Complex Numbers

Ardra
Manral
Y10
 What are
complex
Imaginary numbers
(Creative
numbers? Real numbers
(Creative
Representation) Representation)

Imaginary numbers are a Real numbers are a

mathematical concept that fundamental and
extends the idea of real comprehensive set of
numbers. They are numbers that include all
numbers that cannot be rational numbers
represented on a number (fractions and whole
line, as they involve the numbers) and irrational
square root of a negative numbers (numbers that
number. The term cannot be expressed as a
"imaginary" was initially Complex numbers simple fraction, like pi or
used to differentiate them (Creative √ 2). They are the building
from real numbers, but Representation) blocks of mathematics and
they are now considered an Complex numbers are a are used to represent both
essential part of complex mathematical concept that quantitative and
numbers, which consist of extends the idea of real qualitative aspects of
both real and imaginary numbers, which only involve various phenomena in the
quantities along a single
parts. real world.
dimension, like the number
line. Complex numbers
introduce a second
dimension, allowing for a
more comprehensive
representation of
mathematical operations.

a + bi
A complex number is typically expressed in the form a + bi, where 'a' and 'b'
are real numbers, and 'i' is the imaginary unit, defined as the square root of
-1. The real part, 'a', represents the horizontal component, while the imaginary
part, 'bi', represents the vertical component.
 History of
Complex Numbers
The concept of complex numbers can be traced back to the Italian mathematician Gerolamo
Cardano (1501-1576). In his book "Ars Magna" (1545), he introduced the concept of finding
the square root of a negative number. However, he didn't fully understand the implications of
these numbers and considered them as mere manipulations in algebraic equations.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, complex numbers were used by mathematicians such as Rafael
Bombelli (1526-1572) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) to solve algebraic equations. But it
wasn't until the 18th century that complex numbers started to be recognized as a separate
branch of mathematics.

In 1777, the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) introduced the notation for the
imaginary unit, using "i" instead of "j" (which was used by earlier mathematicians like Johann
Heinrich Lambert and Abraham de Moivre). Euler also demonstrated the remarkable identity: e^(ix)
= cos(x) + i*sin(x), which connects complex exponentials to trigonometric functions.

During the 19th century, complex numbers gained more prominence in mathematics, particularly in
the development of algebraic number theory, group theory, and analysis. The German mathematician
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) played a significant role in this development, as he recognized the
importance of complex numbers in number theory and physics.

In the 20th century, complex numbers became essential in various fields, including physics, engineering,
and computer science. One of the most significant developments was the introduction of the Schwarz
lemma and the Riemann mapping theorem by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826-
1866), which led to the study of complex analysis and its applications to geometry and topology.
 Some Real Life
Applications of
Complex Numbers
Electrical Engineering: In alternating current (AC) circuits, complex numbers are used to analyze
voltage, current, and impedance. The phasor representation of AC waveforms simplifies calculations and
allows for easier understanding of phase relationships between different quantities.

Signal Processing: In communication systems, complex numbers are used to

represent and analyze signals. The Fourier Transform, a crucial technique
in signal processing, involves complex numbers to decompose a signal into
its frequency components. This is essential for understanding, filtering, and
processing signals in various applications like audio, video, and
telecommunications.

Quantum Mechanics: In this branch of physics, complex numbers are used

to describe wave functions, which represent the probability distribution
of particles like electrons in atoms. The Schrödinger equation, a
fundamental equation in quantum mechanics, involves complex numbers to
predict the behavior of particles in a system.

Fluid Dynamics: In the study of fluid flow, complex

numbers are used to analyze the behavior of waves and
vortices. The potential flow theory, which is based on
Laplace's equation, employs complex numbers to describe
the velocity potential function. This helps in solving
problems related to fluid dynamics, such as flow around
airfoils and ships' hulls.

