Section exercise page 204

Q:6-1
Example A:
 All probabilities are between 0 and 1.
 Sum of probabilities: 0.80 + 0.20 = 1.
 This is a valid probability distribution.
Example B:
 All probabilities are between 0 and 1.
 Sum of probabilities: 0.05 + 0.15 + 0.25 + 0.40 + 0.10 = 0.95.
 This is NOT a valid probability distribution because the sum of probabil
ities is not equal to 1.
Example C:
 All probabilities are between 0 and 1.
 Sum of probabilities: 0.30 + 0.60 + 0.40 = 1.30.
 This is NOT a valid probability distribution because the sum of probabil
ities is greater than 1.
 Q:6-2
(a) P(X = 75):
 P(X = 75) = 0.30
(b) P(X ≤ 75):
This is the probability of renting 75 tubes or less. We need to sum the probabilities
for 25, 50, and 75 tubes:
 P(X ≤ 75) = P(X = 25) + P(X = 50) + P(X = 75) = 0.20 + 0.40 + 0.30 = 0.90

(c) P(X > 50):

This is the probability of renting more than 50 tubes. We can find this by summing
the probabilities for 75 and 100 tubes, or by subtracting the probability of 50 or fe
wer tubes from 1:
 P(X > 50) = P(X = 75) + P(X = 100) = 0.30 + 0.10 = 0.40
 Alternatively: P(X > 50) = 1 - P(X ≤ 50) = 1 - (0.20 + 0.40) = 0.40
(d) P(X < 100):
This is the probability of renting less than 100 tubes, which means renting 25, 50, o
r 75 tubes:
 P(X < 100) = P(X = 25) + P(X = 50) + P(X = 75) = 0.20 + 0.40 + 0.30 = 0.9
0
(e) CDF Value:
The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) gives the probability of a random var
iable being less than or equal to a certain value. Therefore, the expression represent
ing a CDF value is:
 P(X ≤ 75) = 0.90 (from part b)
Q:6-3
(a) P(X ≥ 3):
This is the probability of having 3 or more patients with head trauma. We need to s
um the probabilities for 3, 4, and 5 patients:
 P(X ≥ 3) = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) = 0.20 + 0.15 + 0.05 = 0.40
(b) P(X ≤ 2):
This is the probability of having 2 or fewer patients with head trauma. We need to s
um the probabilities for 0, 1, and 2 patients:
 P(X ≤ 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 0.05 + 0.30 + 0.25 = 0.60
(c) P(X < 4):
This is the probability of having less than 4 patients with head trauma, which mean
s having 0, 1, 2, or 3 patients:
  P(X < 4) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) = 0.05 + 0.30 + 0.25
+ 0.20 = 0.80
(d) P(X = 1):
This is simply the probability of having exactly 1 patient with head trauma, which i
s given directly in the table:
 P(X = 1) = 0.30
(e) CDF Value:
The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) gives the probability of a random var
iable being less than or equal to a certain value. Therefore, the expression represent
ing a CDF value is:
 P(X ≤ 2) = 0.60 (from part b)

Q:6-4
1. Expected Value (E(X)):
E(X) = Σ [x * P(x)] = (25 * 0.20) + (50 * 0.40) + (75 * 0.30) + (100 * 0.10)
= 5 + 20 + 22.5 + 10 = 57.5
Therefore, Jane expects to rent an average of 57.5 tubes per day.
2. Variance (Var(X)):
Var(X) = Σ [(x - E(X))^2 * P(x)]
= [(25-57.5)^2 * 0.20] + [(50-57.5)^2 * 0.40] + [(75-57.5)^2 * 0.30] + [(100-
57.5)^2 * 0.10] = 210.25 + 22.5 + 94.5 + 182.25= 509.5
3. Standard Deviation (SD(X)):
SD(X) = √Var(X) = √509.5 ≈ 22.57

Q:6-5
(a) Mean and Standard Deviation:
1. Mean (μ):
μ = Σ [x * P(x)] = (0 * 0.05) + (1 * 0.30) + (2 * 0.25) + (3 * 0.20) + (4 * 0.15) + (5
* 0.05)
= 0 + 0.30 + 0.50 + 0.60 + 0.60 + 0.25
= 2.25

