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Blood Typing

The document discusses the components and functions of blood including plasma, buffy coat, formed elements, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, and blood types. It covers related topics such as blood circulation, clotting, diseases, and disorders.

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jguevara-mendoza
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13 views

Blood Typing

The document discusses the components and functions of blood including plasma, buffy coat, formed elements, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, and blood types. It covers related topics such as blood circulation, clotting, diseases, and disorders.

Uploaded by

jguevara-mendoza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blood

Blood

Artery

White blood cells

Platelets

Red blood cells


Function Blood

• Deliver O2
• Remove metabolic wastes
• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
• Protection from blood loss- platelets
• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
• Transport hormones
Blood
Plasma-55%

Buffy coat-<1%

Formed
elements-45%
ood Plasma Components-55
90% Water
8% Solutes:
• Proteins
Albumin (60 %)
Alpha and Beta Globulins
Gamma Globulins
fibrinogens
• Gas
• Electrolytes
Blood Plasma Components

• Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Lipids
Vitamins
• Hormones
• Metabolic waste
CO2
Urea
Buffy Coat- <1%

• Leukocytes
• Platelets
med Elements of the Blood-4

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)


• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte→7.5m in dia
• Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro
in red bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
• Function- transport respiratory gases
• Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains
and 2  chains
• Lack mitochondria. Why?
• 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin
molecules
• Men- 5 million cells/mm3
• Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
• Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in
spleen (RBC graveyard)
Hemoglobin
Blood Cell Production
RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying
capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.

Factors that can cause anemia-

Exercise- causes need for more hemoglobin


and also sweat includes iron
B12 deficiency
RBC Diseases
Sickle-cell anemia-
•Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
•Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria
infested countries, the heterozygous condition is
beneficial.
RBC Diseases
Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, 
viscosity of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally
occurs at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletes→remove blood 2
days before event and then replace it- banned
by Olympics.
Types of Leukocytes
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Granulocytes
Neutrophils- 40-70%
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-45%
Eosinophil Lymphocyte
Basophil

platelet

Neutrophil
Monocyte
ID WBC’s
WBC Diseases
• Leukopenia
• Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
• Leukemias
• Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
• Named according to the abnormal WBC
clone involved
• Mononucleosis
• highly contagious viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of
agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover
in a few weeks
Platelets
Stem cell Developmental pathway

Hemocyto- Promegakaryocyte
blast Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets

Figure 17.12
Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3

Tissue Damage

Platelet Plug

Clotting Factors
Hemostasis:
1. Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm

3. Platelet plug formation

4. Coagulation
Hemostasis
(+ feedback)

Clotting Factors
thromboplastin

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin
Traps RBC & platelets

Platelets release thromboplastin


Blood
Clot
RBC

Platelet

Fibrin thread
Disorders of Hemostasis
• Thromboembolytic disorders:
undesirable clot formation
• Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that
prevent normal clot formation
Thromboembolytic Conditions
• Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in
an unbroken blood vessel
– May block circulation, leading to tissue death
• Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the
blood stream
– Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to
obtain oxygen
– Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
Thromboembolytic Conditions
• Prevented by
– Aspirin
• Antiprostaglandin that inhibits
thromboxane A2
– Heparin
• Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and
postoperative cardiac care
Bleeding Disorders

Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to


inflammation, infection or cancer

Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets


• causes spontaneous bleeding
• due to suppression or destruction of bone
marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
– Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic
– Treated with transfusion of concentrated
platelets
Bleeding Disorders
• Impaired liver function
– Inability to synthesize procoagulants
– Causes include vitamin K deficiency,
hepatitis, and cirrhosis
– Liver disease can also prevent the
liver from producing bile, impairing fat
and vitamin K absorption
Bleeding Disorders

• Hemophilias include several similar


hereditary bleeding disorders
• Symptoms include prolonged
bleeding, especially into joint
cavities
• Treated with plasma transfusions
and injection of missing factors
Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily
carried by males (x chromosome)
Blood Types

Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in
RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
A&B AB no anti body
Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B

Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane

Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are


made in response to the presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping
(agglutination)
Type A

b
b

b
b

b
Type B

a a
a

a
a

a
Type O

a b
a

a
a
b b
a
a b
Type AB
Rh Factor and Pregnancy

RH+ indicates protein


RH- indicates no protein
Rh Factor
and
Pregnancy

Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem


Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem

RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks


Type AB- universal recipients
Type O- universal donor

Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive

Blood Type Clumping Antibody


A antigen A anti-A serum antibody anti-b
B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a
AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum -
O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b
Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency

O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4%


O Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6%
A Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7%
A Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3%
B Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5%
B Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5%
AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4%
AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 .6%
ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype
O i i
A I A I A or I A i
B I B I B or I B i
AB A
I I B
Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross
IB i

IA IA IB IAi

IA IA IB IA i
Bozeman Video - Blood Types

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K
XTF7WehgM8

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