「
、

Pol ygon丶 i:an a l 、o he cla、、i lled a、 follow-.:

Convex Polygon Concave Polygon

A pol)' gon 丶丶 ith al I It丶 1ntrnor angle, le丶丶 than A 回 )'gl)n ,,.1th al lea、Lone of 心 interior angle、
180" i, called a comn polJg叩 ． greater than 180 1 、 1.'.J l k<l a l'Onl'IIH pol~gnn .

e.g. e.g.
Convex quadrilateral Concave quadrilateral

Nole: The \\Ord 'convex·can be omine<l when

\ I丶 an interior angle grealer than 180".
naming a con,cx pol}gnn .

l"IIUllillc,ml 回 1~1111 l ·t • t •t ClfUIUIICUIJr p,1l\j!llll :C l1g ·f •」 rt~ular pol) 1;1111 oL f •I -l'

,－ 而 ~ u l•「 I"''、 ~II「1 「 tf • ' J t •1 {', i -~11/
c ull\ e , ll>• I~~• 、11 '""'n1~ p, •l )i:•、n fl ' ,J•1
~
 Section 8.1

C. Triangles

A-\
\ A triangle is a plane figure enclosed by three line segments.
丨 We usually use the symhol ' 6. • to rcpre!..ent a triangle. The
c 」 trbngle on the left is namc<l as 6.AJJC.

Triangles can be classified by the lengths of their sides or the s加s of their interior angl~s.

• Classified by Lengths of Sides Classified by Sizes of Angles

Acute-angled Triangle
ql..1laterdi ·i 11 g,c.
All sides are of equal All interior angles are
length. acute angles.

Isosceles Triangle
Two sides are of equal
钅!ngled
Ri~ Triangle
One of the interior angles
length. 泗j, .'1 is a right angle.

• Scalene Triangle
謳~-angled Triangle
One of the interior angles
All sides differ in length. is an obtuse angle.

A
As shown in the figure on the left, when BC O Think •
is produced to point D, an angle (L ACD) How many exterior angles
is formed outside the triangle. This angle is are there in a triangle?
called an exterior angle of the triangle.
B
c D In addition, L A and L B are calJed the
interior opposite angles of L ACD.

equilateral triangle~if E- 1! 形 iso記cles triangle 子樗.E. Pl -ti 亞lcnc tri叨glc 不 F 邊;. "形
ft" -
丶

acute-angled triangle 釩 "E- 角形 right-angled triangle 主 P'! ;. P'! 形 obi心·印gled triangle 5.. 11~ z
interior opposite angle 內 111! J
｀

exterior angle 外月
 f f , ~心

Chapter 8 Angles Related to Straight Lines and Triangles

There arc three interior angles and six exterior angle丶 in a triangle. We are going to explore the
between these angles through the following activity.
`
relations

Follow the steps below and answer the questions.

. •• ••• ... ,

(D.. ~盡::~•P~:c:勺t~:::c<l
^)
triangle

`` - . .
名
•

^3.IIIII`i
Colour the three interior angles of
the triangle with 3 different colours.
'
層

... .
.
Cu'` .`l `v
Ou

l. nt erI. r ang cs
.
。

.
。

I 二泣
4 }

,,
, \ Put the three interior angles
along the edge of a ruler.
I

.
.
丶 ．
...... ...... ...... ...... ......

鄘
...... ...... ...... .....

In general, we have the following re!)ults.

Angle Sum of Triangle

The 丶um of all interior angle丶 of a triangle 1丶 180 ^
e.g. In 6.ABC. L A + L B+ L C= 180".
[Reference: L , 11111 ,,J l::,.)

B c

I~
 Section 8.1

。
,,••········-..
I

By ob、ervation . determine whether each of the following is true . Put a tick• ✓ ' in the
box if it is true and put a crns"·x · if it i 丶 1\01 .

□ The three 1111erinr angles can fonn a 丶lraig ht angle. /

. I I I
□

An exterior angle equals the sum of its interior

二二昱
opposite angles.

`·······-
...
..
..
I

。
I

(D

二二／
Repeat lo © with a right-angled
triangle and an obtuse-angled triangle .

