Practical -1

Limits by definition
Theory : Let f(x) be any function and L any number.The number L
is called the limit of the function f at the point x = a, if for a given ϵ
>0,there can be found a δ > 0, such that for all x satisfying 0<|x-
a|<δ, the inequality |f(x) -l|<ϵ holds.

Question : 1. f(x) = x+1, a = 4,L = 5, ϵ = 0.01

In[217]:= f[x_] := x + 1;
a = 4;
L = 5;
ϵ = 0.01;
δ = 0.2;
Forx = a + δ, (x > a) && Abs[f[x] - L] > ϵ, x = x - 0.005, δ = δ - 0.005;
Print["x = ", x , " |f[x]-L| = ", N[Abs[f[x] - L]], " δ = ", δ]
Print["Required Value of delta = ", δ];
x = 4.2 |f[x]-L| = 0.2 δ = 0.195

x = 4.195 |f[x]-L| = 0.195 δ = 0.19

x = 4.19 |f[x]-L| = 0.19 δ = 0.185

x = 4.185 |f[x]-L| = 0.185 δ = 0.18

x = 4.18 |f[x]-L| = 0.18 δ = 0.175

x = 4.175 |f[x]-L| = 0.175 δ = 0.17

x = 4.17 |f[x]-L| = 0.17 δ = 0.165

x = 4.165 |f[x]-L| = 0.165 δ = 0.16

x = 4.16 |f[x]-L| = 0.16 δ = 0.155

x = 4.155 |f[x]-L| = 0.155 δ = 0.15

x = 4.15 |f[x]-L| = 0.15 δ = 0.145

x = 4.145 |f[x]-L| = 0.145 δ = 0.14

x = 4.14 |f[x]-L| = 0.14 δ = 0.135

2 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = 4.135 |f[x]-L| = 0.135 δ = 0.13

x = 4.13 |f[x]-L| = 0.13 δ = 0.125

x = 4.125 |f[x]-L| = 0.125 δ = 0.12

x = 4.12 |f[x]-L| = 0.12 δ = 0.115

x = 4.115 |f[x]-L| = 0.115 δ = 0.11

x = 4.11 |f[x]-L| = 0.11 δ = 0.105

x = 4.105 |f[x]-L| = 0.105 δ = 0.1

x = 4.1 |f[x]-L| = 0.1 δ = 0.095

x = 4.095 |f[x]-L| = 0.095 δ = 0.09

x = 4.09 |f[x]-L| = 0.09 δ = 0.085

x = 4.085 |f[x]-L| = 0.085 δ = 0.08

x = 4.08 |f[x]-L| = 0.08 δ = 0.075

x = 4.075 |f[x]-L| = 0.075 δ = 0.07

x = 4.07 |f[x]-L| = 0.07 δ = 0.065

x = 4.065 |f[x]-L| = 0.065 δ = 0.06

x = 4.06 |f[x]-L| = 0.06 δ = 0.055

x = 4.055 |f[x]-L| = 0.055 δ = 0.05

x = 4.05 |f[x]-L| = 0.05 δ = 0.045

x = 4.045 |f[x]-L| = 0.045 δ = 0.04

x = 4.04 |f[x]-L| = 0.04 δ = 0.035

x = 4.035 |f[x]-L| = 0.035 δ = 0.03

x = 4.03 |f[x]-L| = 0.03 δ = 0.025

x = 4.025 |f[x]-L| = 0.025 δ = 0.02

x = 4.02 |f[x]-L| = 0.02 δ = 0.015

x = 4.015 |f[x]-L| = 0.015 δ = 0.01

x = 4.01 |f[x]-L| = 0.01 δ = 0.005

Required Value of delta = 0.005

 0677 Practical -1.nb 3

Question : 2. f(x)= x + 1 ,a=0, L=1, ϵ = 0.1

In[224]:= ClearAll
f[x_] := x + 1 ;
a = 0;
L = 1;
ϵ = 0.1;
δ = 1;
Forx = a + δ, (x > a) && Abs[f[x] - L] > ϵ, x = x - 0.005, δ = δ - 0.005;
Print["x = ", x, " |f[x]-L|=", N[Abs[f[x] - L]] , " δ=", δ]
Print["Required value of δ = ", δ];

Out[224]= ClearAll

x = 1 |f[x]-L|=0.414214 δ=0.995

x = 0.995 |f[x]-L|=0.412445 δ=0.99

x = 0.99 |f[x]-L|=0.410674 δ=0.985

x = 0.985 |f[x]-L|=0.4089 δ=0.98

x = 0.98 |f[x]-L|=0.407125 δ=0.975

x = 0.975 |f[x]-L|=0.405347 δ=0.97

x = 0.97 |f[x]-L|=0.403567 δ=0.965

x = 0.965 |f[x]-L|=0.401785 δ=0.96

x = 0.96 |f[x]-L|=0.4 δ=0.955

x = 0.955 |f[x]-L|=0.398213 δ=0.95

x = 0.95 |f[x]-L|=0.396424 δ=0.945

x = 0.945 |f[x]-L|=0.394633 δ=0.94

x = 0.94 |f[x]-L|=0.392839 δ=0.935

x = 0.935 |f[x]-L|=0.391043 δ=0.93

x = 0.93 |f[x]-L|=0.389244 δ=0.925

x = 0.925 |f[x]-L|=0.387444 δ=0.92

x = 0.92 |f[x]-L|=0.385641 δ=0.915

x = 0.915 |f[x]-L|=0.383835 δ=0.91

x = 0.91 |f[x]-L|=0.382027 δ=0.905

x = 0.905 |f[x]-L|=0.380217 δ=0.9

x = 0.9 |f[x]-L|=0.378405 δ=0.895

x = 0.895 |f[x]-L|=0.37659 δ=0.89

x = 0.89 |f[x]-L|=0.374773 δ=0.885

x = 0.885 |f[x]-L|=0.372953 δ=0.88

4 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = 0.88 |f[x]-L|=0.371131 δ=0.875

x = 0.875 |f[x]-L|=0.369306 δ=0.87

x = 0.87 |f[x]-L|=0.367479 δ=0.865

x = 0.865 |f[x]-L|=0.36565 δ=0.86

x = 0.86 |f[x]-L|=0.363818 δ=0.855

x = 0.855 |f[x]-L|=0.361984 δ=0.85

x = 0.85 |f[x]-L|=0.360147 δ=0.845

x = 0.845 |f[x]-L|=0.358308 δ=0.84

x = 0.84 |f[x]-L|=0.356466 δ=0.835

x = 0.835 |f[x]-L|=0.354622 δ=0.83

x = 0.83 |f[x]-L|=0.352775 δ=0.825

x = 0.825 |f[x]-L|=0.350926 δ=0.82

x = 0.82 |f[x]-L|=0.349074 δ=0.815

x = 0.815 |f[x]-L|=0.347219 δ=0.81

x = 0.81 |f[x]-L|=0.345362 δ=0.805

x = 0.805 |f[x]-L|=0.343503 δ=0.8

x = 0.8 |f[x]-L|=0.341641 δ=0.795

x = 0.795 |f[x]-L|=0.339776 δ=0.79

x = 0.79 |f[x]-L|=0.337909 δ=0.785

x = 0.785 |f[x]-L|=0.336039 δ=0.78

x = 0.78 |f[x]-L|=0.334166 δ=0.775

x = 0.775 |f[x]-L|=0.332291 δ=0.77

x = 0.77 |f[x]-L|=0.330413 δ=0.765

x = 0.765 |f[x]-L|=0.328533 δ=0.76

x = 0.76 |f[x]-L|=0.32665 δ=0.755

x = 0.755 |f[x]-L|=0.324764 δ=0.75

x = 0.75 |f[x]-L|=0.322876 δ=0.745

x = 0.745 |f[x]-L|=0.320984 δ=0.74

x = 0.74 |f[x]-L|=0.319091 δ=0.735

x = 0.735 |f[x]-L|=0.317194 δ=0.73

x = 0.73 |f[x]-L|=0.315295 δ=0.725

x = 0.725 |f[x]-L|=0.313393 δ=0.72

x = 0.72 |f[x]-L|=0.311488 δ=0.715

x = 0.715 |f[x]-L|=0.30958 δ=0.71

x = 0.71 |f[x]-L|=0.30767 δ=0.705

x = 0.705 |f[x]-L|=0.305756 δ=0.7

 0677 Practical -1.nb 5

x = 0.7 |f[x]-L|=0.30384 δ=0.695

x = 0.695 |f[x]-L|=0.301922 δ=0.69

x = 0.69 |f[x]-L|=0.3 δ=0.685

x = 0.685 |f[x]-L|=0.298075 δ=0.68

x = 0.68 |f[x]-L|=0.296148 δ=0.675

x = 0.675 |f[x]-L|=0.294218 δ=0.67

x = 0.67 |f[x]-L|=0.292285 δ=0.665

x = 0.665 |f[x]-L|=0.290349 δ=0.66

x = 0.66 |f[x]-L|=0.28841 δ=0.655

x = 0.655 |f[x]-L|=0.286468 δ=0.65

x = 0.65 |f[x]-L|=0.284523 δ=0.645

x = 0.645 |f[x]-L|=0.282576 δ=0.64

x = 0.64 |f[x]-L|=0.280625 δ=0.635

x = 0.635 |f[x]-L|=0.278671 δ=0.63

x = 0.63 |f[x]-L|=0.276715 δ=0.625

x = 0.625 |f[x]-L|=0.274755 δ=0.62

x = 0.62 |f[x]-L|=0.272792 δ=0.615

x = 0.615 |f[x]-L|=0.270827 δ=0.61

x = 0.61 |f[x]-L|=0.268858 δ=0.605

x = 0.605 |f[x]-L|=0.266886 δ=0.6

x = 0.6 |f[x]-L|=0.264911 δ=0.595

x = 0.595 |f[x]-L|=0.262933 δ=0.59

x = 0.59 |f[x]-L|=0.260952 δ=0.585

x = 0.585 |f[x]-L|=0.258968 δ=0.58

x = 0.58 |f[x]-L|=0.256981 δ=0.575

x = 0.575 |f[x]-L|=0.25499 δ=0.57

x = 0.57 |f[x]-L|=0.252996 δ=0.565

x = 0.565 |f[x]-L|=0.251 δ=0.56

x = 0.56 |f[x]-L|=0.249 δ=0.555

x = 0.555 |f[x]-L|=0.246996 δ=0.55

x = 0.55 |f[x]-L|=0.24499 δ=0.545

x = 0.545 |f[x]-L|=0.24298 δ=0.54

x = 0.54 |f[x]-L|=0.240967 δ=0.535

x = 0.535 |f[x]-L|=0.238951 δ=0.53

x = 0.53 |f[x]-L|=0.236932 δ=0.525

x = 0.525 |f[x]-L|=0.234909 δ=0.52

6 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = 0.52 |f[x]-L|=0.232883 δ=0.515

