MC 4

LOGIC & CRITICAL THINKING WEEK # 3 & 4

MR. CHUA | DATE (April 1 & 3, 2024)

MIDTERMS

OUTLINE: Example:
I. FORMAL METHOD OF EVALUATION - The floor has been mopped and the dishes have
II. PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC been washed.
a. Proposition - She owns all the land for miles around, as well as
b. Complex Proposition the house which we live.
c. Atomic Proposition Atomic Propositions
d. Truth-Functional Connective •those propositions that do not contain any truth-
III. 4 BASIC TRUTH FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVES functional connectives.
a. Conjunction • can either be true or false.
b. Negation Example:
c. Disjunction - The sun is cold
d. Conditional - 5 is an odd number
IV. REFERENCES
V. APPENDIX
Truth-Functional Connective
LEGEND: • is a way of connecting propositions such as that the
Black for PowerPoint, red for audio lecture, blue for book
truth value of the resulting complex proposition can
be determined by the truth value of the propositions
that compose it.
FORMAL METHODS OF EVALUATION
Example:
• is a method of evaluation of arguments that does not - The floor has not beet mopped but the dishes have
require one to understand the meaning of the been washed.
statements involved in an argument. - Apples are fruits and carrots are vegetables.
Example #1:
It is raining and cold today. HOW TO WRITE IN SYMBOLS:
Standard Form: Example:
1. It is raining today 1. It is sunny today and it is hot today
2. It is cold today p and q
2. It is a cloudy but hot humid summer’s day
A and B, Therefore A p.q
Example #1:
1. It is sunny today and It is warm today 4 BASIC TRUTH FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVES
2. Therefore, it is sunny today • Conjunction
Answer: • Negation
1. A and B • Disjunction
2. Therefore, A
• Conditional
Example #2:
Kant was a deontologist and a Pietist Truth Table
Answer: • represent how the truth value of a complex
1. Kant was a deontologist and Kant was a Pietist proposition depends on the truth values of the
2. Therefore, Kant was a deontologist. propositions that composes it.

• Yung conclusion palagi yung nauunang statement, CONJUNCTION

which is A. • conjoin 2 separate propositions to form complex
propositions
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC • is true if and only if both conjuncts are true
• is the area of logic that deals with the logical • T+T=T
relationships between propositions • Any false statement will automatically make the
whole truth table false.
Proposition • Magamit la hin PERIOD “.” kun conjunctions
• is simply a statement Example:
• any statement that can be asserted true or denied. p q p.q
Example: T T T
- Juan is a cowboy and snow is white. T F F
- Egypt is a country in Europe. F T F
F F F
Complex Proposition
• 2 or more combinations of propositions acting as a Example of Conjunctions:
single unit. - But - However
• Both statement is valid and true - Yet - Moreover
- Also - Nevertheless
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 MC 4
LOGIC & CRITICAL THINKING WEEK # 3 & 4
MR. CHUA | DATE (April 1 & 3, 2024)

MIDTERMS
- Although - Still p q pvq
- And T T T
• If there are two propositions whose truth is T F T
independent of each other, then the conjunction is F T T
truth-functional. F F F
• If there are not two propositions whose truth is
independent of each other, the conjunction is not Inclusive
truth-functional. • is a disjunction that is true even when both
disjuncts are true
Example of Truth Functional: Example:
- Maria and Joanna are women.
- Juan placed either first or second in the race
1. Maria is a woman 1. Juan placed first in the race
2. Joanna is a woman.
2. Juan placed second in the race.
- Juan and Maria are coworkers.
1. Juan is a worker.
- Maria would like to have both a large dog and a
2. Maria is a worker. small cat as a pet
1. Maria would like to have a large dog as a pet
Example of Not Truth Functional: 2. Maria would like to have a small cat as a pet.
- Pedro is a fireman and a father.
1. Pedro is a fireman
Exclusive
2. Pedro is a father
Pedro may be a fireman but not a father, or otherwise. • is a disjunction that is true only if one or the other,
- All trucks are too heavy for this bridge. but not both, of its disjunct is true.
Not all trucks are too heavy for the bridge. Example:
- Pedro will not go to class but will play video games
NEGATION 1. Pedro will not go to class
• is the truth-functional operator that switches the 2. Pedro will play video games
truth value of the proposition from false to true or
from true to false. HOW TO WRITE IN SYMBOLS:
1. Pedro will not go to class but will play video games.
• The sign for negation is (tilde) ~
~C . G
Example:
2. Pedro will not both go to class and play video games.
1. Dogs are mammals
~(C . G)
Dogs are not mammals.
2. Manila is the capital of Leyte.
Manila is not the capital of Leyte.
Main Operator
p ~p • is the one that ranges over (influences) the whole
T F sentence.
F T Example:
- Juan will either feed the dogs or clean his room,
but he will not do the dishes
CONSTANT
Constants: Juan will feed the dogs (F)
Any capital letter that represents an atomic proposition.
Juan will clean his room (C)
Juan will do the dishes (D)
HOW TO WRITE IN SYMBOLS:
Write in symbol: Juan will feed the dogs (F)
Example:
Juan will clean his room (C)
- Manila is not the capital of Leyte and Tacloban is
Juan will not do the dishes (~D)
not the capital of Eastern Samar
Answer: F v C . ~D
~p . ~q
- Maria made the mess in the house.
- p
- Joana made the mess in the house. Well-formed Formula
- q •is a sentence in our symbolic language that has
exactly one interpretation or meaning.
DISJUNCTION Example #1:
• is a truth-functional statement that is true in every - Juan will either feed the dogs or clean his room,
instance except where both of the disjuncts are but he will not do the dishes
false.
• disjunct = the statement that form the disjunction Write in symbol:
• Symbol is (wedge) v - (Juan will feed the dogs or clean his room) and
(Juan will not wash the dishes)
• Basta may T, automatic T na ha conclusion
Answer: (F v C ) . ~D
• F la it conclusion kun both F an statements
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 MC 4
LOGIC & CRITICAL THINKING WEEK # 3 & 4
MR. CHUA | DATE (April 1 & 3, 2024)

MIDTERMS
-(Juan will either feed the dogs) or (clean his room,
but he will not do the dishes)
Answer: F v (C . ~D)

Example #2:
- Either both Maria and Pedro are washing the
dishes or Juan and Karen are.
Write in symbol:
- Maria is washing the dishes (M)
- Pedro is washing the dishes (P)
- Juan is washing the dishes (J)
- Karen is washing the dishes (K)
Answer: (M . P) v (J . K)

Example #3:
- Soccer is not widely played in the Philippines, but
both basketball and volleyball are. (S, B, V)
Write in symbol:
- Soccer is not widely played in the Philippines (S)
- Basketball are widely played in the Philippines (B)
- Volleyball are widely played in the Philippines (V)
Answer: ~S . (B . V)

STEPS to Follow:
Steps 1. Determine what the atomic propositions are

Step 2. Pick a unique constant to stand for each atomic

proposition

Step 3. If the sentence contains more than 2 atomic

propositions, determine which atomic propositions are
grouped together and which truth functional operator
connects them

Step 4. Determine what the main operator of the sentence

Step 5. Once the translation is complete, read it back and

see if it accurately captures the original english sentence.
if not, see if another way of grouping the parts together
better captures what the original sentence conveys.

END OF TRANSCRIPTION

REFERENCES
• Sir Chua’s pptx

APPENDIX

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