Walchand College Of Engineering, Sangli.

(An Autonomous Institute)

Solid Waste Management (6OE309)

A Case Study on Municipal Solid Waste Management in

Solapur City, Maharashtra, India

By

Sanika Ingale (21510090)

Nandini Gite (21510066)

Sneha Kedar (21510091)

Khushi Gangurde (21510093)

Vaishnavi Nagrale(21510076)

Under the Guidance

Of
Prof . Sagar Shinde
 A Case Study on Municipal Solid Waste
Management in Solapur City, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has become a serious environmental problem in

major cities all over world. The problem of solid waste is also influencing the urban
environment of Solapur city. Therefore, the present study was under taken to enlist
the causes of solid waste generation and possibilities of associated problems. The
study was mainly concentrated to investigate the present status of Municipal Solid
Waste Management (MSWM) in Solapur city. In order to carry out the study a
detailed survey was carried out on existing facilities of Solid Waste Management
(SWM) such as manpower resources and management systems. A detailed study
comprising the methods of practices associated with generated quantity of waste,
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of (MSW) in Solapur city was
conducted. The relevant data was obtained from Solapur Municipal Corporation and
individual field visits. The study reveals that there are several lacunas in existing
solid waste management system in Solapur city on the basis of Municipal Solid
Waste (Management and Handling) rules, 2000.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Municipal Solid Waste (management and

handling) rules, 2000, Solapur Corporation.
I. INTRODUCTION

Waste management involves the collection, transportation, processing, recycling or

disposal and monitoring of waste materials. It relates to refused materials produced
by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health,
environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover
resources from it. [1]. Waste management involves the use of solid, liquid, gaseous
or radioactive substances with different methods and fields of expertise for each of
these. [2].

The primary sources of municipal solid waste includes waste generated in domestic,
institutional, commercial activities, garden and municipal services. The domestic
wastes are high in quantities and vary with time and season. It is generally comprised
of organic and inorganic constituents. Now a days the quantity of organic waste is
decreasing and the quality of metals, paper and plastics is increasing, indicating that
there is growing preference for consumption of packaged food in recent years in
modern society. [3].
The problem of municipal solid waste management in major cities has acquired
alarming dimensions in India especially during the last decade. The present system
of solid waste management in India, like any other developing country, is fraught
with many inadequacies in terms of treatment methods and techniques. Illegal
dumping is a major problem of significant concerns with regard to human health,
safety, property values in particular and quality of life in general urban societies. In
addition a major economic burden on local government, which is typically
responsible for cleaning up these open solid waste dump sites. A poor collection and
disposal practice is another problem. It attracts and promotes sites for the breeding
insects, rodents and pathogens that can cause and transmit various diseases in
society. [4]. Rural areas have relatively less problem of solid waste, due to less per
capita generation than urban areas. [5, 6, 7].
II. STUDY AREA - SOLAPUR CITY

India is a country of many beautiful destinations, is one of these destinations. The beautiful city of
Solapur. The city is administered as Municipal Corporation. It is in the south eastern part of Maharashtra
state, near the Karnataka border. Solapur is the administrative headquarters of Solapur district, which
consists of eleven Tahsils. Solapur was famous as a textile capital and was even known as the labour
city in ancient times. The city is having separate importance because of having on the boarder of three
states namely, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karanataka. The city is having mix population
migrated and settled from these three states and mix of community in addition to its native population.
According to 1991 census the city was having population of 620846 which was increased 8, 73,009 in
2001 causing a population growth of 40% and spread an area of 179 Sq. km. Geographically, Solapur
is located between 17.100 to 18.320 to the north latitude while it is about
74.420 to 76.150 to the east longitude[8]. Solapur is an important junction situated on the north-south
railway line and provides connectivity between Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is also
connected by both road and rail to most of the cities around and districts and provides easy access to
Solapur, and the reason for its flourish in industries
and fast growth.

Solapur has many small and medium scale industries,

mainly the cotton mills and power looms. Chaddars,
towels and bed sheets fabricated and produced in
Solapur have earned a special reputation in the
international market and fame for their durability and
novel designs. The Solapur city has the largest
industry in Maharashtra for Beedi production. Beedi
rolling is classed as a cottage industry. Beedi
typically made by women working from home. It is
processed in much the same way as that of other
handmade cigarettes. Due to scanty and uneven
rains the scarcity conditions prevail in different parts
of the Solapur district. That has adversely affected
the socio-economic condition of peoples. The main
language spoken in Solapur district is Marathi. Other
languages used in Solapur include Hindi, Telugu and
Kannada especially in border areas.
Fig. 1 Map of Solapur City
III. METHODOLOGY