x = 0.515 |f[x]-L|=0.230853 δ=0.51

x = 0.51 |f[x]-L|=0.228821 δ=0.505

x = 0.505 |f[x]-L|=0.226784 δ=0.5

x = 0.5 |f[x]-L|=0.224745 δ=0.495

x = 0.495 |f[x]-L|=0.222702 δ=0.49

x = 0.49 |f[x]-L|=0.220656 δ=0.485

x = 0.485 |f[x]-L|=0.218606 δ=0.48

x = 0.48 |f[x]-L|=0.216553 δ=0.475

x = 0.475 |f[x]-L|=0.214496 δ=0.47

x = 0.47 |f[x]-L|=0.212436 δ=0.465

x = 0.465 |f[x]-L|=0.210372 δ=0.46

x = 0.46 |f[x]-L|=0.208305 δ=0.455

x = 0.455 |f[x]-L|=0.206234 δ=0.45

x = 0.45 |f[x]-L|=0.204159 δ=0.445

x = 0.445 |f[x]-L|=0.202082 δ=0.44

x = 0.44 |f[x]-L|=0.2 δ=0.435

x = 0.435 |f[x]-L|=0.197915 δ=0.43

x = 0.43 |f[x]-L|=0.195826 δ=0.425

x = 0.425 |f[x]-L|=0.193734 δ=0.42

x = 0.42 |f[x]-L|=0.191638 δ=0.415

x = 0.415 |f[x]-L|=0.189538 δ=0.41

x = 0.41 |f[x]-L|=0.187434 δ=0.405

x = 0.405 |f[x]-L|=0.185327 δ=0.4

x = 0.4 |f[x]-L|=0.183216 δ=0.395

x = 0.395 |f[x]-L|=0.181101 δ=0.39

x = 0.39 |f[x]-L|=0.178983 δ=0.385

x = 0.385 |f[x]-L|=0.17686 δ=0.38

x = 0.38 |f[x]-L|=0.174734 δ=0.375

x = 0.375 |f[x]-L|=0.172604 δ=0.37

x = 0.37 |f[x]-L|=0.17047 δ=0.365

x = 0.365 |f[x]-L|=0.168332 δ=0.36

x = 0.36 |f[x]-L|=0.16619 δ=0.355

x = 0.355 |f[x]-L|=0.164045 δ=0.35

x = 0.35 |f[x]-L|=0.161895 δ=0.345

x = 0.345 |f[x]-L|=0.159741 δ=0.34

 0677 Practical -1.nb 7

x = 0.34 |f[x]-L|=0.157584 δ=0.335

x = 0.335 |f[x]-L|=0.155422 δ=0.33

x = 0.33 |f[x]-L|=0.153256 δ=0.325

x = 0.325 |f[x]-L|=0.151086 δ=0.32

x = 0.32 |f[x]-L|=0.148913 δ=0.315

x = 0.315 |f[x]-L|=0.146734 δ=0.31

x = 0.31 |f[x]-L|=0.144552 δ=0.305

x = 0.305 |f[x]-L|=0.142366 δ=0.3

x = 0.3 |f[x]-L|=0.140175 δ=0.295

x = 0.295 |f[x]-L|=0.137981 δ=0.29

x = 0.29 |f[x]-L|=0.135782 δ=0.285

x = 0.285 |f[x]-L|=0.133578 δ=0.28

x = 0.28 |f[x]-L|=0.131371 δ=0.275

x = 0.275 |f[x]-L|=0.129159 δ=0.27

x = 0.27 |f[x]-L|=0.126943 δ=0.265

x = 0.265 |f[x]-L|=0.124722 δ=0.26

x = 0.26 |f[x]-L|=0.122497 δ=0.255

x = 0.255 |f[x]-L|=0.120268 δ=0.25

x = 0.25 |f[x]-L|=0.118034 δ=0.245

x = 0.245 |f[x]-L|=0.115796 δ=0.24

x = 0.24 |f[x]-L|=0.113553 δ=0.235

x = 0.235 |f[x]-L|=0.111306 δ=0.23

x = 0.23 |f[x]-L|=0.109054 δ=0.225

x = 0.225 |f[x]-L|=0.106797 δ=0.22

x = 0.22 |f[x]-L|=0.104536 δ=0.215

x = 0.215 |f[x]-L|=0.10227 δ=0.21

Required value of δ = 0.21

Question : 3. f(x) =x^2, a = -2, L= 4, ϵ =0.5

In[239]:= f[x_] := x ^ 2;
a = - 2;
L = 4;
ϵ = 0.5;
δ = 1;
Forx = a + δ, (x > a) && Abs[f[x] - L] > ϵ, x = x - 0.02, δ = δ - 0.02;
Print["x = ", x, " |f[x]-L|= ", N[Abs[f[x] - L]], " δ = ", δ]
Print["Required Valueof delta = ", δ]
8 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = -1 |f[x]-L|= 3. δ = 0.98

x = -1.02 |f[x]-L|= 2.9596 δ = 0.96

x = -1.04 |f[x]-L|= 2.9184 δ = 0.94

x = -1.06 |f[x]-L|= 2.8764 δ = 0.92

x = -1.08 |f[x]-L|= 2.8336 δ = 0.9

x = -1.1 |f[x]-L|= 2.79 δ = 0.88

x = -1.12 |f[x]-L|= 2.7456 δ = 0.86

x = -1.14 |f[x]-L|= 2.7004 δ = 0.84

x = -1.16 |f[x]-L|= 2.6544 δ = 0.82

x = -1.18 |f[x]-L|= 2.6076 δ = 0.8

x = -1.2 |f[x]-L|= 2.56 δ = 0.78

x = -1.22 |f[x]-L|= 2.5116 δ = 0.76

x = -1.24 |f[x]-L|= 2.4624 δ = 0.74

x = -1.26 |f[x]-L|= 2.4124 δ = 0.72

x = -1.28 |f[x]-L|= 2.3616 δ = 0.7

x = -1.3 |f[x]-L|= 2.31 δ = 0.68

x = -1.32 |f[x]-L|= 2.2576 δ = 0.66

x = -1.34 |f[x]-L|= 2.2044 δ = 0.64

x = -1.36 |f[x]-L|= 2.1504 δ = 0.62

x = -1.38 |f[x]-L|= 2.0956 δ = 0.6

x = -1.4 |f[x]-L|= 2.04 δ = 0.58

x = -1.42 |f[x]-L|= 1.9836 δ = 0.56

x = -1.44 |f[x]-L|= 1.9264 δ = 0.54

x = -1.46 |f[x]-L|= 1.8684 δ = 0.52

x = -1.48 |f[x]-L|= 1.8096 δ = 0.5

x = -1.5 |f[x]-L|= 1.75 δ = 0.48

x = -1.52 |f[x]-L|= 1.6896 δ = 0.46

x = -1.54 |f[x]-L|= 1.6284 δ = 0.44

x = -1.56 |f[x]-L|= 1.5664 δ = 0.42

x = -1.58 |f[x]-L|= 1.5036 δ = 0.4

x = -1.6 |f[x]-L|= 1.44 δ = 0.38

x = -1.62 |f[x]-L|= 1.3756 δ = 0.36

x = -1.64 |f[x]-L|= 1.3104 δ = 0.34

x = -1.66 |f[x]-L|= 1.2444 δ = 0.32

x = -1.68 |f[x]-L|= 1.1776 δ = 0.3

x = -1.7 |f[x]-L|= 1.11 δ = 0.28

 0677 Practical -1.nb 9

x = -1.72 |f[x]-L|= 1.0416 δ = 0.26

x = -1.74 |f[x]-L|= 0.9724 δ = 0.24

x = -1.76 |f[x]-L|= 0.9024 δ = 0.22

x = -1.78 |f[x]-L|= 0.8316 δ = 0.2

x = -1.8 |f[x]-L|= 0.76 δ = 0.18

x = -1.82 |f[x]-L|= 0.6876 δ = 0.16

x = -1.84 |f[x]-L|= 0.6144 δ = 0.14

x = -1.86 |f[x]-L|= 0.5404 δ = 0.12

Required Valueof delta = 0.12

Question : 4. f(x) = 1/x, a = -1, L = -1, ϵ = 0.1

In[279]:= f[x_]; = 1  x;
a = - 1;
ϵ = 0.1;
L = - 1;
δ = 0.95;
Forx = a + δ, (x > a) && Abs[f[x] - L] > ϵ, x = x - 0.005, δ = δ - 0.005;
Print[" x = ", x, "|f[x]-L|= " , N[Abs[f[x] - L]], " δ = ", δ]
Print["Required Value of delta = ", δ];

x = -0.05|f[x]-L|= 1.0025 δ = 0.945

x = -0.055|f[x]-L|= 1.00303 δ = 0.94

x = -0.06|f[x]-L|= 1.0036 δ = 0.935

x = -0.065|f[x]-L|= 1.00423 δ = 0.93

x = -0.07|f[x]-L|= 1.0049 δ = 0.925

x = -0.075|f[x]-L|= 1.00563 δ = 0.92

x = -0.08|f[x]-L|= 1.0064 δ = 0.915

x = -0.085|f[x]-L|= 1.00723 δ = 0.91

x = -0.09|f[x]-L|= 1.0081 δ = 0.905

x = -0.095|f[x]-L|= 1.00903 δ = 0.9

x = -0.1|f[x]-L|= 1.01 δ = 0.895

x = -0.105|f[x]-L|= 1.01103 δ = 0.89

x = -0.11|f[x]-L|= 1.0121 δ = 0.885

x = -0.115|f[x]-L|= 1.01323 δ = 0.88

x = -0.12|f[x]-L|= 1.0144 δ = 0.875

x = -0.125|f[x]-L|= 1.01563 δ = 0.87

x = -0.13|f[x]-L|= 1.0169 δ = 0.865

10 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = -0.135|f[x]-L|= 1.01823 δ = 0.86

x = -0.14|f[x]-L|= 1.0196 δ = 0.855

x = -0.145|f[x]-L|= 1.02103 δ = 0.85

x = -0.15|f[x]-L|= 1.0225 δ = 0.845

x = -0.155|f[x]-L|= 1.02403 δ = 0.84

x = -0.16|f[x]-L|= 1.0256 δ = 0.835

x = -0.165|f[x]-L|= 1.02723 δ = 0.83

x = -0.17|f[x]-L|= 1.0289 δ = 0.825

x = -0.175|f[x]-L|= 1.03063 δ = 0.82

x = -0.18|f[x]-L|= 1.0324 δ = 0.815

x = -0.185|f[x]-L|= 1.03423 δ = 0.81

x = -0.19|f[x]-L|= 1.0361 δ = 0.805

x = -0.195|f[x]-L|= 1.03803 δ = 0.8

x = -0.2|f[x]-L|= 1.04 δ = 0.795

x = -0.205|f[x]-L|= 1.04203 δ = 0.79

x = -0.21|f[x]-L|= 1.0441 δ = 0.785

x = -0.215|f[x]-L|= 1.04623 δ = 0.78

x = -0.22|f[x]-L|= 1.0484 δ = 0.775

x = -0.225|f[x]-L|= 1.05063 δ = 0.77

x = -0.23|f[x]-L|= 1.0529 δ = 0.765

x = -0.235|f[x]-L|= 1.05523 δ = 0.76

x = -0.24|f[x]-L|= 1.0576 δ = 0.755

x = -0.245|f[x]-L|= 1.06003 δ = 0.75

x = -0.25|f[x]-L|= 1.0625 δ = 0.745

x = -0.255|f[x]-L|= 1.06503 δ = 0.74

x = -0.26|f[x]-L|= 1.0676 δ = 0.735

x = -0.265|f[x]-L|= 1.07023 δ = 0.73

x = -0.27|f[x]-L|= 1.0729 δ = 0.725

x = -0.275|f[x]-L|= 1.07563 δ = 0.72

x = -0.28|f[x]-L|= 1.0784 δ = 0.715

x = -0.285|f[x]-L|= 1.08123 δ = 0.71

x = -0.29|f[x]-L|= 1.0841 δ = 0.705

x = -0.295|f[x]-L|= 1.08703 δ = 0.7

x = -0.3|f[x]-L|= 1.09 δ = 0.695

x = -0.305|f[x]-L|= 1.09303 δ = 0.69

x = -0.31|f[x]-L|= 1.0961 δ = 0.685

 0677 Practical -1.nb 11

x = -0.315|f[x]-L|= 1.09923 δ = 0.68

x = -0.32|f[x]-L|= 1.1024 δ = 0.675

x = -0.325|f[x]-L|= 1.10563 δ = 0.67

x = -0.33|f[x]-L|= 1.1089 δ = 0.665

x = -0.335|f[x]-L|= 1.11223 δ = 0.66

x = -0.34|f[x]-L|= 1.1156 δ = 0.655

x = -0.345|f[x]-L|= 1.11903 δ = 0.65

x = -0.35|f[x]-L|= 1.1225 δ = 0.645

x = -0.355|f[x]-L|= 1.12603 δ = 0.64

x = -0.36|f[x]-L|= 1.1296 δ = 0.635

x = -0.365|f[x]-L|= 1.13323 δ = 0.63

x = -0.37|f[x]-L|= 1.1369 δ = 0.625

x = -0.375|f[x]-L|= 1.14063 δ = 0.62

x = -0.38|f[x]-L|= 1.1444 δ = 0.615

x = -0.385|f[x]-L|= 1.14823 δ = 0.61

x = -0.39|f[x]-L|= 1.1521 δ = 0.605

x = -0.395|f[x]-L|= 1.15603 δ = 0.6

x = -0.4|f[x]-L|= 1.16 δ = 0.595

x = -0.405|f[x]-L|= 1.16403 δ = 0.59

x = -0.41|f[x]-L|= 1.1681 δ = 0.585

x = -0.415|f[x]-L|= 1.17223 δ = 0.58

x = -0.42|f[x]-L|= 1.1764 δ = 0.575

x = -0.425|f[x]-L|= 1.18063 δ = 0.57

x = -0.43|f[x]-L|= 1.1849 δ = 0.565

x = -0.435|f[x]-L|= 1.18923 δ = 0.56

x = -0.44|f[x]-L|= 1.1936 δ = 0.555

x = -0.445|f[x]-L|= 1.19803 δ = 0.55

x = -0.45|f[x]-L|= 1.2025 δ = 0.545

x = -0.455|f[x]-L|= 1.20703 δ = 0.54

x = -0.46|f[x]-L|= 1.2116 δ = 0.535

x = -0.465|f[x]-L|= 1.21623 δ = 0.53

x = -0.47|f[x]-L|= 1.2209 δ = 0.525

x = -0.475|f[x]-L|= 1.22563 δ = 0.52

x = -0.48|f[x]-L|= 1.2304 δ = 0.515

x = -0.485|f[x]-L|= 1.23523 δ = 0.51

x = -0.49|f[x]-L|= 1.2401 δ = 0.505

12 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = -0.495|f[x]-L|= 1.24503 δ = 0.5

