Energy Transfer Mechanisms and

Thermal Conductivity Concept

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Learning Outcome
1. To develop equations to describe momentum, heat, and mass
transfer based on volume element concept
2. To apply momentum, heat, and element balances on volume
elements to obtain velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles
in non-turbulent flows or solid systems
3. To analyze momentum, heat, and mass transfer involving two or
more variables
4. To evaluate transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity,
molecular diffusivity) based and experimental data

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Organization
10. § Introduction of heat transfer: thermal conductivity, 16-10-2019
estimation methods for thermal conductivity
§ Shell energy balance: Temperature profiles in solid and
laminar flow
11. § Case: Temperature profiles in solid and laminar flow 23-10-2019
12. § Equation of change for non-isothermal system and the 30-10-2019
applications (saya pergi
§ Temperature profiles with more than 1 independent konferens)
variables
13. § Introduction to mass transfer: diffusion and molecular 06-11-2019
diffusivity
§ Concentration profiles in solid and laminar flow
14. § Equation of change for multicomponent systems 13-11-2019
15. § Example cases of application of equation of changes for 20-11-2019
binary system mass transfer
16. § Mass & Heat Transfer Coefficient 27-11-2019
§ Momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies
§ Closure

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Today’s Learning Outcome
• To understand the context
• To understand the different mechanism of
energy transfer : conduction, convection,
radiation
• To understand the concept of Fourier’s
Law of Heat Conduction
• To calculate/determine thermal
conductivity value
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Topics Overviews

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 Topic Overview

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
https://www.cementequipment.org/home/kiln-and-cooler/everything-need-know-heat-transfer-cement-kiln/
Energy Transfer
Mechanisms
q Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance due to a
temperature gradient. Heat conduction in fluids can be thought of as molecular energy
transport. The Basic mechanism is the motion of the constituent molecules.

q Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the bulk motion of a fluid. As fluid motion goes
more quickly the convective heat transfer increases. It is depend on the density of the fluid

q Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. No medium is necessary for
radiation to occur; radiation works even in and through a perfect vacuum. The energy from
the Sun travels through the vacuum of space before warming the earth.

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction (Molecular
Energy Transport) (1/3)

DT = T1 - T0

Q DT
= k.
A Y

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Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction (Molecular
Energy Transport)(2/3)

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

Heat flux in the X and Z direction :

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Thermal Conductivity(1/4)
q Thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a material that indicates its ability to
conduct heat.
q Thermal conductor: High thermal conductivity (e.g. metal)
q Thermal insulator: Low thermal conductivity (e.g. gas, paper, asbestos)
q Other form of thermal conductivity is thermal diffusivity
k k
a= or a= ~
r .Cˆ p r .C p
q Thermal diffusivity has same dimensions as kinematics viscosity [ (length)2/time].
µ
u=
r
q Dimensionless factor between momentum and energy transport, Prandtl number:
u Cˆ p .µ
Pr = =
a k
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Thermal Conductivity(2/4)

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Thermal Conductivity(3/4)

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Thermal Conductivity(4/4)

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 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of
Thermal Conductivity
T P k
Tr = Pr = k r=
Tc Pc kc

q k of the gases at low density increase with

increasing temperature
q k of the most liquids decrease with
increasing temperature
q k increase with increasing pressure

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Example
Estimate thermal conductivity of ethane at 153 F and 191.9 atm based on experimental value k =
0.0159 Btu/hr.ft.F at 1 atm and 153 F

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Example
Estimate thermal conductivity of ethane at 153 F (340K) and 191.9 atm based on experimental value
k = 0.0159 Btu/hr.ft.F at 1 atm and 153 F
Solution:
q Critical point, Tc = 305.4K and Pc = 48.2 atm

Existing condition : Tr =(340/305.4) = 1.115

Pr=(191.9/48.2) = 3.98
k
Based on Fig. 9.2-1. Kr = 2.07 ® kr = ® k = k r .kc , kc ..... ??
kc
q Kc can be calculated based on experimental data

Experimental condition : Tr =(340/305.4) = 1.115

Pr=(1/48.2) = 0.021
k k 0.0159
Based on Fig. 9.2-1. Kr = 0.36 ® kr = ® kc = = = 0.042
kc kr 0.36
q And then k (153 F, 191.9 atm) = 2.07 x 0.0422 = 0.0914 Btu/hr.ft.F
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Thermal Conductivity Ethana

• Calculated:
0.0914 Btu/hr.ft.F
• Experimental:
0.0453 Btu/hr.ft.F

• Results are quite different.