The methodology is based on existing guidelines comprised of the following distinct features:

a) Collection of Data
The data has been obtained from Municipal Corporation and other reliable sources,
studied and correlated with the present investigation. The research work includes the
efforts for waste characterization and the exploration of possibilities of energy
recovery potential of solid waste. The results were analyzed in light of different
aspects including the impact of solid waste on the health of ragpickers and workers
and the surrounding environment.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Population-The population of Solapur as per city census 1991 was reported to

be 6, 20,846 and increased to 8, 73,009 as per 2001 city census. The growth rate
of Solapur city is 0.4% in terms area with 179 Sq. Km. The population density
of each zone is as below:

Table 1: Zone wise details of Area, Population and Total Household in Solapur City
No. of Area in Sq. Km Population as of No. of
Zone
Wards (2011) Households
Zone 1 16 33.189 1,42,321 31,148
Zone 2 17 25.674 1,54,664 33,618
Zone 3 16 11.585 1,40,462 30,776
Zone 4 16 22.522 1,43,023 31,297
Zone 5 16 46.999 1,42,110 31,116
Zone 6 17 44.097 1,49,809 32,645
Source: Solapur City Sanitation Plan, Final Draft, 2011.

2. Waste Generation - Solapur city has in all 98 wards. These are divided in six
Zones. Each zone consists of 16 to 17 wards. The existing solid waste
management in Solapur city is scheduled zone wise [9]. Total waste generated
in Solapur corporation area is 420MT/day. The total quantity of solid waste
generation is 75,000 Kg/d of which 50% is biodegradable (dry), 25% recyclable
15.3% green (wet) and 9.9% debris and silt. The solid waste in zone 4 has
53.33% biodegradable, 16.6% recyclable, 9.3% debris and silt, 20.6% green and
vegetable waste. The green waste is maximum 21.4% in zone 6 due to vegetable
markets as compared to other zones. More commercial activities involving us
the use of plastic, glass, and paper, cardboard and metal sheets has constituted
24.6% waste as recyclable in zone 5. About 51% of the total solid waste collected
from entire city is biodegradable processing the energy potential, if harnessed
with anaerobic digestion, gasification or palletization technologies.
 Table.2 Details of Solid Waste generation and its nature in each zone of the Solapur city
Zone Biodegradeble Recyclable Debris & Green Waste Total (Kg/d)
No. (Kg/d) (Kg/d) Silt (Kg/d) (Kg/d) 100%
1 Zone 1 35,000 20,000 6,000 9,000 70,000
(50.05%) (28.6%) (8.6%) (12.9%)
2 Zone 2 37,500 18,750 7,500 11,500 75,000
(49.8%) (24.9%) (9.9%) (15.3%)
3 Zone 3 34,000 15,500 6,200 9,300 65,000
(52.4%) (23.9%) (9.5%) (14.3%)
4 Zone 4 40,000 12,500 7,000 15,500 75,000
(53.2%) (16.6%) (9.3%) (20.6)
5 Zone 5 32,000 16,000 7,000 10,000 65,000
(49.2%) (24.6%) (10.7%) (15.4%)
6 Zone 6 34,000 15,000 6,000 15,000 70,000
(48.6%) (21.4) (8.6%) (21.4%)
Total 2,12,500 97,750 39,700 70,050 4,20,000
(51%) (23.5%) (9.5%) (16.8%)

Source: Solapur Municipal corporation report. May, 2010.

3. Institutional arrangement - Zone 2 has wide spread and generates high quantity of solid waste,
hence requires involvement of 183 personal in its management. Zone 3 is relatively dense and
requires less manpower (81). The total work manpower involved in solid waste collection is 736
and is controlled by the department incharge of SWM unit.

Table. 3 Institutional manpower involved for solid waste collection and transportation in
each zone of the Solapur city.
Zones Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6
Department incharge of SWM in the city - 1
Total no. of
CSI-1 CSI-1 CSI-1 CSI-1 CSI-1 CSI-1
supervisory
SI-9 SI-9 SI-9 SI-9 SI-9 SI-9
staff
Total no. of Jamadar-0 Jamadar1 Jamadar-7 Jamadar- Jamadar- Jamadar-4
subordinate Bigari-92 1 Bigari- Bigari-54 4 Bigari- 5 Bigari- Bigari-101
staff Driver-9 153 Driver-10 91 107 Driver-7
Driver-9 Driver-6 Driver-6
Total 736+1 111 183 81 111 128 122
Source: Solapur Municipal corporation report. May, 2010.