x = -0.5|f[x]-L|= 1.25 δ = 0.495

x = -0.505|f[x]-L|= 1.25503 δ = 0.49

x = -0.51|f[x]-L|= 1.2601 δ = 0.485

x = -0.515|f[x]-L|= 1.26523 δ = 0.48

x = -0.52|f[x]-L|= 1.2704 δ = 0.475

x = -0.525|f[x]-L|= 1.27563 δ = 0.47

x = -0.53|f[x]-L|= 1.2809 δ = 0.465

x = -0.535|f[x]-L|= 1.28623 δ = 0.46

x = -0.54|f[x]-L|= 1.2916 δ = 0.455

x = -0.545|f[x]-L|= 1.29703 δ = 0.45

x = -0.55|f[x]-L|= 1.3025 δ = 0.445

x = -0.555|f[x]-L|= 1.30803 δ = 0.44

x = -0.56|f[x]-L|= 1.3136 δ = 0.435

x = -0.565|f[x]-L|= 1.31923 δ = 0.43

x = -0.57|f[x]-L|= 1.3249 δ = 0.425

x = -0.575|f[x]-L|= 1.33063 δ = 0.42

x = -0.58|f[x]-L|= 1.3364 δ = 0.415

x = -0.585|f[x]-L|= 1.34223 δ = 0.41

x = -0.59|f[x]-L|= 1.3481 δ = 0.405

x = -0.595|f[x]-L|= 1.35403 δ = 0.4

x = -0.6|f[x]-L|= 1.36 δ = 0.395

x = -0.605|f[x]-L|= 1.36603 δ = 0.39

x = -0.61|f[x]-L|= 1.3721 δ = 0.385

x = -0.615|f[x]-L|= 1.37823 δ = 0.38

x = -0.62|f[x]-L|= 1.3844 δ = 0.375

x = -0.625|f[x]-L|= 1.39063 δ = 0.37

x = -0.63|f[x]-L|= 1.3969 δ = 0.365

x = -0.635|f[x]-L|= 1.40323 δ = 0.36

x = -0.64|f[x]-L|= 1.4096 δ = 0.355

x = -0.645|f[x]-L|= 1.41603 δ = 0.35

x = -0.65|f[x]-L|= 1.4225 δ = 0.345

x = -0.655|f[x]-L|= 1.42903 δ = 0.34

x = -0.66|f[x]-L|= 1.4356 δ = 0.335

x = -0.665|f[x]-L|= 1.44223 δ = 0.33

x = -0.67|f[x]-L|= 1.4489 δ = 0.325

 0677 Practical -1.nb 13

x = -0.675|f[x]-L|= 1.45563 δ = 0.32

x = -0.68|f[x]-L|= 1.4624 δ = 0.315

x = -0.685|f[x]-L|= 1.46923 δ = 0.31

x = -0.69|f[x]-L|= 1.4761 δ = 0.305

x = -0.695|f[x]-L|= 1.48303 δ = 0.3

x = -0.7|f[x]-L|= 1.49 δ = 0.295

x = -0.705|f[x]-L|= 1.49703 δ = 0.29

x = -0.71|f[x]-L|= 1.5041 δ = 0.285

x = -0.715|f[x]-L|= 1.51123 δ = 0.28

x = -0.72|f[x]-L|= 1.5184 δ = 0.275

x = -0.725|f[x]-L|= 1.52563 δ = 0.27

x = -0.73|f[x]-L|= 1.5329 δ = 0.265

x = -0.735|f[x]-L|= 1.54023 δ = 0.26

x = -0.74|f[x]-L|= 1.5476 δ = 0.255

x = -0.745|f[x]-L|= 1.55503 δ = 0.25

x = -0.75|f[x]-L|= 1.5625 δ = 0.245

x = -0.755|f[x]-L|= 1.57003 δ = 0.24

x = -0.76|f[x]-L|= 1.5776 δ = 0.235

x = -0.765|f[x]-L|= 1.58523 δ = 0.23

x = -0.77|f[x]-L|= 1.5929 δ = 0.225

x = -0.775|f[x]-L|= 1.60063 δ = 0.22

x = -0.78|f[x]-L|= 1.6084 δ = 0.215

x = -0.785|f[x]-L|= 1.61623 δ = 0.21

x = -0.79|f[x]-L|= 1.6241 δ = 0.205

x = -0.795|f[x]-L|= 1.63203 δ = 0.2

x = -0.8|f[x]-L|= 1.64 δ = 0.195

x = -0.805|f[x]-L|= 1.64803 δ = 0.19

x = -0.81|f[x]-L|= 1.6561 δ = 0.185

x = -0.815|f[x]-L|= 1.66423 δ = 0.18

x = -0.82|f[x]-L|= 1.6724 δ = 0.175

x = -0.825|f[x]-L|= 1.68063 δ = 0.17

x = -0.83|f[x]-L|= 1.6889 δ = 0.165

x = -0.835|f[x]-L|= 1.69723 δ = 0.16

x = -0.84|f[x]-L|= 1.7056 δ = 0.155

x = -0.845|f[x]-L|= 1.71403 δ = 0.15

x = -0.85|f[x]-L|= 1.7225 δ = 0.145

14 0677 Practical -1.nb

x = -0.855|f[x]-L|= 1.73103 δ = 0.14

x = -0.86|f[x]-L|= 1.7396 δ = 0.135

x = -0.865|f[x]-L|= 1.74823 δ = 0.13

x = -0.87|f[x]-L|= 1.7569 δ = 0.125

x = -0.875|f[x]-L|= 1.76563 δ = 0.12

x = -0.88|f[x]-L|= 1.7744 δ = 0.115

x = -0.885|f[x]-L|= 1.78323 δ = 0.11

x = -0.89|f[x]-L|= 1.7921 δ = 0.105

x = -0.895|f[x]-L|= 1.80103 δ = 0.1

x = -0.9|f[x]-L|= 1.81 δ = 0.095

x = -0.905|f[x]-L|= 1.81903 δ = 0.09

x = -0.91|f[x]-L|= 1.8281 δ = 0.085

x = -0.915|f[x]-L|= 1.83723 δ = 0.08

x = -0.92|f[x]-L|= 1.8464 δ = 0.075

x = -0.925|f[x]-L|= 1.85563 δ = 0.07

x = -0.93|f[x]-L|= 1.8649 δ = 0.065

x = -0.935|f[x]-L|= 1.87423 δ = 0.06

x = -0.94|f[x]-L|= 1.8836 δ = 0.055

x = -0.945|f[x]-L|= 1.89303 δ = 0.05

x = -0.95|f[x]-L|= 1.9025 δ = 0.045

x = -0.955|f[x]-L|= 1.91203 δ = 0.04

x = -0.96|f[x]-L|= 1.9216 δ = 0.035

x = -0.965|f[x]-L|= 1.93123 δ = 0.03

x = -0.97|f[x]-L|= 1.9409 δ = 0.025

x = -0.975|f[x]-L|= 1.95063 δ = 0.02

x = -0.98|f[x]-L|= 1.9604 δ = 0.015

x = -0.985|f[x]-L|= 1.97023 δ = 0.01

x = -0.99|f[x]-L|= 1.9801 δ = 0.005

x = -0.995|f[x]-L|= 1.99003 δ = -8.20524 × 10-16

Required Value of delta = -8.20524 × 10-16

 Practical-2
Topic : To discuss the limits to functions
when x tends to zero
Question : 1. f(x)=1/x

Solution:

In[1]:= f[x_] := 1  x;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL ⩵ RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.001, 0.001}]
TableFormTablex, 1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005}, TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x
TableFormTablex, 1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005}, TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x
Out[2]= -∞

Out[3]= ∞

Limit of the function does not exist.

10 000

5000

Out[5]=
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0005 0.0010

-5000

-10 000
2 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[6]//TableForm=
1
x
x
- 0.1 - 10.
- 0.095 - 10.5263
- 0.09 - 11.1111
- 0.085 - 11.7647
- 0.08 - 12.5
- 0.075 - 13.3333
- 0.07 - 14.2857
- 0.065 - 15.3846
- 0.06 - 16.6667
- 0.055 - 18.1818
- 0.05 - 20.
- 0.045 - 22.2222
- 0.04 - 25.
- 0.035 - 28.5714
- 0.03 - 33.3333
- 0.025 - 40.
- 0.02 - 50.
- 0.015 - 66.6667
- 0.01 - 100.
- 0.005 - 200.
Out[7]//TableForm=
1
x
x
0.1 10.
0.095 10.5263
0.09 11.1111
0.085 11.7647
0.08 12.5
0.075 13.3333
0.07 14.2857
0.065 15.3846
0.06 16.6667
0.055 18.1818
0.05 20.
0.045 22.2222
0.04 25.
0.035 28.5714
0.03 33.3333
0.025 40.
0.02 50.
0.015 66.6667
0.01 100.
0.005 200.
 0677 Practical-2.nb 3

Question : 2. f(x) = -1/x

Solution:

In[8]:= f[x_] := - 1  x;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.001, 0.001}]
TableFormTablex, - 1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, - 1  x
TableFormTablex, - 1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005}, TableHeadings → None, x, - 1  x
Out[9]= ∞

Out[10]= -∞

Limit of the function does not exist.

10 000

5000

Out[12]=
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0005 0.0010

-5000

-10 000
4 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[13]//TableForm=

x -1
x
- 0.1 10.
- 0.095 10.5263
- 0.09 11.1111
- 0.085 11.7647
- 0.08 12.5
- 0.075 13.3333
- 0.07 14.2857
- 0.065 15.3846
- 0.06 16.6667
- 0.055 18.1818
- 0.05 20.
- 0.045 22.2222
- 0.04 25.
- 0.035 28.5714
- 0.03 33.3333
- 0.025 40.
- 0.02 50.
- 0.015 66.6667
- 0.01 100.
- 0.005 200.
Out[14]//TableForm=

x -1
x
0.1 - 10.
0.095 - 10.5263
0.09 - 11.1111
0.085 - 11.7647
0.08 - 12.5
0.075 - 13.3333
0.07 - 14.2857
0.065 - 15.3846
0.06 - 16.6667
0.055 - 18.1818
0.05 - 20.
0.045 - 22.2222
0.04 - 25.
0.035 - 28.5714
0.03 - 33.3333
0.025 - 40.
0.02 - 50.
0.015 - 66.6667
0.01 - 100.
0.005 - 200.
 0677 Practical-2.nb 5

Question : 3. f(x)=Sin(1/x)

Solution:

In[15]:= f[x_] := Sin1  x;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL ⩵ RHL, Print["Limit of the function exits and is", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, Sin1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, Sin1  x
TableFormTablex, Sin1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, Sin1  x
Out[16]= Indeterminate

Out[17]= Indeterminate

Out[18]= If[Indeterminate ⩵ Indeterminate, Print[Limit of the function exits and is, LHL],
Print[Limit of the function does not exist.]]