Cryptography: In modern cryptographic algorithms, complex

numbers play a role in certain encryption techniques, such as
the RSA algorithm. This algorithm relies on the difficulty of
factoring large prime numbers and uses complex number
arithmetic in its implementation.
 Laplace's Equation
Phaser representation

In potential flow theory, the velocity potential function

Phasor representation is a satisfies Laplace's equation, which is a partial differential
mathematical tool used to simplify ∇
equation given by ²Φ = 0. This equation ensures that the
flow remains irrotational and helps in solving problems
the analysis of alternating current related to fluid dynamics.
(AC) electrical circuits and
waveforms. It involves representing
the varying quantities, such as
voltage and current, as complex
numbers in the form of a single
complex number or vector.
Schrödinger's Equation
Schrödinger's equation is a fundamental
mathematical formula in quantum mechanics
that describes the evolution of a quantum
system over time.

The primary purpose of Schrödinger's equation

is to predict the behavior of subatomic
particles, such as electrons in atoms or
Fourier Transformation
molecules, by providing a mathematical
representation of their quantum states.
The Fourier Transformation is a mathematical
technique used to analyze and decompose
functions, signals, or patterns into their
constituent frequencies.

The main idea behind the Fourier

Transformation is to express a function or
RSA ALGORITHM
signal as a sum of sinusoidal components with
The RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) algorithm is a
varying frequencies and amplitudes. This
widely used public-key cryptography system for secure
decomposition helps in understanding the
data transmission.
frequency content of the signal, identifying
It uses complex numbers in the context of modular
patterns, filtering out unwanted components,
arithmetic and exponentiation in finite fields. The
and recovering information that may have been
lost during data acquisition or transmission. encryption and decryption processes involve complex
number arithmetic, which contributes to the
algorithm's security by relying on the difficulty of
factoring large prime numbers.
 The Complex Plane
The complex plane, also known as the Argand plane or Argand diagram, is a fundamental concept in
mathematics, particularly in the study of complex numbers. It is a two-dimensional coordinate system where
the horizontal axis represents the real part of a complex number, and the vertical axis represents the
imaginary part.

Multiplication: The multiplication and Roots and powers: The complex plane
division of complex numbers can be can be used to visualize the locations
visualized in the complex plane using of the nth roots of a complex number,
the parallelogram rule and the as well as the powers of a complex
homology of complex multiplication. For number. For example, the cube roots of
multiplication, draw a parallelogram a complex number can be found by
with one diagonal being the line drawing an equilateral triangle with
segment connecting the two complex the complex number as one vertex and
numbers and the other diagonal the origin as another. The third vertex
passing through the origin. The will represent one of the cube roots.
Polar representation: A complex Similarly, raising a complex number to
product of the two complex numbers
number can also be represented in
will be represented by the point where a power can be visualized by moving
polar form as r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r
the other diagonal intersects the along a logarithmic spiral.
is the modulus (or magnitude) of the
complex plane.
complex number, and θ is the
Trigonometry and analytic geometry:
argument (or angle). In the complex
Division: For division, imagine a line plane, this corresponds to the distance The complex plane allows for the
passing through the two complex integration of trigonometric and
of the point from the origin and the
numbers and the origin. The division of angle it makes with the positive real analytic geometry concepts. The
the two complex numbers will be trigonometric functions like sine,
axis.
represented by the point where the cosine, and tangent can be defined in
line intersects the complex plane again, Addition and subtraction: In the terms of complex exponentials, leading
excluding the origin to the Euler's formula: e^(ix) = cos(x)
complex plane, adding or subtracting
+ i*sin(x).
two complex numbers corresponds to
the geometric operation of moving
from one point to another along the
straight line connecting the two
points.

The Mandelbrot set is a fractal, which is a geometric shape that exhibits self-similarity
at different scales. It is a subset of the complex plane and is defined as the set of
complex numbers 'c' for which the function f(z) = z² + c does not diverge when iterated
from z = 0. In other words, if the sequence of complex numbers generated by
repeatedly applying the function f(z) does not grow without bound, then the complex
number 'c' belongs to the Mandelbrot set.