4. Zone wise Details of collection System - Prevention of littering and storage- To enable citizens to
dispose waste, community bins are provided at reasonable distances depending on local requirement.
But still in some areas the people throw the waste in open spaces. In Solapur there are 949
community bins and 553 open spaces where people throw the waste.
Table.4 Zone wise solid waste collection provision in Solapur city.
Zone Container Square Bin Round Bin Open Spaces
Zone 1 46 82 16 98
Zone 2 23 64 54 86
Zone 3 35 117 27 93
Zone 4 21 36 44 78
Zone 5 16 100 87 97
Zone 6 46 93 42 101
Total 187 492 270 553
Source: Solapur Municipal corporation report. May, 2010.
5. Waste Collection- Generation of waste in Solapur is 420 MT /day out of which 347 MT/day is
collected by the Corporation solid waste management authorities and 73 MT /day remain
uncollected which constitutes about 20% of the waste generated that remains uncollected daily [11].
It causes the environmental problems and affects human society many ways.

Table.5 Door to door solid waste collection in each zone and total labours involved.
Zone Solid waste Solid Waste collected through Number of Labour
Generated hand carts through door to door hand carts
(MTD) collection (In MTD)
Zone 1 70 1.6 8 8
Zone 2 75 1.2 6 6
Zone 3 65 2.4 12 12
Zone 4 75 2.0 10 10
Zone 5 65 3.2 16 16
Zone 6 70 1.6 8 8
Total 420 12.0 60 60
Source: Solapur City Sanitation Plan, Final Draft, 2011.

6. Efficiency of collection of Municipal Solid Waste - The city generates solid waste to the tune of
425 MTD of which 364 MTD is collected. Out of this 12 MTD is collected through door to door
collection and 154.52 MTD is collected from community bins. Waste collected through other
sources and street sweeping, market waste, commercial establishments is 201.28 MTD.

Table.6 Comparison of total quantity of solid waste collection by door to door collection,
bins and other sources
Zones Total Solid Door to Waste from Waste from other Total Solid
Waste Door community sources (sweeping, Waste
Generated collection bins (MTD) markets, commercial collected (In
(In MTD) (In MTD) establishments etc) MTD)
1 73.00 1.6 30.88 38.52 71.00
2 75.00 1.2 24.48 30.32 62.00
3 67.00 2.4 29.04 37.76 62.00
4 75.00 2.0 22.16 29.04 52.00
5 65.00 3.2 21.40 31.8 55.00
6 70.00 1.6 26.56 33.84 62.00
Total 425.00 12.0 154.52 201.28 364.00
Source: Solapur City Sanitation Plan, Final Draft, 2011.

7. Vehicles and transportation- The waste generated is collected daily with the vehicles like truck,
dumper placer, Compactor, tempo, etc. The transportation adds to the city air pollution of planned
properly. Most of these vehicles carry the waste in open manner creating nuisance of odour and
smell.
 Table.7 Zone wise transportation arrangement for solid waste in Solapur city.
Zone Truck No. dumper No. of comp No. of 407 No. of Distance
of placer trips actor trips temp trips from the
trips /day /day / day disposal
/day site
zone 1 3 9 2 11 1 1 1 3 3 KM
zone 2 3 9 2 10 1 3 0 0 5 KM
zone 3 3 9 2 10 1 2 0 0 6 KM
zone 4 2 4 2 8 1 3 0 0 11KM
zone 5 3 9 2 10 1 3 0 0 11KM
zone 6 2 7 2 10 1 3 1 3 10KM
Total 16 47 12 59 6 15 2 6 -
Source: Solapur Municipal corporation report. May 2010.

8. Disposal - The waste is disposed daily to the landfill site located on Tuljapur road and Bhogaon.
The disposal is dumped in landfill and open giving rise to contamination and the treatment process
is not followed. Most of the waste dumped on open. The landfill sites are not well maintained, which
create the threat of groundwater contamination due to lechate percolation. Open dumped garbage
serves as breeding ground for disease vector such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and rats affects
the other pests. The waste sometimes is taken by local farmers as fertilizer. Most of the waste
remains laying down in open causing pollution with the odour and smell unless degrades naturally.
A treatment plant of anaerobic digestion is in progress to extract energy from organic waste
generating the biogas.

9. Impact on workers - The information on health impacts was collected by personal interview
conducted; data details are beyond the scope of this paper. The general impacts are summarized in
following lines. Workers, who are associated with the process solid waste management at different
level, are vulnerable as far as health hazards are concerned due to constant and long time direct
contact with solid waste. Workers get health problems like accidental injuries like individual cuts
from scarp waste materials and they may also lead the poisoning from chemical wastes. [12,13].
Sometimes injuries caused by infected sharp metal waste. Further eye and skin infections due to
exposure of infected dust are also reported in workers. [14].