1.0

0.5

Out[19]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-0.5

-1.0
6 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[20]//TableForm=

x Sin 1 
x
- 0.1 0.544021
- 0.095 0.891904
- 0.09 0.993333
- 0.085 0.718515
- 0.08 0.0663219
- 0.075 - 0.693952
- 0.07 - 0.988987
- 0.065 - 0.317743
- 0.06 0.818447
- 0.055 0.619211
- 0.05 - 0.912945
- 0.045 0.229023
- 0.04 0.132352
- 0.035 0.292743
- 0.03 - 0.94053
- 0.025 - 0.745113
- 0.02 0.262375
- 0.015 0.639018
- 0.01 0.506366
- 0.005 0.873297
Out[21]//TableForm=

x Sin 1 
x
0.1 - 0.544021
0.095 - 0.891904
0.09 - 0.993333
0.085 - 0.718515
0.08 - 0.0663219
0.075 0.693952
0.07 0.988987
0.065 0.317743
0.06 - 0.818447
0.055 - 0.619211
0.05 0.912945
0.045 - 0.229023
0.04 - 0.132352
0.035 - 0.292743
0.03 0.94053
0.025 0.745113
0.02 - 0.262375
0.015 - 0.639018
0.01 - 0.506366
0.005 - 0.873297
 0677 Practical-2.nb 7

Question : 4. f (x) = Cos(1/x)

Solution:

In[22]:= f[x_] := Cos1  x;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, Cos1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, Cos1  x
TableFormTablex, Cos1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, Cos1  x
Out[23]= Indeterminate

Out[24]= Indeterminate

Out[25]= If[Indeterminate ⩵ Indeterminate, Print[Limit of the function exists and is, LHL],
Print[Limit of the function does not exist.]]

1.0

0.5

Out[26]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-0.5

-1.0
8 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[27]//TableForm=

x Cos 1 
x
- 0.1 - 0.839072
- 0.095 - 0.452225
- 0.09 0.11528
- 0.085 0.695512
- 0.08 0.997798
- 0.075 0.720022
- 0.07 - 0.148002
- 0.065 - 0.948177
- 0.06 - 0.574582
- 0.055 0.785224
- 0.05 0.408082
- 0.045 - 0.973421
- 0.04 0.991203
- 0.035 - 0.956191
- 0.03 - 0.339712
- 0.025 - 0.666938
- 0.02 0.964966
- 0.015 - 0.769192
- 0.01 0.862319
- 0.005 0.487188
Out[28]//TableForm=

x Cos 1 
x
0.1 - 0.839072
0.095 - 0.452225
0.09 0.11528
0.085 0.695512
0.08 0.997798
0.075 0.720022
0.07 - 0.148002
0.065 - 0.948177
0.06 - 0.574582
0.055 0.785224
0.05 0.408082
0.045 - 0.973421
0.04 0.991203
0.035 - 0.956191
0.03 - 0.339712
0.025 - 0.666938
0.02 0.964966
0.015 - 0.769192
0.01 0.862319
0.005 0.487188
 0677 Practical-2.nb 9

Question : 5. f (x) = xCos(1/x)

Solution:

In[29]:= f[x_] := x Cos1  x;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, x Cos1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, x Cos1  x
TableFormTablex, x Cos1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, x Cos1  x
Out[30]= 0

Out[31]= 0

Limit of the function exists and is 0

0.010

0.005

Out[33]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-0.005

-0.010
10 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[34]//TableForm=

x x Cos 1 
x
- 0.1 0.0839072
- 0.095 0.0429614
- 0.09 - 0.0103752
- 0.085 - 0.0591185
- 0.08 - 0.0798239
- 0.075 - 0.0540016
- 0.07 0.0103601
- 0.065 0.0616315
- 0.06 0.0344749
- 0.055 - 0.0431873
- 0.05 - 0.0204041
- 0.045 0.0438039
- 0.04 - 0.0396481
- 0.035 0.0334667
- 0.03 0.0101914
- 0.025 0.0166735
- 0.02 - 0.0192993
- 0.015 0.0115379
- 0.01 - 0.00862319
- 0.005 - 0.00243594
Out[35]//TableForm=

x x Cos 1 
x
0.1 - 0.0839072
0.095 - 0.0429614
0.09 0.0103752
0.085 0.0591185
0.08 0.0798239
0.075 0.0540016
0.07 - 0.0103601
0.065 - 0.0616315
0.06 - 0.0344749
0.055 0.0431873
0.05 0.0204041
0.045 - 0.0438039
0.04 0.0396481
0.035 - 0.0334667
0.03 - 0.0101914
0.025 - 0.0166735
0.02 0.0192993
0.015 - 0.0115379
0.01 0.00862319
0.005 0.00243594
 0677 Practical-2.nb 11

Question : 6. f (x) = xSin(1/x)

Solution:

In[36]:= f[x_] := x Sin1  x;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, x Sin1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, x Sin1  x
TableFormTablex, x Sin1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, x Sin1  x
Out[37]= 0

Out[38]= 0

Limit of the function exists and is 0

0.010

0.005

Out[40]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-0.005

-0.010
12 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[41]//TableForm=

x x Sin 1 
x
- 0.1 - 0.0544021
- 0.095 - 0.0847309
- 0.09 - 0.0894
- 0.085 - 0.0610738
- 0.08 - 0.00530575
- 0.075 0.0520464
- 0.07 0.0692291
- 0.065 0.0206533
- 0.06 - 0.0491068
- 0.055 - 0.0340566
- 0.05 0.0456473
- 0.045 - 0.010306
- 0.04 - 0.00529407
- 0.035 - 0.010246
- 0.03 0.0282159
- 0.025 0.0186278
- 0.02 - 0.0052475
- 0.015 - 0.00958527
- 0.01 - 0.00506366
- 0.005 - 0.00436649
Out[42]//TableForm=

x x Sin 1 
x
0.1 - 0.0544021
0.095 - 0.0847309
0.09 - 0.0894
0.085 - 0.0610738
0.08 - 0.00530575
0.075 0.0520464
0.07 0.0692291
0.065 0.0206533
0.06 - 0.0491068
0.055 - 0.0340566
0.05 0.0456473
0.045 - 0.010306
0.04 - 0.00529407
0.035 - 0.010246
0.03 0.0282159
0.025 0.0186278
0.02 - 0.0052475
0.015 - 0.00958527
0.01 - 0.00506366
0.005 - 0.00436649
 0677 Practical-2.nb 13

Question : 7. f (x) = x^2(Sin(1/x))

Solution:

In[43]:= f[x_] := x ^ 2 Sin1  x;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, x Sin1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, x ^ 2 Sin1  x
TableFormTablex, x Sin1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, x ^ 2 Sin1  x
Out[44]= 0

Out[45]= 0

Limit of the function exists and is 0

0.00010

0.00005

Out[47]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-0.00005

-0.00010
14 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[48]//TableForm=

x x2 Sin 1 
x
- 0.1 - 0.0544021
- 0.095 - 0.0847309
- 0.09 - 0.0894
- 0.085 - 0.0610738
- 0.08 - 0.00530575
- 0.075 0.0520464
- 0.07 0.0692291
- 0.065 0.0206533
- 0.06 - 0.0491068
- 0.055 - 0.0340566
- 0.05 0.0456473
- 0.045 - 0.010306
- 0.04 - 0.00529407
- 0.035 - 0.010246
- 0.03 0.0282159
- 0.025 0.0186278
- 0.02 - 0.0052475
- 0.015 - 0.00958527
- 0.01 - 0.00506366
- 0.005 - 0.00436649
Out[49]//TableForm=

x x2 Sin 1 
x
0.1 - 0.0544021
0.095 - 0.0847309
0.09 - 0.0894
0.085 - 0.0610738
0.08 - 0.00530575
0.075 0.0520464
0.07 0.0692291
0.065 0.0206533
0.06 - 0.0491068
0.055 - 0.0340566
0.05 0.0456473
0.045 - 0.010306
0.04 - 0.00529407
0.035 - 0.010246
0.03 0.0282159
0.025 0.0186278
0.02 - 0.0052475
0.015 - 0.00958527
0.01 - 0.00506366
0.005 - 0.00436649
 0677 Practical-2.nb 15

Question : 8. f (x) = 1/x^2

Solution:

In[50]:= f[x_] := 1  x ^ 2;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL ⩵ RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ," LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, 1  x ^ 2, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x ^ 2
TableFormTablex, 1  x ^ 2, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x ^ 2
Out[51]= ∞

Out[52]= ∞

Limit of the function exists and is , ∞

800 000

600 000

Out[54]= 400 000

200 000

-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

16 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[55]//TableForm=
1
x
x2
- 0.1 100.
- 0.095 110.803
- 0.09 123.457
- 0.085 138.408
- 0.08 156.25
- 0.075 177.778
- 0.07 204.082
- 0.065 236.686
- 0.06 277.778
- 0.055 330.579
- 0.05 400.
- 0.045 493.827
- 0.04 625.
- 0.035 816.327
- 0.03 1111.11
- 0.025 1600.
- 0.02 2500.
- 0.015 4444.44
- 0.01 10 000.
- 0.005 40 000.
Out[56]//TableForm=
1
x
x2
0.1 100.
0.095 110.803
0.09 123.457
0.085 138.408
0.08 156.25
0.075 177.778
0.07 204.082
0.065 236.686
0.06 277.778
0.055 330.579
0.05 400.
0.045 493.827
0.04 625.
0.035 816.327
0.03 1111.11
0.025 1600.
0.02 2500.
0.015 4444.44
0.01 10 000.
0.005 40 000.
 0677 Practical-2.nb 17

Question : 9. f (x) = 1/x^3

Solution:

In[57]:= f[x_] := 1  x ^ 3;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL ⩵ RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ," LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, 1  x ^ 3, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x ^ 3
TableFormTablex, 1  x ^ 3, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x ^ 3
Out[58]= -∞

Out[59]= ∞

Limit of the function does not exist.

1 × 108

5 × 107

Out[61]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-5 × 107

-1 × 108
18 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[62]//TableForm=
1
x
x3
- 0.1 - 1000.
- 0.095 - 1166.35
- 0.09 - 1371.74
- 0.085 - 1628.33
- 0.08 - 1953.12
- 0.075 - 2370.37
- 0.07 - 2915.45
- 0.065 - 3641.33
- 0.06 - 4629.63
- 0.055 - 6010.52
- 0.05 - 8000.
- 0.045 - 10 973.9
- 0.04 - 15 625.
- 0.035 - 23 323.6
- 0.03 - 37 037.
- 0.025 - 64 000.
- 0.02 - 125 000.
- 0.015 - 296 296.
- 0.01 - 1. × 106
- 0.005 - 8. × 106
Out[63]//TableForm=
1
x
x3
0.1 1000.
0.095 1166.35
0.09 1371.74
0.085 1628.33
0.08 1953.12
0.075 2370.37
0.07 2915.45
0.065 3641.33
0.06 4629.63
0.055 6010.52
0.05 8000.
0.045 10 973.9
0.04 15 625.
0.035 23 323.6
0.03 37 037.
0.025 64 000.
0.02 125 000.
0.015 296 296.
0.01 1. × 106
0.005 8. × 106
 0677 Practical-2.nb 19

Question : 10. f (x) = 1/x^4

Solution:

In[64]:= f[x_] := 1  (x ^ 4);

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL ⩵ RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ," LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, 1  (x ^ 4), {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  (x ^ 4)
TableFormTablex, 1  (x ^ 4), {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  (x ^ 4)
Out[65]= ∞

Out[66]= ∞

Limit of the function exists and is , ∞

2.5 × 1011

2.0 × 1011

1.5 × 1011
Out[68]=

1.0 × 1011

5.0 × 1010

-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

20 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[69]//TableForm=
1
x
x4
- 0.1 10 000.
- 0.095 12 277.4
- 0.09 15 241.6
- 0.085 19 156.9
- 0.08 24 414.1
- 0.075 31 604.9
- 0.07 41 649.3
- 0.065 56 020.4
- 0.06 77 160.5
- 0.055 109 282.
- 0.05 160 000.
- 0.045 243 865.
- 0.04 390 625.
- 0.035 666 389.
- 0.03 1.23457 × 106
- 0.025 2.56 × 106
- 0.02 6.25 × 106
- 0.015 1.97531 × 107
- 0.01 1. × 108
- 0.005 1.6 × 109
Out[70]//TableForm=
1
x
x4
0.1 10 000.
0.095 12 277.4
0.09 15 241.6
0.085 19 156.9
0.08 24 414.1
0.075 31 604.9
0.07 41 649.3
0.065 56 020.4
0.06 77 160.5
0.055 109 282.
0.05 160 000.
0.045 243 865.
0.04 390 625.
0.035 666 389.
0.03 1.23457 × 106
0.025 2.56 × 106
0.02 6.25 × 106
0.015 1.97531 × 107
0.01 1. × 108
0.005 1.6 × 109
 0677 Practical-2.nb 21

Question : 11. f (x) = 1/x^5

Solution:

In[71]:= f[x_] := 1  (x ^ 5);

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL ⩵ RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ," LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, 1  (x ^ 5), {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  (x ^ 5)
TableFormTablex, 1  (x ^ 5), {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  (x ^ 5)
Out[72]= -∞

Out[73]= ∞

Limit of the function does not exist.