• Calculation approach (with Fig. 9.2.1) is not very
accurate for polyatomic substance.

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Thermal Conductivity of Gases at Low Density
q Use the Chapman-Enskog formula:

In the second form of this equations k[=] cal/cm.s.K, T[=]K, σ [=] A, and the “collision
integral for thermal conductivity, Ωk is identical to viscosity, Ωµ
Combining this equation with pure monatomic viscosity prediction
5 p .m.K .T M .T
µ= or µ = 2.6693x10 -5
16 p .s 2 W µ s 2W µ

We get:

q Eucken developed the thermal conductivity for polyatomic gases:

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Example
Estimate thermal conductivity of gas neon at 1 atm, 373 K ?
T
k = 1.981 ´ 10 - 4 M
s 2W
Solution: data dari Tabel E.1

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
kT 373.2
= = 10.45 ® W = 0.821
e 35.7
 Example
Estimate thermal conductivity of gas neon at 1 atm, 373 K ?
T
k = 1.981 ´ 10 - 4 M
s 2W
Solution: data dari Tabel E.1

Based on the gas neon properties:

s = 2.789 A o
e kT 373.2
= 35.7 K = = 10.45 ® W = 0.821
k e 35.7
M = 20.183
373
20.183 cal
k = 1.981 ´ 10 - 4 = 1.338 ´ 10 -4

(1.789) 2 (0.821) cm det K

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
Use the following equation:

vs=Sonic velocity; к=Boltzmann’s constant;

~
æNö æ Cp ö
ç ~ ÷ = volume per molecule çç ÷÷ is very nearly unity for liquids
çV ÷
è ø C
è Vø

æ ¶p ö
çç ÷÷ from isothermal compressibility measurement or equation of state
è ¶r ø

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Example
Estimate thermal conductivity of CCl4 at 20 oC ?
Data: r = 1.595 g
cm 3 æ ¶r ö
Isothermal compressibility: r -1 ç -6
÷ = 90.7 ´ 10 atm
-1

Solution: è ¶P ø T

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Example
Estimate thermal conductivity of CCl4 at 20 oC ?
Data: r = 1.595 g
cm 3 æ ¶r ö
Isothermal compressibility: r -1 ç -6
÷ = 90.7 ´ 10 atm
-1

Solution: è ¶P ø T
æ ¶P ö 1 1
çç ÷÷ = =
è ¶r ø T é
r ê r -1 ç
æ ¶r ö ù (
(1.595) 90.7 ´ 10 -6 )
÷ ú
ë ¶P
è øT û
atm cm 3 9 cm
2
= 7 ´ 10 3
= 7 ´ 10
g det 2
Cp cm
Assume:
Cv
=1 v s = ( 1)( 7 ´ 10 9
) = 8.37 ´ 10 4
det
m
153.84 cm 3
V = = = 96.5
r 12.595 gmol 2

æ N ö3 æ 6.023 ´ 10 ö
( )( )
23 3
k = 2.8ç ÷ k v s = 2.8çç ÷
2 ÷
1 .3805 ´ 10 -16
8.37 ´ 10 4

èV ø è 0.965 ´ 10 ø
= 1.10 x 104 (cm-2)(erg/K)(cm/s) = 0.110 W/m.K
PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 Thermal Conductivity CCl4

• Calculated:
0.110 W/m.K
• Experimental (interpolated from table 9.1.3)
0.101 W/mK
• Results are quite satisfying.

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Thermal Conductivity of Solids

• Thermal conductivity of solids à have to be measured

experimentally
• Crystalline materials à phase & crystallite size are important
• Amorphous solids à void fraction, pore size and fluid
contained in the void are important
• For pure metal, thermal conductivity and electrical
conductivity are related, with L is Lorenz Number, 22 to 29
x10-9 volt2/K2
𝑘
= 𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘" 𝑇

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
 What we have learnt:
• The context
• The different mechanism of energy
transfer : conduction, convection, radiation
• Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
• Thermal conductivity

PT - DTK - 2019/2020
Thank You

PT - DTK - 2019/2020