Apart from these health problems, workers also face problems like asthma, T.B., and some
respiratory diseases. Sweepers are suffering from back-ache due to regularly sweeping for a
considerable distance per day. Those workers who are loading garbage into trucks are facing eye
problems and it was observed in field work that their eyes were red in color. During waste loading
processes dust particles spread in the surrounding air and it creates problem of air pollution. The
impacts of solid waste on the workers can be minimized by following the guidelines and prescribed
rules [15,16].
10. Impact on Ragpickers - The Ragpickers are also suffered from pathogenic diseases and they do
not get any medicals facilities for health problems. These people belong to poorest categories and they
cannot afford even two squares meal in one day. The society people are not accepts as friends of the
society who helps to keep their locality clean. In and surroundings areas of landfills sites and dumping
places are suffered from many problems. [17,18,19]. Due to open dumping of solid waste, it emits bad
smell due to presence of dead animal waste and biodegradable components. Rodents and dogs are
feeding on such dumping place and they may bite peoples present in those areas. Such dumping
sites are spoiling environment of nearby villages surrounding the dumping site.

V. CONCLUSION

Solapur is one of the leading urban centers in India. The management and disposal of solid waste is not
scientific and it creates serious environmental problems. In-sanitary method of waste disposal is also a
serious health concern, particularly in rainy season. Lechate and high humid conditions increases the
risk of health problems. The combined effects of uncollected wastes, poor handling and inadequate
disposal safeguards for municipal wastes have always implications for public health leading to the
chances of transmission of diseases, the spread of epidemics and loss of healthy urban and amenable
environment.

REFERENCES

[1] Colon, M. and Fawcett, B., (NY), “Community-based Household Waste Management: Lessons
Learnt from EXNORA‟s „Zero Waste Management‟ Scheme in Two South Indian Cities”,
Habitat International, in press (Elsevier Publication).

[2] Kama Vasisth (2011), Waste Management, Maxford books, New Delhi. pp. 4-7.

[3] Yousuf Tarique Bin, Rahmein Mostafizur (2007), Monitoring quantity and characteristics of
municipal solid waste in Dhaka city. Environ. Monit. Assessment, 135: pp 3-11.

[4] Sheel Kumar, Sunil Kumar and Alpana Parmar (2005), Solid Waste Management: A contemporary
issue for urban areas, Environment and Development: Challenges and Opportunities, I.K.
International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 509-585.

[5] Abduli M.A., Samieifard R., and Jalili Ghazi Zade, M. (2008), Rural Solid Waste Management,
Environmental Research, 2(4); pp. 425-436.

[6] Brockerhoff, M. (1999) “ Urban Growth in Developing Countries : A Review of Projections and
Predictions, Population and Development Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.757-778.

[7] Kumar, S. and Gaikwad, S.A., (2004), “Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indian Urban
Centres: An Approach for Betterment”, Urban Development Debates in the New Millennium,
Edited by K.R. Gupta, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp.100-111.
 [8] SMC (2013); http://www.solapurcorporation.com., A report.

[9] SMC, 2010; Final Draft, Solapur City Sanitation Plan, Solapur Municipal Corporation, Solapur.

[10] SMC, 2011; Final Draft, Solapur City Sanitation Plan, Solapur Municipal Corporation, Solapur.

[11] R. Kavitha and P. Subramanian, (2007), Effect of Enriched Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application
on Growth, Plant Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Rice, Journal of Agronomy, 6(4): pp. 586-592.

[12] Kumar, S., Mondal, A.N., Gaikwad, S.A., Devotta, S. and Singh, R.N., (2004). “Qualitative
Assessment of Methane Emission Inventory from Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites: A Case
Study”, Atmospheric Environment, 38, pp.4921-4929.

[13] NEERI Report, (1996), “Strategy Paper on Solid Waste Management in India”, pp.1-7.

[14] Aliyu Baba Nabegu (2010),”An analysis of Municipal Solid Waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria,
Journal of Human Ecology,31(2): pp.111-119.

[15] SWMR, 2000; State of Vermont Agency of natural resources Department of environmental
conservation, Solid Waste Management Rules-2000.

[16] Asthana D.K., Asthana Meera (2003), Environmental problems and solutions, S. Chand and
company Ltd. New Delhi. - 110 055. pp. 1-8.

[17] Brockerhoff, M. and Brennam, E. ( 1998) “ The Poverty of Cities in Developing Regions “,
Population and Development Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 75-114.

[18] Santra S.C. (2001), Environmental Science, New Central Book Agency, (P) Ltd. Kolkata- 700
009.

[19] Rao Venugopal P.(2006), Environmental Science And Engineering, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi – 100 001.

55

View publication stats