5 × 1012

Out[75]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-5 × 1012
22 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[76]//TableForm=
1
x
x5
- 0.1 - 100 000.
- 0.095 - 129 236.
- 0.09 - 169 351.
- 0.085 - 225 375.
- 0.08 - 305 176.
- 0.075 - 421 399.
- 0.07 - 594 990.
- 0.065 - 861 853.
- 0.06 - 1.28601 × 106
- 0.055 - 1.98695 × 106
- 0.05 - 3.2 × 106
- 0.045 - 5.41923 × 106
- 0.04 - 9.76562 × 106
- 0.035 - 1.90397 × 107
- 0.03 - 4.11523 × 107
- 0.025 - 1.024 × 108
- 0.02 - 3.125 × 108
- 0.015 - 1.31687 × 109
- 0.01 - 1. × 1010
- 0.005 - 3.2 × 1011
Out[77]//TableForm=
1
x
x5
0.1 100 000.
0.095 129 236.
0.09 169 351.
0.085 225 375.
0.08 305 176.
0.075 421 399.
0.07 594 990.
0.065 861 853.
0.06 1.28601 × 106
0.055 1.98695 × 106
0.05 3.2 × 106
0.045 5.41923 × 106
0.04 9.76562 × 106
0.035 1.90397 × 107
0.03 4.11523 × 107
0.025 1.024 × 108
0.02 3.125 × 108
0.015 1.31687 × 109
0.01 1. × 1010
0.005 3.2 × 1011
 0677 Practical-2.nb 23

Question : 12. f (x) = 1/x Sin(1/x)

Solution:

In[78]:= f[x_] := 1  x Sin1  x;

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.01, 0.01}]
TableFormTablex, 1  x Sin1  x, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x Sin1  x
TableFormTablex, 1  x Sin1  x, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005},
TableHeadings → None, x, 1  x Sin1  x
Out[79]= Indeterminate

Out[80]= Indeterminate

Out[81]= If[Indeterminate ⩵ Indeterminate, Print[Limit of the function exists and is , LHL],

Print[Limit of the function does not exist.]]

500

Out[82]=
-0.010 -0.005 0.005 0.010

-500
24 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[83]//TableForm=
1
Sin 
x x
x
- 0.1 - 5.44021
- 0.095 - 9.38846
- 0.09 - 11.037
- 0.085 - 8.45312
- 0.08 - 0.829024
- 0.075 9.25269
- 0.07 14.1284
- 0.065 4.88835
- 0.06 - 13.6408
- 0.055 - 11.2584
- 0.05 18.2589
- 0.045 - 5.08939
- 0.04 - 3.30879
- 0.035 - 8.3641
- 0.03 31.351
- 0.025 29.8045
- 0.02 - 13.1187
- 0.015 - 42.6012
- 0.01 - 50.6366
- 0.005 - 174.659
Out[84]//TableForm=
1
Sin 
x x
x
0.1 - 5.44021
0.095 - 9.38846
0.09 - 11.037
0.085 - 8.45312
0.08 - 0.829024
0.075 9.25269
0.07 14.1284
0.065 4.88835
0.06 - 13.6408
0.055 - 11.2584
0.05 18.2589
0.045 - 5.08939
0.04 - 3.30879
0.035 - 8.3641
0.03 31.351
0.025 29.8045
0.02 - 13.1187
0.015 - 42.6012
0.01 - 50.6366
0.005 - 174.659
 0677 Practical-2.nb 25

Question : 13. f (x) = [x][Greatest integer function

Solution:

In[162]:= f[x_] := Floor[x];

LHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → 0, Direction → - 1]
If[LHL == RHL, Print["Limit of the function exists and is ", LHL],
Print["Limit of the function does not exist."]]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 0.001, 0.001}, PlotStyle → {Black}]
TableForm[Table[{x, Floor[x]}, {x, - 0.1, - 0.001, 0.005}],
TableHeadings → {None, {x, Floor[x]}}]
TableForm[Table[{x, Floor[x]}, {x, 0.1, 0.001, - 0.005}],
TableHeadings → {None, {x, Floor[x]}}]
Out[163]= -1

Out[164]= 0

Limit of the function does not exist.

-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0005 0.0010

-0.2

-0.4
Out[166]=

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0
26 0677 Practical-2.nb

Out[167]//TableForm=
x Floor[x]
- 0.1 -1
- 0.095 -1
- 0.09 -1
- 0.085 -1
- 0.08 -1
- 0.075 -1
- 0.07 -1
- 0.065 -1
- 0.06 -1
- 0.055 -1
- 0.05 -1
- 0.045 -1
- 0.04 -1
- 0.035 -1
- 0.03 -1
- 0.025 -1
- 0.02 -1
- 0.015 -1
- 0.01 -1
- 0.005 -1
Out[168]//TableForm=
x Floor[x]
0.1 0
0.095 0
0.09 0
0.085 0
0.08 0
0.075 0
0.07 0
0.065 0
0.06 0
0.055 0
0.05 0
0.045 0
0.04 0
0.035 0
0.03 0
0.025 0
0.02 0
0.015 0
0.01 0
0.005 0
 Practical-3
Discuss the limits of the function f(x)
when x tends to infinity
Q-1. f(x)= e1/x

In[5]:= f[x_] := Exp1  x;

L = Limit[f[x], x → Infinity]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 100, 100}]
TableFormTablex, NExp1  x, {x, 1, 10 000, 100},
TableHeadings → None, x, Exp1  x
Out[6]= 1

1.10

1.05

Out[7]= 1.00

0.95

0.90

-100 -50 50 100

Out[8]//TableForm=
1
x ⅇx
1 2.71828
101 1.00995
201 1.00499
301 1.00333
401 1.0025
501 1.002
601 1.00167
701 1.00143
801 1.00125
901 1.00111
1001 1.001
1101 1.00091
2 0677 Practical-3.nb

1201 1.00083
1301 1.00077
1401 1.00071
1501 1.00067
1601 1.00062
1701 1.00059
1801 1.00056
1901 1.00053
2001 1.0005
2101 1.00048
2201 1.00045
2301 1.00043
2401 1.00042
2501 1.0004
2601 1.00038
2701 1.00037
2801 1.00036
2901 1.00034
3001 1.00033
3101 1.00032
3201 1.00031
3301 1.0003
3401 1.00029
3501 1.00029
3601 1.00028
3701 1.00027
3801 1.00026
3901 1.00026
4001 1.00025
4101 1.00024
4201 1.00024
4301 1.00023
4401 1.00023
4501 1.00022
4601 1.00022
4701 1.00021
4801 1.00021
4901 1.0002
5001 1.0002
5101 1.0002
5201 1.00019
5301 1.00019
5401 1.00019
5501 1.00018
5601 1.00018
5701 1.00018
5801 1.00017
5901 1.00017
6001 1.00017
6101 1.00016
6201 1.00016
6301 1.00016
6401 1.00016
6501 1.00015
6601 1.00015
6701 1.00015
6801 1.00015
6901 1.00014
7001 1.00014
7101 1.00014
 0677 Practical-3.nb 3

7201 1.00014
7301 1.00014
7401 1.00014
7501 1.00013
7601 1.00013
7701 1.00013
7801 1.00013
7901 1.00013
8001 1.00012
8101 1.00012
8201 1.00012
8301 1.00012
8401 1.00012
8501 1.00012
8601 1.00012
8701 1.00011
8801 1.00011
8901 1.00011
9001 1.00011
9101 1.00011
9201 1.00011
9301 1.00011
9401 1.00011
9501 1.00011
9601 1.0001
9701 1.0001
9801 1.0001
9901 1.0001

Q-2. f(x)= Sin(1/x)

In[56]:= f[x_] := Sin1  x;

L = Limit[f[x], x → ∞]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 1, 1}]
TableFormTablex, NSin1  x, {x, 1, 10 000, 100},
TableHeadings → None, x, Sin1  x
Out[57]= 0

1.0

0.5

Out[58]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

Out[59]//TableForm=

x Sin 1 
x
1 0.841471
4 0677 Practical-3.nb

101 0.00990083
201 0.0049751
301 0.00332225
401 0.00249376
501 0.00199601
601 0.00166389
701 0.00142653
801 0.00124844
901 0.00110988
1001 0.000999001
1101 0.000908265
1201 0.000832639
1301 0.000768639
1401 0.000713776
1501 0.000666222
1601 0.00062461
1701 0.000587889
1801 0.000555247
1901 0.000526039
2001 0.00049975
2101 0.000475964
2201 0.000454339
2301 0.000434594
2401 0.000416493
2501 0.00039984
2601 0.000384468
2701 0.000370233
2801 0.000357015
2901 0.000344709
3001 0.000333222
3101 0.000322477
3201 0.000312402
3301 0.000302938
3401 0.000294031
3501 0.000285633
3601 0.000277701
3701 0.000270197
3801 0.000263089
3901 0.000256345
4001 0.000249938
4101 0.000243843
4201 0.000238039
4301 0.000232504
4401 0.000227221
4501 0.000222173
4601 0.000217344
4701 0.000212721
4801 0.00020829
4901 0.00020404
5001 0.00019996
5101 0.00019604
5201 0.000192271
5301 0.000188644
5401 0.000185151
5501 0.000181785
5601 0.00017854
5701 0.000175408
5801 0.000172384
5901 0.000169463
6001 0.000166639
 0677 Practical-3.nb 5

6101 0.000163908
6201 0.000161264
6301 0.000158705
6401 0.000156226
6501 0.000153822
6601 0.000151492
6701 0.000149231
6801 0.000147037
6901 0.000144907
7001 0.000142837
7101 0.000140825
7201 0.00013887
7301 0.000136968
7401 0.000135117
7501 0.000133316
7601 0.000131562
7701 0.000129853
7801 0.000128189
7901 0.000126566
8001 0.000124984
8101 0.000123442
8201 0.000121936
8301 0.000120467
8401 0.000119033
8501 0.000117633
8601 0.000116266
8701 0.000114929
8801 0.000113623
8901 0.000112347
9001 0.000111099
9101 0.000109878
9201 0.000108684
9301 0.000107515
9401 0.000106372
9501 0.000105252
9601 0.000104156
9701 0.000103082
9801 0.00010203
9901 0.000101

ex
Q-3. f(x)= x

In[72]:= f[x_] := Exp[x] / x;

L = Limit[f[x], x → ∞]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 1, 1}]
TableForm[Table[{x, N[Exp[x] / x]}, {x, 1, 1000, 100}],
TableHeadings → {None, {x, Exp[x] / x}}]
Out[73]= ∞
6 0677 Practical-3.nb

10

Out[74]=

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-5

-10

Out[75]//TableForm=
ⅇx
x
x
1 2.71828
101 7.23471 × 1041
201 9.77226 × 1084
301 1.75417 × 10128
401 3.53951 × 10171
501 7.61549 × 10214
601 1.70651 × 10258
701 3.93291 × 10301
801 9.25225275523894 × 10344
901 2.211074642025580 × 10388
 0677 Practical-3.nb 7

Q-4. f(x)=x^2 Sin[1/x]

In[60]:= f[x_] := x ^ 2 Sin1  x;

L = Limit[f[x], x → ∞]
Plot[f[x], {x, - 1, 1}]
TableFormTablex, Nx ^ 2 Sin1  x, {x, 1, 1000, 100},
TableHeadings → None, x, x ^ 2 Sin1  x
Out[61]= ∞

0.5

Out[62]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

Out[63]//TableForm=

x x2 Sin 1 
x
1 0.841471
101 100.998
201 200.999
301 300.999
401 401.
501 501.
601 601.
701 701.
801 801.
901 901.