• Do you obtain the same results?

(Yes / No)

Exterior Angle of Triangle

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to A
the sum of its interior opposite 皿g l c!> .
e .g. In 6 ABC. d = a+ b.
[Reference: ,•.rt. L of 6 ]
d

B c

Note: The solid reasons why these results are true will be given on p.8.37.
v-
丶
＿、三 Angles Related to Straight Lines and Triangles

Ouiclc Example
A
(a) c (b)

A nu D
B
DBC is a straight line.
In !::-.ABC , Jn 6 ABC,
LA+ L B+ L C= 180° (L Slllll ,if /::-.) LABD = LBAC + LACB (ext. L of 6)
40° + 60° + X = 180° y = 60° + 65°
x= 80" = 125 u

Emri,m.,湄
In each of the following, find the unknown. (1- 2)

I. (a) A
2. (a) A '
45°
B c D
B c
BCD is a straight line.
x= p=

(b) A (b)
,
C
D二 C DBC is a straight line.

y= q=

(c) C

A三／二 B
(c) D.

B
BCD is a straight line.
z= r=
^
一 14
0
,... Section 8.1

A
一 In the figure, L A= x, L B = 3x and L C= 2x. Find x.

11

I Solution LA+ L B+ L C= 180" ( L .,11111 <if 6 )

X + 3x + 2x = 180"
6x = 180'、
'"= '"--=
,n"
~一 l. In b.f>QR, L P= i.. R = 2y and L Q = 5y. hnd y.
- - 2. ln ~ XYZ. LX=p, L Y= 4pand LZ =90''. Find L Y.

一 In the f1gure, C 1s a point lying on BD. Fin<l x

.
B

ISolution In 6.ABC,
LCAB + LCBA = LACD (ext. L oft:,.)
X + 34°= 2x + 10°

x= 蝨：
p
I,~=!• 1. In the figure, Risa point lying on QS. Find y.

s
Q

D
2. In the figure, Bis a point lying on AC. Find L BCD.

A
B
c
-
丶

m
J
··--、~ Angles Related to Straight lines and Triangles

-
T
A
In the figure, P and Qare points lying on AC and BC
respectively such that L PQC = 54°. Find x and y.

I Solution , In 6 ABC,
L BAC + L ABC + L ACB == l 80'1 (L .\11111 <if 6)
39" + 47" + X == 180°
X ::; 94°

In 6.PQC,
L APQ == L PQC + L PCQ
y == 54° + 94°
(ext. L of!::::.)
'
＝三

一 I. In the figure, BC is賦;ed. to point D. P and Q A

c
are points lying on AB and AC respectively such
that QP l. AB. Find x and y.

'QPJ;iB' means 'QP

I S ~芒~rto AB'.
e B D

2. In the figure, D is a point lying on AC such that A C

L EDC = 86°. BC and DF intersect at point E.
Find LABC.

F c

- In the figure, D is a point lying on BC such that AD

bisects L BAC. Find L ADB.
A

'Bisect an angle' means ~

'divide the angle into
two equal halves' .__,,-t', B
c

^
一,
12
 Section 8.1

I Solution In 6.ABC,

鯽
L BAC + L ABC + L ACB = 18011 (L SI/Ill (lj /::.)
L BAC + 79" + 35(' = 180"
L BAC = 66° Alternative
. 66° Solution
· · L CAD == 一－
2
= 33"
In 6.ADC,
L ADB = LACD + L CAD (ext. L ,,J I:::,.)
== 35" + 33°
= 68°
- -

｀严逛這~ 1. In the figure, D is a point lying on BC such that AD bisects C

. L BAC. Find LABC.

A

2. The figure shows b.PQR. If L RPQ = 30° and Tis a point R

lying on PQ such that RT些竺立_ PRQ, find L QTR.

匈
P iQ

n雨~序罰矗 _

. 1.

2.
If two complementary angles differ by 10°, find the sizes of the two angles

In each of the following, find the unknown. (2 -

A
3.
4)
A
4.
A

c +y c E
「 1 ·· -- I l D
B B C D
BCD is a straight line. ABCand CD£ are straight lines.

