Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION X – NORTHERN MINDANAO
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF MISAMIS ORIENTAL
VILLANUEVA DISTRICT
VILLANUEVA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
San Martin, Villanueva Misamis Oriental
Name: ______________________________________ Date: _____________
Grade Level and Section: _______________________ Score: ____________
Subject: Physical Science (Quarter 1) LAS No: 4

Lesson Titles:
• Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
Lesson Competencies:
a.) Describe the general types of intermolecular forces. (S11/12PS-IIIc-17)
b.) Explain the effects of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances. (S11/12PS-IIIc-19)
References: “Physical Science Q1 - Module 2” – Udarbe, L.G., et al, (2020), 1st Edition, pages 1-12
Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) No: 4

Concept Notes
I. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Have you ever wondered how sugar totally mixed up with water? What happened to the particles of sugar? Where
did it go? Is it gone? But you noticed that the water taste sweet which means that sugar is still there. Atoms in
molecules and ionic substances are attracted to each other either by sharing or complete transfer of electrons. These
attractions keep the molecules and their identities intact. On the other hand, other forms of attractive forces are present
to keep these molecules together giving rise to the different states of matter, which, then exhibit their own bulk
properties such as boiling, melting, and freezing points, and viscosity among others.
The chemical attractions that hold the atoms together in a compound are referred as intramolecular forces (IMF).
These forces of attractions exist between atoms. In water for example, the atoms of hydrogen (H) chemically combined
with the atoms of oxygen (O) to form water (H 2O) molecules. In general, there are three types of intermolecular
bonding namely:

1. Ionic Bond – it is formed when there is transfer of electrons and is usually formed between a metal and non-
metal.
2. Covalent Bond - is a bond formed when there is sharing of electron. This type of bond exists between two non-
metal atoms. There are two types of covalent bonds:
a. Polar Covalent Bond – formed when there is an unequal sharing of electrons among two combing atoms
resulting to a charged atom.
b. Non-Polar Covalent Bond - formed when there is an equal sharing of electrons among two combing atoms
resulting to a charged atom
3. Metallic Bond - formed between positively charged atoms in which the free moving electrons are shared forming a
crystal lattice.

Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules, atoms, or ions. Intermolecular forces of attraction
are weaker than intramolecular in terms of energy involved however; intermolecular forces are responsible for the
properties of molecules. The intermolecular forces explain why substance exists as solid, liquid or gas at room
temperature. The following are the types of intermolecular forces.

1. Ion-Dipole Interaction - An ion-dipole interaction is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles
called ions and a polar molecule. In other words, it results from the attraction between either a cation (+) or an anion
(-) with permanent polar molecules. The ions will be attracted to the opposite charges present in the dipole resulting to
this type of attraction.
For example, when sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water, NaCl dissociates to form Na+ ion and Cl ion.
Since water is a polar molecule, it has a partial positive end and partial negative end. Thus, the Na+ ion from the NaCl
molecule will attract the partially negative end of the water molecule, while the Cl ion of NaCl will also attract to the
partially positive end of the water molecule. See figure below.
 Figure 1: Ion-Dipole Interaction
2. Dipole – Dipole Interaction - is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecules like hydrogen chloride (HCl).
The other molecule needs not be a polar one. The partial charges present in the dipole cause the polarization or
distortion of the electron distribution of the other molecule. This gives rise to regions of partial (+) and (-) poles. This
induced dipole will then be attracted to the original polar molecules, resulting to dipole-induced dipole attraction.
The unequal sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and Chlorine atoms in HCl creating a partially positive
pole in H and partially negative pole in Cl and is referred as dipole.

Figure 2: Dipole – Dipole Interaction

3. Hydrogen Bond (H-bond) - It is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen which is a polar
molecule and highly electronegative elements like Fluorine, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. This bond is the one responsible in
connecting water molecules. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen to
become strongly positive. The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal solvent. H-bond
prevents the water from evaporating quickly into the atmosphere. It also causes ice to float in water since at freezing
temperature, water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as it expands.