In[80]:=
 Practical-4
Discuss the continuity of the functions
Question: 1. f(x)=1/x at x=0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := 1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (RHL ⩵ LHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= -∞

Out[ ]= ∞

Given function is discontinuous at x=0

6

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-2

-4

-6
2 0677 Practical-4.nb

Question: 2. f(x)=-1/x at x=0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := - 1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (RHL ⩵ LHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= ∞

Out[ ]= -∞

Given function is discontinuous at x=0

6

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-2

-4

-6
 0677 Practical-4.nb 3

Question: 3. f(x)=Sin[1/x] at x=0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := Sin1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (RHL ⩵ LHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= If[Indeterminate ⩵ f[0] && Indeterminate ⩵ f[0] && Indeterminate ⩵ Indeterminate,

Print[Given function is continuous at x=, a],
Print[Given function is discontinuous at x=, a]]

1.0

0.5

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1.0
4 0677 Practical-4.nb

Question: 4. f(x)=Cos[1/x] at x=0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := Cos1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (RHL ⩵ LHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= If[Indeterminate ⩵ f[0] && Indeterminate ⩵ f[0] && Indeterminate ⩵ Indeterminate,

Print[Given function is continuous at x=, a],
Print[Given function is discontinuous at x=, a]]

1.0

0.5

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1.0
 0677 Practical-4.nb 5

Question : 5. f (x) = x Sin[1/x] at x = 0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := x Sin1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (LHL ⩵ RHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=" a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= 0

Out[ ]= 0

Out[ ]= If[0 ⩵ f[0] && 0 ⩵ f[0], Print[Given function is continuous at x=, a],
Print[Given function is discontinuous at x= a]]
1.0

0.8

0.6

Out[ ]=
0.4

0.2

-2 -1 1 2

-0.2
6 0677 Practical-4.nb

Question : 6. f (x) = x Cos[1/x] at x = 0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := x Cos1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (LHL ⩵ RHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= 0

Out[ ]= 0

Out[ ]= If[0 ⩵ f[0] && 0 ⩵ f[0], Print[Given function is continuous at x=, a],
Print[Given function is discontinuous at x=, a]]

1.5

1.0

0.5

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
 0677 Practical-4.nb 7

Question : 7. f (x) =x^2 Sin[1/x] at x = 0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := x ^ 2 Sin1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (LHL ⩵ RHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= 0

Out[ ]= 0

Out[ ]= If[0 ⩵ f[0] && 0 ⩵ f[0], Print[Given function is continuous at x=, a],
Print[Given function is discontinuous at x=, a]]

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-1

-2
8 0677 Practical-4.nb

Question : 8. f (x) =1/x Sin[1/x] at x = 0.

In[ ]:= f[x] := 1  x Sin1  x;

a = 0;
LHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → 1]
RHL = Limit[f[x], x → a, Direction → - 1]
IfLHL ⩵ f[a] && RHL ⩵ f[a] && (LHL ⩵ RHL),
Print["Given function is continuous at x=", a],
Print["Given function is discontinuous at x=", a]
Plot[f[x], {x, a - 2, a + 2}]
Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= If[Indeterminate ⩵ f[0] && Indeterminate ⩵ f[0] && Indeterminate ⩵ Indeterminate,

Print[Given function is continuous at x=, a],
Print[Given function is discontinuous at x=, a]]

Out[ ]= 1

-2 -1 1 2

-1
 Practical-5
Rolle’s theorem
Question: 1. Illustrate the geometric meaning of the rolle’s
theorem of the following functions on the given intervals:
A. x^3-4x on [-2,2]

In[ ]:= f[x_] := x ^ 3 - 4 x;

{f[- 2], f[2]}
D[f[x], x]
N[Solve[f '[x] ⩵ 0, x]]
{{x = - 1.1547}, {x = 1.1547}}
{f[- 1.1547], f[1.1547]}
{3.0792, - 3.0729}
Plot[f[x], {x, - 2, 2}]
Out[ ]= {0, 0}

Out[ ]= - 4 + 3 x2

Out[ ]= {{x → - 1.1547}, {x → 1.1547}}

Out[ ]= {{- 1.1547}, {1.1547}}

Out[ ]= {3.0792, - 3.0792}

Out[ ]= {3.0792, - 3.0729}

Out[ ]=
-2 -1 1 2

-1

-2

-3
2 0677 Practical-5.nb

B. (x-3)^4(x-5)^3 on [3,5]

In[ ]:= f[x_] := x - 3 ^ 4 (x - 5) ^ 3

{f[3], f[5]}
D[f[x], x]
N[Solve[f '[x] ⩵ 0, x]]
{{x = 3.}, {x = 3.}, {x = 3.}, {x = 4.14286}, {x = 5.}, {x = 5.}}
{f[3.], f[3.], f[3.], f[4.14286], f[5.], f[5.]}
Plot[f[x], {x, 3, 5}]
Out[ ]= {0, 0}

Out[ ]= 4 (- 5 + x)3 - 3 + x3 + 3 (- 5 + x)2 - 3 + x4

Out[ ]= {{x → 3.}, {x → 3.}, {x → 3.}, {x → 4.14286}, {x → 5.}, {x → 5.}}

Out[ ]= {{3.}, {3.}, {3.}, {4.14286}, {5.}, {5.}}

Out[ ]= {0., 0., 0., - 1.0743, 0., 0.}

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

-0.2

-0.4

Out[ ]=
-0.6

-0.8

-1.0
 Practical-6
Lagrange’s Mean value theorem
Question: 1. Illustrate the geometric meaning of lagrange’s mean
value theorem of the following function on the given intervals:
1. Log[x] on [1/2,2]
Solution :

In[ ]:= f[x_] := Log[x];

D[f[x], x]
f[2] - f1  2
NSolvef '[x] ⩵ 
2-12
Plot[f[x], {x, 0, 2}, PlotStyle → Thick, PlotLegends → "Log[x]"]
line[x_] := f1  2 + f[2] - f1  2  2 - 1  2 x - 1  2;
tangent[x_] := f[1.08202] + f '[1.08202] x - 1.08202;
Plot{f[x], line[x], tangent[x]}, x, 1  2, 2,
PlotStyle → {{Red, Thick}, {Cyan, Thick}, {Blue, Thick}},
PlotLegends → {"f[x]", "line[x]", "tangent[x]"}
1
Out[ ]=
x
Out[ ]= {{x → 1.08202}}

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-1
Out[ ]= Log[x]

-2

-3
2 0677 Practical-6.nb

1.0

0.5

f[x]
Out[ ]= line[x]
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 tangent[x]

-0.5
 0677 Practical-6.nb 3

Conclusion : Form the graph it seems that tangent at point

c[1.08202] is parallel to the chord joining points A(2,f(2)) and
B(1/2,f(1/2)).

2. x(x-1)(x-2) on [0,1/2]
Solution :

In[33]:= ClearAll
g[x_] := x x - 1 x - 2;
D[g[x], x]
g1  2 - g[0]
NSolveg '[x] == 
12-0
Plotg[x], x, 0, 1  2, PlotStyle → Thick, PlotLegends → " x(x-1)(x-2)"
line[x_] := g[0] + g1  2 - g[0]  1  2 - 0 x - 0;
tangent[x_] := g[0.236237] + g '[0.236237] x - 0.236237;
Plot{g[x], line[x], tangent[x]}, x, 0, 1  2,
PlotStyle → {{Blue, Thick}, {Red, Thick}, {Green, Thick}},
PlotLegends → {"g[x]", "line[x]", "tangent[x]"}

Out[33]= ClearAll

Out[35]= - 2 + x - 1 + x + - 2 + x x + - 1 + x x

Out[36]= {{x → 0.236237}, {x → 1.76376}}

0.4

0.3

Out[37]= 0.2 x(x-1)(x-2)

0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

4 0677 Practical-6.nb

0.5

0.4

0.3
g[x]
Out[40]= line[x]
0.2 tangent[x]

0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

 0677 Practical-6.nb 5

Conclusion : Form the graph it seems that tangent at point

c[0.236237] is parallel to the chord joining points A(0,f(0)) and
B(1/2,f(1/2))

2. 2 x^2-7 x+10 on [2,5]

Solution :

In[ ]:= f[x_] := 2 x ^ 2 - 7 x + 10;

D[f[x], x]
f[5] - f[2]
NSolvef '[x] ⩵ 
5-2
Plot[f[x], {x, 2, 5}, PlotStyle → Thick, PlotLegends → "2 x^2-7 x+10"]
line[x_] := f[2] + f[5] - f[2]  5 - 2 x - 2;
tangent[x_] := f[3.5] + f '[3.5] x - 3.5;
Plot[{f[x], line[x], tangent[x]}, {x, 2, 5},
PlotStyle → {{Blue, Thick}, {Red, Thick}, {Green, Thick}},
PlotLegends → {"f[x]", "line[x]", "tangent[x]"}]

Out[ ]= -7 + 4 x

Out[ ]= {{x → 3.5}}

25

20

Out[ ]= 15 2 x^2-7 x+10

10

5
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
6 0677 Practical-6.nb

25

20

15 f[x]
Out[ ]= line[x]
10 tangent[x]

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conclusion : Form the graph it seems that tangent at point c[3.5] is

parallel to the chord joining points A(2,f(2)) and B(5,f(5)).
 Practical : 7
Drawing the surface and level curves at
the given height
Question :- Draw the following surfaces and find level curves at the
given heights :
(I) f(x,y) = 10 - x^2 - y^2 ;z = 1, z = 6, z = 9

Sol.
In[ ]:= Plot3D[10 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}]

Out[ ]=
2 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{10 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2, {1, 6, 9}}, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}]

Out[ ]=

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{10 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2, {1, 6, 9}}, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3},

MeshFunctions → {#3 &}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}, MeshStyle → {Thick, Black}]

Out[ ]=
 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb 3

In[ ]:= ContourPlot10 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Contours → {1, 6, 9},
ContourStyle → {{Red, Thickness[0.01]}, {Green , Thickness[0.001]}, {Blue, Thick}},
ContourShading → False, ContourLabels → Text[Style[#3, 20], {#1, #2}] &
3

9
1
Out[ ]=
0

-1
6

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb

We can use {#2,#1} instead of {#1,#2}.