5. In the figure, D is a point lying on AB such that 2LACD = L BCD. A

Find L ADC.

8
。
－、三 Angles Related to Straight Lines and Triangles

－
Section Check
工
·r it is con-ect and a cross
Detc而ne whether each of the following b correct. Put a tick ·/ ' in the box 1
·x ·if it i丶 not.

口 (a) A regular polygon mu、t be convex.

口 (b) If LA= 80u and L B= 10°, 1hcn LA ond LB ore supplementary angles.

口 (c) In 6 PQR. L P+ L Q + L-R = 180".

口 (d) ln the figure, r = 111\'.

`^
'
lml v:
In each of the following, find the unknown . (1- 6)
I. ◄ Example 8.1 2. 3.

4. s. 6. C

In each of the following, ABC is a straight line. Find the unknown. (7 -12)
7. ◄ Example 8.2 8. 9.
A D丶
C

~lJ D
C A
D

'~-
....--
Section 8.1

10. ]) . c 12. E

_ .,_ q - 12°

D A

`'
q4 II' " \ l I,
A
" 62''- 「＇ c

.`
`4 '
> 4V.'
I)
A

13. lt is given that p and,, nr~complementary angles. If pi~4 time丶 of q, find p and q.

• 14. It is given that x and y are supplementary angles. If xis grl.!atcr than y by 54°, find x and y .

JS. lt is given that llABC is an equilateral triangle. Find L ABC.

16. In 6.PQR, L P= L Q = 50°. Find L R.

m,mrl)
In each of the following, ABC and BDE are straight lines. Find the unknown. (17 -19)
17. E -C. Example 8.3 18. A 19. c

` A
B
c
c E
E `

In each of the following, find the unknowns. (20 - 22)

A A
20. 21. 22. A

E
B
C
B
BCD£is a straight line.
ADE and CDB are straight lines.
B

BCD is a straight line.

。
 丶
三 Angles Related to Straight Lines and Triangles
10°. Find L C.
23. In 6:.ABC, L A is greater than L C by 25° and L B is less than L C by

le in 6 XYl.
24. In 6 XY2, L X = 80°, L Y= p and LZ = 3p. Find the size of the grcateSl ang
D

25. In the figure, AB and CD inter、eel at point O. f ind L ODB.

A
26. In the figure , D und£are points lying on AB and AC
respectively such that L BDE = 92°. Find LAED.

鼻"
B r

E
27. In the figure , Band Dare points lying on AC and AE
respectively such that DB .l AC. If LBCE = 2LBAD,
find L BDE.
A c

8 28. In the figure, D is a point lying on BC such that AD bisects LBAC.

A
tft't
Ken claims that !::::.ADC is a right-angled triangle. Do you agree?
Explain your answer.

540
B D c

B
29. In the figure, ACD is a straight line. P and Qare points lying on AB
and BC respectively such that LPQB is greater than LPBQ by 46°.
Find LBPQ.

D A

,;,:
..:._ 、'
 Section 8.1

30. ln the fig ure, ABCD is a straight line. It is given that L ABP = 3x + 26°, p

L P CB = 3x - 16" and L BPC = 2x - 18°. Find L PCB.

A D
B c

31. In the figure , Dis a point lying on /JC such that AD bi 、eel -; L /IAC.
c
= =
If L ABD 34" and L ACD 24", lint! L ADC.

•
-. Example 8.4

B
32. In the figure, P and Q are points lying on BC such that
L CAQ =LPAQ =L BAP . If L ACB =27°and L ABC =30°,
find L AP Q and L AQP . c

` lRYi'7Tr1!T;~
33. In 6.ABC, L BAC = 60° and L ABC = 35". Pis a point lying on BC such that L APC = 75°. Find
L PAC.

34. In b,.ABC, L ABC = 56° and L BAC = L BCA. Q is a point lying on AC such that LABQ = 18". Find
L BQC.

35. In LlABC, L ACB = 108° and L BAC =24°. P and Qare points lying on AB and BC respectively such
that LAPQ = 80°. Find L BQP.

、三 -
8.17'