Figure 3: Hydrogen Bond in water

4. London Dispersion Forces (LDF) – named after the German physicist Fritz London (1900-1954), is present in all
molecules. It is the weakest intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
The strength of the dispersion forces increases as the molecular weight of the substance increases.
The electron cloud of a neutral substance can be normally distributed around the nucleus. At any given time,
the electron distribution may be uneven resulting to an instantaneous dipole. This temporary dipole will then influence
the neighboring atoms through attractive and repulsive forces. Eventually, the substances will gain instantaneous
dipoles, too. Attraction between opposite charges will happen among the species present. These are true for ion-
induced dipole and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.
Chemical bond holds atom together in a molecule, this type of interaction is called intramolecular. It is the
interaction that exist within the molecule. Intermolecular forces on the other hand, are the force of interaction that
exists between molecules. Though this type of interaction is weaker than intramolecular force it greatly affects the
properties of substance. The following terminologies are some of the results of different intermolecular forces present
in the molecules.
• Surface Tension – is a property of the surface of the water caused by the cohesive forces
(intermolecular forces) between molecules which allows liquid to create a thin film on its surface. The stronger
the intermolecular forces, the stronger the surface tension. The H-bond in water produces a high surface tension in
water; thus, allowing the paper clips and some insects floats in water. Substance with weaker intermolecular forces
will have lower surface tension. It is the reason why there is are bubbles present when you are washing your clothes.
• Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure,
changing liquid phase into gaseous phase. In general, substance with stronger intermolecular force (IMF) will have
 higher boiling point than substance with a weaker intermolecular force. The strong intermolecular force of the
substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the bond hard to evaporate and boil.
• Melting Point – is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid to liquid.

• Viscosity – is the property of a substance to resist a flow. In general, stronger IMF means high viscosity.

• Vapor pressure – is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor state, and it
increases with temperature. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will evaporate easily thus, has a higher vapor
pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not easily evaporate thus will have lower vapor pressure.

SUMMARY

• Intermolecular forces are forces that holds atom together in a molecule.

• Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules. Ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond and London Forces or
Van der Waals Forces.
• Ion-dipole is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles called ions and a polar molecule.

• Dipole-dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecule. In dipole-dipole interaction, the
molecules with permanent dipoles attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the
negative end of the other molecule.
• Hydrogen bond- is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction where Hydrogen bond to highly electronegative
elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the
hydrogen to become strongly positive.
• London Dispersion Forces- is the weakest intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-
polar molecule.
• Intermolecular forces affect the properties of substance such as boiling point, melting point, surface tension, vapor
pressure, and viscosity. In general, the stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point, melting
point, surface tension and viscosity of the substance. However, in terms of vapor pressure, the stronger the
intermolecular the substance has the lower its vapor pressure.
• It also follows that, the larger the molecule, the stronger the intermolecular force it has.

• The relative strength of intermolecular forces is shown in Figure 4 below:

Figure 4: Relative Strength of Intermolecular Force

Name: ___________________________________ Section:
LAS No. 03 Intermolecular Forces - (IMF) Subject: Physical Sciences (Quarter 3)

ANSWERSHEET FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCE

GENERAL INSTRUCTION:
Pass only the answer sheet provided. Keep the Concept Notes as it will serve as your reference/guide in
reviewing your lessons especially during Summative Exams.

ACTIVITY 1: FIND ME!

Direction: Find and encircle the words in the puzzle.

o Boiling Point o Covalent Bond o Dipole-Dipole o Hydrogen Bond

o Intermolecular o Intramolecular o Ion Dipole o Polar
o Ionic Bond o Melting Point o Surface Tension o Non-Polar
o London Dispersion o Vapor Pressure o Viscosity

ACTIVITY 2: CLASSIFY ME!

Direction: Identify the possible intermolecular force(s) of attraction present in the following:
1. NaCl ------ H O 2

2. NH ------ NH3
3

3. H S ------- H S
2 2

4. O ------- O2
2

5. HCl ------ HCl

6. CH OH ------ CH OH
3 3
 7. H ---------- H2
2

8. Na S ------ HCl
2

9. Br ------- Br2
2

10. H O ----- H O
2 2

Reflection
Things I Learned This Week:

Things I Found Interesting:

Questions I Still Have:

My Most Enjoyable Experience in the Lessons:

Prepared by:

NOREEN MAE B. LLEGO

SHS Teacher III