(2) f(x,y) = x^2+y^2, z = 1,z = 6,z = 9

Sol.
In[ ]:= Plot3D[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}]

Out[ ]=

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {1, 6, 9}}, {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}]

Out[ ]=
 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb 5

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {1, 6, 9}}, {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4},

MeshFunctions → {#3 &}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}, MeshStyle → {Thin, Black}]

Out[ ]=
6 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb

In[ ]:= ContourPlotx ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, Contours → {1, 6, 9},
ContourStyle → {{Red, Thickness[0.01]}, {Green , Thickness[0.009]}, {Blue, Thick}},
ContourShading → False, ContourLabels → Text[Style[#3, 20], {#1, #2}] &
4

0
6
Out[ ]=

-2

-4
-4 -2 0 2 4

(3) f(x,y) = x^3 - y, z = 1,z = 6

Sol.
In[ ]:= Plot3D[x ^ 3 - y, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}]

Out[ ]=
 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb 7

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{x ^ 3 - y, {1, 6}}, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}]

Out[ ]=

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{x ^ 3 - y, {1, 6}}, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3},

MeshFunctions → {#3 &}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}, MeshStyle → {Black, Thick}]

Out[ ]=
8 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb

In[1]:= ContourPlotx ^ 3 - y, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Contours → {1, 6},

ContourStyle → {{Red, Thickness[0.01]}, {Blue, Thick}},
ContourShading → False, ContourLabels → Text[Style[#3, 20], {#1, #2}] &
3

Out[1]=
0

-1

-2

-3 1 6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

(4) f(x,y) = x^2 + y^2/4 , z = 1,z = 5, z=8

Sol.
In[ ]:= Plot3Dx ^ 2 + y ^ 2  4, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}

Out[ ]=
 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb 9

In[ ]:= Plot3Dx ^ 2 + y ^ 2  4, {1, 5, 8}, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}

Out[ ]=

In[ ]:= Plot3Dx ^ 2 + y ^ 2  4, {1, 5, 8}, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5},

MeshFunctions → {#3 &}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}, MeshStyle → {Black, Thick}

Out[ ]=
10 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb

In[ ]:= ContourPlotx ^ 2 + y ^ 2  4, {x, - 6, 6}, {y, - 6, 6}, Contours → {1, 5, 8},
ContourStyle → {{Red, Thickness[0.01]}, {Blue, Thick}, {Green, Thick}},
ContourShading → False, ContourLabels → Text[Style[#3, 20], {#1, #2}] &
6

4
5

Out[ ]=
0

-2 1

-4

-6
8
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

(5) 4 x^2 + y^2, z=0, z=6, z=9

Sol.
In[ ]:= Plot3D[4 x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[ ]=
 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb 11

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{4 x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {0, 6, 9}}, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[ ]=

In[ ]:= Plot3D[{4 x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {0, 6, 9}}, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5},

MeshFunctions → {#3 &}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}, MeshStyle → {Black, Thick}]

Out[ ]=
12 Practical-7 [3rd semester].nb

In[ ]:= ContourPlot4 x ^ 2 + y ^ 2, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, Contours → {0, 6, 9},
ContourStyle → {{Yellow, Thick}, {Blue, Thick}, {Red, Thick}},
ContourShading → False, ContourLabels → Text[Style[#3, 20], {#1, #2}] &

9
2

Out[ ]=
0

-2

-4

-4 -2 0 2 4
 Practical-8
Question :- Draw the following surfaces and discuss whether limit
exists or not as (x,y) approaches to given points. Find the limit, if it
exists:
x+ y
(1) f (x, y) = x-y ; (x,y)→(0,0) and (x,y)→(1,3)

Solution:
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := (x + y) / (x - y)
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40]
ContourPlot[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40, ContourShading → True]
Limit[f[x, y], {x → 0, y → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 1}]

Out[ ]=
2 677 Practical-8.nb

1.0

0.5

0.0
Out[ ]=

-0.5

-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Out[ ]= 1

1+m
Out[ ]=
1-m
1+m
Out[ ]=
1-m

Observation: The limit depends on “m” hence, limit does not exist.

x- y
(2) f (x, y) = ;(x,y)→(0,0) and (x,y)→(2,1)
x2+y2

Solution:
x-y
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] :=
x 2 + y2
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40]
ContourPlot[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40, ContourShading → True]
Limit[f[x, y], {x → 0, y → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 2}]
 677 Practical-8.nb 3

Out[ ]=

1.0

0.5

0.0
Out[ ]=

-0.5

-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= Indeterminate

1-m
Out[ ]=
1 + m2
4 677 Practical-8.nb

Observation: The limit depends on “m” hence, limit does not exist.

(3) f(x,y)=(x+y) ⅇ^(x y);(x,y)→(1,1) and(x,y)→(1,0)

Solution:
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := (x + y) ⅇ ^ (x y)
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40]
ContourPlot[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40, ContourShading → True]
Limit[f[x, y], {x → 1, y → 1}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 1}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 1}]

Out[ ]=
 677 Practical-8.nb 5

1.0

0.5

0.0
Out[ ]=

-0.5

-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Out[ ]= 2ⅇ

Out[ ]= ⅇm 1 + m

Out[ ]= ⅇm 1 + m
6 677 Practical-8.nb

Observation: The limit depends on “m” hence, limit does not exist.

(4) f (x, y) = ⅇ^(x y);(x,y)→(0,0) and (x,y)→(1,0)

Solution:
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := ⅇ ^ (x y)
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40]
ContourPlot[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40, ContourShading → True]
Limit[f[x, y], {x → 0, y → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 1}]

Out[ ]=
 677 Practical-8.nb 7

1.0

0.5

0.0
Out[ ]=

-0.5

-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Out[ ]= 1

Out[ ]= 1

Out[ ]= ⅇm
8 677 Practical-8.nb

Observation: The limit depends on “m” hence, limit does not exist.

x+y^2
(5) f (x, y) = x^2+y^2 ;(x,y)→(0,0).

Solution:
x + y^2
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] :=
x^2 + y^2
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40]
ContourPlot[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40, ContourShading → True]
Limit[f[x, y], {x → 0, y → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 0}]

Out[ ]=
 677 Practical-8.nb 9

1.0

0.5

0.0
Out[ ]=

-0.5

-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Out[ ]= Indeterminate

Out[ ]= Indeterminate
10 677 Practical-8.nb

Observation: The limit depends on “m” hence, limit does not exist.

x^2 - y^2
(6) f (x, y) = x^2 +y^2
;(x,y)→(0,0) and (x,y)→(2,1)

Solution:
x^2 - y^2
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] :=
x^2 + y^2
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40]
ContourPlot[f[x, y], {x, - 1, 1}, {y, - 1, 1}, PlotPoints → 40, ContourShading → True]
Limit[f[x, y], {x → 0, y → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 0}]
Limit[f[x, m x], {x → 2}]

Out[ ]=

1.0

0.5

0.0
Out[ ]=

-0.5

-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Out[ ]= 1
 677 Practical-8.nb 11

1 - m2
Out[ ]=
1 + m2
4 - 4 m2
Out[ ]=
4 + 4 m2

Observation: The limit depends on “m” hence, limit does not exist.
 Practical-9
Draw tangent plane to the surface at a
given point
Question-1. Draw the tangent planes to following surfaces at a
given point:
(1) f(x,y)= x^2 + y^2 at (3,1, 10 )

Solution:
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2];
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, Mesh → None]

Out[ ]=
2 0677 Practical-9.nb

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2];

f[3, 1];
dx = D[f[x, y], x] /. {x → 3, y → 1};
dy = D[f[x, y], y] /. {x → 3, y → 1};
p1 = Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &}];
p2 = Plot3Ddx x - 3 + dy y - 1 + f[3, 1], {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &};
p3 = ParametricPlot3D[{3 + dx t, 1 + dy t, f[3, 1] - t}, {t, - 4, 4}];
Show[p1, p2, p3, PlotRange → {{- 4, 4}, {- 4, 4}, {- 4, 4}},
BoxRatios → Automatic, ViewPoint → {3, 1, f[3, 1]}]

Out[ ]=
 0677 Practical-9.nb 3

(2) f(x,y)=10-x^2-y^2 at (2,2,2)

Solution:
f[x_, y_] := 10 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2;
(* We cannot use square bracket here as [10-x^2-y^2],
otherwise mathematica will show error *)
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, Mesh → None]

Out[ ]=
4 0677 Practical-9.nb

f[x_, y_] := 10 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2;

f[2, 2];
dx = D[f[x, y], x] /. {x → 2, y → 2};
dy = D[f[x, y], y] /. {x → 2, y → 2};
p1 = Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &}];
p2 = Plot3Ddx x - 2 + dy y - 2 + f[2, 2], {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &};
p3 = ParametricPlot3D[{2 + dx t, 2 + dy t, f[2, 2] - t}, {t, - 4, 4}];
Show[p1, p2, p3, PlotRange → {{- 4, 4}, {- 4, 4}, {- 4, 4}},
BoxRatios → Automatic, ViewPoint → {2, 2, f[2, 2]}]

Out[ ]=
 0677 Practical-9.nb 5

(3) x^2+y^2+z^2=9 at (3,0,0)

Solution:

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] = 9 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2 ;

Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, Mesh → None]

Out[ ]=
6 0677 Practical-9.nb

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] = 9 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2 ;

f[3, 0];
dx = D[f[x, y], x] /. {x → 3, y → 0};
dy = D[f[x, y], y] /. {x → 3, y → 0};
p1 = Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &}];
p2 = Plot3Ddx x - 3 + dy y - 0 + f[3, 0], {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &};
p3 = ParametricPlot3D[{3 + dx t, 0 + dy t, f[3, 0] - t}, {t, - 4, 4}];
Show[p1, p2, p3, PlotRange → {{- 4, 4}, {- 4, 4}, {- 4, 4}},
BoxRatios → Automatic, ViewPoint → {3, 0, f[3, 0]}]

1
Power: Infinite expression encountered.
0
1
Power: Infinite expression encountered.
0

Infinity: Indeterminate expression 0 ComplexInfinity encountered.

Out[ ]=
 0677 Practical-9.nb 7

(4) z=arctan(x) at (1, 3 , π / 3)and (2,2,π/4)

Solution:
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := ArcTan[x]
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, Mesh → None]

Out[ ]=
8 0677 Practical-9.nb

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := ArcTan[x];

f1, 3 ;
dx = D[f[x, y], x] /. x → 1, y → 3 ;
dy = D[f[x, y], y] /. x → 1, y → 3 ;
p1 = Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &}];
p2 = Plot3Ddx x - 1 + dy y - 3  + f1, 3 ,
{x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &};
p3 = ParametricPlot3D1 + dx t, 3 + dy t, f1, 3  - t, {t, - 5, 5};
Showp1, p2, p3, PlotRange → {{- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}},
BoxRatios → Automatic, ViewPoint → 1, 3 , f1, 3 

Out[ ]=
 0677 Practical-9.nb 9

For point (2,2,π/4)

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := ArcTan[x];
f[2, 2];
dx = D[f[x, y], x] /. {x → 2, y → 2};
dy = D[f[x, y], y] /. {x → 2, y → 2};
p1 = Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &}];
p2 = Plot3Ddx x - 2 + dy y - 2 + f[2, 2], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &};
p3 = ParametricPlot3D[{2 + dx t, 2 + dy t, f[2, 2] - t}, {t, - 5, 5}];
Show[p1, p2, p3, PlotRange → {{- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}},
BoxRatios → Automatic, ViewPoint → {2, 2, f[2, 2]}]

Out[ ]=
10 0677 Practical-9.nb

(5) z=Log(Abs(x+y^2)) at (-3,-2,0)

Solution:
In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := Log[Abs[x + y ^ 2]]
Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, Mesh → None]

Out[ ]=
 0677 Practical-9.nb 11

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := Log[Abs[x + y ^ 2]];

f[- 3, - 2];
dx = D[f[x, y], x] /. {x → - 3, y → - 2};
dy = D[f[x, y], y] /. {x → - 3, y → - 2};
p1 = Plot3D[f[x, y], {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &}];
p2 = Plot3Ddx x - - 3 + dy y - - 2 + f[- 3, - 2],
{x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, MeshFunctions → {#3 &};
p3 = ParametricPlot3D[{- 3 + dx t, - 2 + dy t, f[- 3, - 3] - t}, {t, - 5, 5}];
Show[p1, p2, p3, PlotRange → {{- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}},
BoxRatios → Automatic, ViewPoint → {- 3, - 2, f[- 3, - 2]}]

Out[ ]=
 Practical-10
Use incremental approximation to
estimate the value of the function at the
given point and compare it with the
calculated(actual) value
Question-1. f(x,y)=3x^4+2y^4 at (1.01,2.03)
Solution:

In[1]:= f[x_, y_] := 3 x ^ 4 + 2 y ^ 4;

x0 = 1;
y0 = 2;
Δx = 0.01;
Δy = 0.03;
u = f[x0, y0];
D[f[x, y], x];
v = Evaluate[% /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
D[f[x, y], y];
w = Evaluate[% /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["Approximate value=", z + Δz = u + v * Δx + w * Δy // Simplify]
Print["Actual Value=", f[x0 + Δx, y0 + Δy]]
Approximate value=37.04

