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37 views

Bme Lab 3

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jula.dorozik
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business, Society and Technology

IFE, 1st semester

LAB REPORT
BASIC MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Lab no. 3
Title: Hardness tests. Impact strength test

Date of lab: 23/11/2023

No. SURNAME Name Album No. Lab group


1. Dorozik Julia 252551 BSTfr1
2. Antoni Pluta 250203 BSTfr1
3. Aleksander Dąbrowski 252550 BSTfr1
1. Introduction
Hardness is the resistance of a material to a permanent penetration by another harder
material, usually defined by shape or type of indent and size and amount of load applied.
The equation of pressure, which divides the area where it is applied, can also be used to
determine this. The surface is characterised by a stronger hardness as the value
increases. Choosing a test method of measure depends on the properties of the material
and the specific application. The most common are Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness,
Knoop Hardness and Rockwell Hardness.
1. Brinell Hardness
The principle of this test is that a carbide or hardened steel ball shall be applied to the
sample with the defined force of the machine. The test involves the application of known
forces with a spherical indenter and the measurement of the resulting indent diameter. In
particular, it is suitable for soft materials of all ranges as the higher indent size will help to
measure accurately. Solutions are unitless.
2. Vickers Hardness
The Vickers hardness test is based on the use of diamond indenters shaped in a square
pyramid shape to push against the material's surface when exposed to specific pressure. This
method allows more precise measurements compared to some other hardness tests since
the indenter’s geometric shape and an average of diagonals are calculated. Solution should
be given in a unitless form but now there is a trend to express that in GPa or MPa.
3. Rockwell Hardness
Due to the measurement of the depth of penetration of the indenter into the material under
a given force, the Rockwell hardness test is unique. Unlike other hardness tests, this test does
not take into account the measurement of the indent size. Rockwell hardness is a two-step
method, which relies on the scale of material. For diameters: A, C, D, and N a diamond cone
is used except for the following levels; B, F, G, T, E, H and K. hardened steel or carbide balls.
Crucial is also constant “K”, which depends on scales as well.
2. Experimental
We have had the opportunity to carry out a variety of hardness tests on different materials
with special equipment in the laboratory. The following are the tests that were carried out.
Rockwell hardness, scale B:
- base load – 10 kgf
- main load – 90 kgf
- geometry of indenter – a ball
- material of indenter – steel or sintered carbide
The model we have at our laboratory is dated back to the 60's and contains elements that
are shown in the image. An object must be positioned on the table in order to perform this
test. It's loaded with a clockwise turn of the wheel. Then the small pointer must meet a
specific point on the dial face, and the longer it is in the set position, the longer it must be in
the set position. The load shall be released, and calibration can be achieved after the crank
has been stabilized.

Rockwell hardness, scale C:


- base load – 10 kgf
- main load – 140 kgf
- geometry of indenter– a cone
- material of indenter – diamond
The examination is executed similarly to the previous case. However, the result is read from a
different scale on the dial face.

Vickers hardness:
- load – 1 kgf
- geometry of indenter – pyramid of a square base
- material of indenter – diamond
A more technologically advanced machine has been used for this test. The object is loading
until the display shows a sample view of focus. Then the force is exerted on the surface and,
after approximately eight seconds, the diagonals of the indents are measured manually, and
the screen shows the lines that have to be adjusted at the edges of the indents.
Brinell hardness:
- load – 62,5 kgf
- geometry of indenter – a ball
- material of indenter – hardened steel or sintered carbide
Unfortunately, we weren’t able to carry out the test on our own as other tests were being
taken during this time. Despite that, our lecturer explained to us how the machine should be
used and carried out the test on his own after our classes. The test was undertaken in the
most advanced machine, which has a higher degree of automation than any other. It's a
universal hardness analyser, but this has been used particularly for the Brinell test. The
element must be placed under an indenter at the very beginning. Information about the
possibility or impossibility of an indention is provided by this computer device. The
magnification must have been equal to 2,5 after this procedure. The values of the measured
Hv are given as well as their diameter and average length.
Table 1 We presented the results of manual Brinell (HB) and Vickers (HV) hardness calculations.

No Hardness steel 0,3 Brass


1 HB2.5/62,5 79,94 28,42
2 HB2.5/62,5 81,62 29,32
3 HB2.5/62,5 85,48 30,35
1 HV1 626,63 100,85
2 HV1 628,94 118,49
3 HV1 638,31 95,57
Table 1

Examples of calculations:
1. Brinell hardness
0,204 × 65 ,5 × 9,80665
HB= ≈ 79 , 94
π × 2 ,5 ( 2 , 5− √ 2 , 52−12 )
2. Vickers hardness

0,1891× 9,80665
HV = ≈ 626 ,63
0,0544
Table 2. Provides results of respective hardness tests read from machines. They are put in specified
order – from the softest to the hardest according to Vickers hardness since it is the most reliable and
universal.

Material Rockwell B Rockwell C Brinell Vickers


high speed steel 25,67 96 - 885
steel 0,3 59 23 0,99 630
copper 35,17 26,51 1,73 375
hardened steel 11,33 65,33 0,86 332,32
cast iron 12,17 84,34 0,89 114
Brass 63 46,33 1,59 105
aluminium 25,67 66,67 1,69 86,4
Table 2

3. Conclusions and remarks


Overall, our results do not correspond to the expected average outcome. It may be caused
due to the experimenter's inaccuracy and the lack of experience with the machines which
were used to conduct the experiment.

4. References
-Introductory presentation available on WIKAMP

-Brinell hardness - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJXJpeH78iU

-Vickers hardness - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Z90OZ7C2jI

-Rockwell hardness - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2JGNlIvNC4

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