Actual Value=37.0854
2 0677 Practical-10.nb

Question-2. f(x,y)=x^5-2 y^3 at(0.98,1.03)

Solution:

In[61]:= f[x_, y_] := x ^ 5 - 2 y ^ 3;

x0 = 1;
y0 = 1;
Δx = - 0.02;
Δy = 0.03;
u = f[x0, y0];
D[f[x, y], x];
v = Evaluate[% /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
D[f[x, y], y];
w = Evaluate[% /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["Approximate value=", z + Δz = u + v * Δx + w * Δy // Simplify]
Print["Actual Value=", f[x0 + Δx, y0 + Δy]]
Approximate value=-1.28

Actual Value=-1.28153

Question-3. f(x,y)=e^x y at(1.01,0.98)

Solution:

In[37]:= f[x_, y_] := Exp[x y];

x0 = 1;
y0 = 1;
Δx = 0.01;
Δy = - 0.02;
u = f[x0, y0];
D[f[x, y], x];
v = Evaluate[% /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
D[f[x, y], y];
w = Evaluate[% /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["Approximate value=", z + Δz = u + v * Δx + w * Δy // Simplify]
Print["Actual Value=", f[x0 + Δx, y0 + Δy]]
Approximate value=2.6911

Actual Value=2.6907
 Practical-11
Find critical points and identify relative
maxima, relative minima or saddle points
to the following surface, if it exist
Question-1. z=x^2+y^2

Solution:

Step 1 : Find critical points :

In[ ]:= f[x_, y_] := x ^ 2 + y ^ 2;
sol = Solve[{D[f[x, y], x] ⩵ 0, D[f[x, y], y] ⩵ 0}, {x, y}];
Print["Critical points are =", %]
Critical points are ={{x → 0, y → 0}}

Step 2 : Identify relative extrema :

In[ ]:= x0 = 0;
y0 = 0;
Dis = D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] * D[f[x, y], {y, 2}] - D[D[f[x, y], x], y] ^ 2;
u = Evaluate[Dis /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print"fxx *fyy -f2xy = ", u
v = Evaluate[D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["fxx =", Evaluate[D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] /. {x → x0, y → y0}]]
If[u > 0, Maximum.or.Minimum, saddlepoint.or.Inconclusive]
If[v > 0, Minima, Maxima]

fxx *fyy -f2xy = 4

fxx =2
Out[ ]= Maximum.or.Minimum

Out[ ]= Minima
2 0677 Practical-11.nb

Step 3 : Plot surface and tangent plane at critical point :

In[ ]:= Print["Minimum value = ", f[x0, y0]]
Plot3D[{f[x, y], f[x0, y0]}, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}]
Minimum value = 0

Out[ ]=
 0677 Practical-11.nb 3

Note : Tangent plane at (0,0) also indicate that f(x,y) attains its
minimum at (0,0).

Question-2. z=1-x^2-y^2

Solution:

Step 1 : Find critical points :

ClearAll
f[x_, y_] := 1 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2;
L = Solve[{D[f[x, y], x] ⩵ 0, D[f[x, y], y] ⩵ 0}, {x, y}];
Print["Critical points are = ", %]
Critical points are = {{x → 0, y → 0}}

Step 2 : Identify relative extrema :

In[ ]:= x0 = 0;
y0 = 0;
F = D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] * D[f[x, y], {y, 2}] - D[D[f[x, y], x], y] ^ 2;
u = Evaluate[F /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print"fxx *fyy -f2xy = ", u
v = Evaluate[D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["fxx =", v]
If[u > 0, Maximum.or.Minimum, saddlepoint.or.Inconclusive]
If[v > 0, Minima, Maxima]

fxx *fyy -f2xy = 4

fxx =-2
Out[ ]= Maximum.or.Minimum

Out[ ]= Maxima
4 0677 Practical-11.nb

Step 3 : Plot surface and tangent plane at critical point :

In[ ]:= Print["Maximum value = ", f[x0, y0]]
Plot3D[{f[x, y], f[x0, y0]}, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}]
Maximum value = 1

Out[ ]=

Question-3. z=y^2-x^2

Solution:

Step 1 : Find critical points :

In[82]:= f[x_, y_] := y ^ 2 - x ^ 2;
L = Solve[{D[f[x, y], x] ⩵ 0, D[f[x, y], y] ⩵ 0}, {x, y}];
Print["Critical points are = ", %]
Critical points are = {{x → 0, y → 0}}
 0677 Practical-11.nb 5

Step 2 : Identify relative extrema :

In[85]:= x0 = 0;
y0 = 0;
F = D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] * D[f[x, y], {y, 2}] - D[D[f[x, y], x], y] ^ 2;
u = Evaluate[F /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print"fxx *fyy -f2xy = ", u
v = Evaluate[D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["fxx =", Evaluate[D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] /. {x → x0, y → y0}]]
If[u > 0, Maximum.or.Minimum, saddlepoint.or.Inconclusive]
If[u ⩵ 0, Inconclusive, saddlepoint]

fxx *fyy -f2xy = -4

fxx =-2
Out[92]= saddlepoint.or.Inconclusive

Out[93]= saddlepoint

Step 3 : Plot surface and tangent plane at critical point :

In[94]:= Print["Value of the function at saddle point = ", f[x0, y0]]
Plot3D[{f[x, y], f[x0, y0]}, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}]
Value of the function at saddle point = 0

Out[95]=
6 0677 Practical-11.nb

Question-4. z=x^2y^2

Solution:

Step 1 : Find critical points :

In[98]:= f[x_, y_] := x ^ 2 y ^ 4;
L = Solve[{D[f[x, y], x] ⩵ 0, D[f[x, y], y] ⩵ 0}, {x, y}];
Print["Critical points are = ", %]
Critical points are = {{x → 0}, {y → 0}}

Step 2 : Identify relative extrema :

In[101]:= x0 = 0;
y0 = 0;
F = D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] * D[f[x, y], {y, 2}] - D[D[f[x, y], x], y] ^ 2;
u = Evaluate[F /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print"fxx *fyy -f2xy = ", u
v = Evaluate[D[f[x, y], {x, 2}] /. {x → x0, y → y0}];
Print["fxx =", v]
If[u > 0, Maximum.or.Minimum, saddlepoint.or.Inconclusive]
If[v ⩵ 0, Inconclusive, saddlepoint]

fxx *fyy -f2xy = 0

fxx =0
Out[108]= saddlepoint.or.Inconclusive

Out[109]= Inconclusive
 0677 Practical-11.nb 7

Step 3 : Plot surface and tangent plane at critical point :

In[110]:= f[0, 0]
Plot3D[{f[x, y], f[x0, y0]}, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10}, BoxRatios → {1, 1, 1}]
Out[110]= 0

Out[111]=

Note: Since D=0 means sufficient condition is inconclusive.

Therefore, we can’t say anything about relative extrema. But graph
of the function and tangent plane at critical point indicates that the
function assumes its minimum at (0,0)
 Practical-12
Type I and Type II region
Question-1. D={(x,y):0≤x≤2, 1≤y≤e^x}

Solution:

Type I : Vertical simple region. Region is bounded between two

vertical lines x=0 and x=2
In[ ]:= ContourPlot[{x ⩵ 0, x ⩵ 2, y ⩵ 1, y ⩵ Exp[x]}, {x, - 0.1, 2.5},
{y, 0, 8}, PlotLegends → {"x⩵0", "x⩵2", "y⩵1", "y⩵Exp[x]"}]
8

x⩵0

4
x⩵2
Out[ ]=
y⩵1
y⩵Exp[x]

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
2 0677 Practical-12.nb

In[ ]:= RegionPlot[0 ≤ x ≤ 2 && 1 ≤ y ≤ Exp[x], {x, - 1, 2.5}, {y, 0, 8}]

8

Out[ ]=
4

0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
 0677 Practical-12.nb 3

Question-2. D={(x,y):Log(y)≤x≤2, 1≤y≤e^2}

Solution:

Type II : Horizontally simple region. Region is bounded between two

horizontal region lines y=1 and y=e^2
In[ ]:= ContourPlot[{x ⩵ Log[y], x ⩵ 2, y ⩵ 1, y ⩵ Exp[2]}, {x, - 0.1, 2.5},
{y, 0, 8}, PlotLegends → {"Log[y]", "x⩵2", "y⩵1", "y⩵Exp[2]"}]
8

Log[y]

4
x⩵2
Out[ ]=
y⩵1
y⩵Exp[2]

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
4 0677 Practical-12.nb

In[ ]:= RegionPlot[Log[y] ≤ x ≤ 2 && 1 ≤ y ≤ Exp[2], {x, - 1, 2.5}, {y, 0, 8}]

8

Out[ ]=
4

0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
 0677 Practical-12.nb 5

Question-3. D={(x,y):0≤x≤1, x^3≤y≤1}

Solution:

Type I : Vertically simple region. Region is bounded between two

horizontal region lines x=0 and x=1.
In[ ]:= ContourPlot[{x ⩵ 0, x ⩵ 1, y ⩵ x ^ 3, y ⩵ 1}, {x, - 0.1, 2.5},
{y, 0, 8}, PlotLegends → {"x⩵0", "x⩵1", "y⩵x^3", "y⩵1"}]
8

x⩵0

4
x⩵1
Out[ ]=
y⩵x^3
y⩵1

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
6 0677 Practical-12.nb

In[ ]:= RegionPlot[0 ≤ x ≤ 1 && x ^ 3 ≤ y ≤ 1, {x, - 0.1, 2.5}, {y, 0, 8}]

8

Out[ ]=
4

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
 0677 Practical-12.nb 7

Question-4. D = {(x, y) : 0 ≤x ≤ π/4, Sin[x]≤ y ≤ Cos[x]}

Solution:

Type I: Vertically simple region. Region is bounded between two

horizontal region lines x=0 and x=π/4.
In[ ]:= ContourPlot[{x ⩵ 0, x ⩵ π / 4, y ⩵ Sin[x], y ⩵ Cos[x]}, {x, - 0.1, 1},
{y, - 0.1, 1.1}, PlotLegends → {"x==0", "x==π/4", "y==Sin[x]", "y==Cos[x]"}]

1.0

0.8

0.6 x==0
x==π/4
Out[ ]=
y==Sin[x]
0.4
y==Cos[x]

0.2

0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

8 0677 Practical-12.nb

In[ ]:= RegionPlot[0 ≤ x ≤ π / 4 && Sin[x] ≤ y ≤ Cos[x], {x, - 0.1, 1}, {y, - 0.1, 1.1}]

1.0

0.8

0.6

Out[ ]=

0.4

0.2

0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

 0677 Practical-12.nb 9

Question-5. D = {(x, y) : y=x, y=x^2-2}

Solution:

Neither type I nor type II

In[ ]:= ContourPlot[{y ⩵ x, y ⩵ x ^ 2 - 2}, {x, - 2, 2.5},
{y, - 2, 2.5}, PlotLegends → {"y==x", "y==x^2-2"}]

y==x
Out[ ]=
0 y==x^2-2

-1

-2
-2 -1 0 1 2
10 0677 Practical-12.nb

In[8]:= RegionPlot[y <= x && y ≥ (x) ^ 2 - 2, {x, - 2, 2.5}, {y, - 2, 2.5}]

Out[8]=
0

-1

-2
-2 -1 0 1 2
 0677 Practical-12.nb 11

Question-6. D={(x,y):0≤x≤1, x≤y≤2}

Solution:

Type I : Vertically simple region. Region is bounded between two

horizontal region lines x=0 and x=1.
In[3]:= ContourPlot[{x ⩵ 0, x ⩵ 1, y ⩵ x, y ⩵ 2}, {x, - 0.1, 1.1},
{y, 0, 2.1}, PlotLegends → {"x⩵0", "x⩵1", "y⩵x", "y⩵1"}]

2.0

1.5

x⩵0
x⩵1
Out[3]= 1.0
y⩵x
y⩵1

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
12 0677 Practical-12.nb

In[4]:= RegionPlot[0 ≤ x ≤ 1 && x ≤ y ≤ 2, {x, - 0.1, 1.1}, {y, 0, 2.1}]

2.0

1.5

Out[4]= 1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0