2. Variance (σ²):
We calculate the variance using the same formula as before:
σ² = Σ [(x - μ)² * P(x)]
= [(0-2.25)² * 0.05] + [(1-2.25)² * 0.30] + [(2-2.25)² * 0.25] + [(3-2.25)² * 0.20] +
[(4-2.25)² * 0.15] + [(5-2.25)² * 0.05]
= 0.253125 + 0.421875 + 0.015625 + 0.1125 + 0.421875 + 0.390625
= 1.615625
3. Standard Deviation (σ):
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance:
σ = √σ² = √1.615625 ≈ 1.27

Q:6-6
we can calculate the expected value (E) using the formula:
E = (Value of Winning * Probability of Winning) + (Value of Losing * Probabi
lity of Losing)
E = ($215,000 * 0.00000884) + ($0 * 0.99999116)
E = $1.90 + $0
E = $1.90
Q:6-7
1. Expected Claim Amount:
 The maximum claim amount is $5,000.
 The probability of a maximum claim is 0.01.
 Therefore, the expected claim amount per policy is: $5,000 * 0.01 = $50.
2. Desired Profit per Policy:
 The company wants to make a profit of $25 per policy.
3. Required Premium:
To cover the expected claim amount and achieve the desired profit, the premium sh
ould be:
Premium = Expected Claim Amount + Desired Profit
Premium = $50 + $25
Premium = $75
Q:6-8
1. Possible Outcomes and Probabilities:
 Winning: The value of winning is $28,000,000. The probability of winning i
s 0.000000023.
 Losing: The value of losing is -$1 (the cost of the ticket). The probability of
losing is 1 - 0.000000023 = 0.999999977.
2. Calculating Expected Value:
E = (Value of Winning * Probability of Winning) + (Value of Losing * Probability
of Losing)
E = ($28,000,000 * 0.000000023) + (-$1 * 0.999999977)
E = $0.644 - $0.999999977
E ≈ -$0.36
Q:6-9
1. Possible Outcomes and Probabilities:
 Total Loss of Superstructure: Loss of $250 million with a probability of 0.
30.
 Total Loss of Facility: Loss of $950 million with a probability of 0.30.
 No Loss: Loss of $0 with a probability of 0.40.
2. Calculating Expected Loss:
Expected Loss = (Loss in Scenario 1 * Probability of Scenario 1) + (Loss in Scenar
io 2 * Probability of Scenario 2) + (Loss in Scenario 3 * Probability of Scenario 3)
Expected Loss = ($250 million * 0.30) + ($950 million * 0.30) + ($0 * 0.40)
Expected Loss = $75 million + $285 million + $0
Expected Loss = $360 million
Q:6-10
In this case, the number of tickets purchased (X) ranges from a = 2 to b = 8.
 Mean (μ):
μ = (2 + 8) / 2 = 10 / 2 = 5

 Standard Deviation (σ):

σ = √ [((8 - 2) +1)²-1 / 12] = √[48 / 12] = √4 = 2
Q:6-11
(a) Mean and Standard Deviation:
Following the information provided in Table 6.5 for the uniform discrete distributio
n:
 Mean (μ):
μ = (a + b) / 2 = (20 + 60) / 2 = 40
 Standard Deviation (σ):
σ = √[((b - a + 1)² - 1) / 12] = √[((60 - 20 + 1)² - 1) / 12] ≈ 11.83
Therefore, the mean age of the programmers is 40 years, and the standard deviatio
n is approximately 11.83 years.
(b) Probability of Age Ranges:
1. At Least 40:
P(X ≤ x) = (x - a + 1) / (b - a + 1)
P(age ≥ 40) = [(40 - 20 + 1) / (60 - 20 + 1)] = (21 / 41) ≈ 0.5122
2. At Least 30:
Similarly, the probability of being 30 or older is:
P(age ≥ 30) = [(30 - 20 + 1) / (60 - 20 + 1)] = (11 / 41) ≈ 0.2682

Q: 6.15
Mean and Standard Deviation:
 Mean (μ) = n * π
 Standard Deviation (σ) = √ (n * π * (1 - π))
a. n = 8, π = .10
μ = 8 * 0.10 = 0.8
σ = √ (8 * 0.10 * 0.90) ≈ 0.85
b. n = 10, π = .40
μ = 10 * 0.40 = 4
σ = √ (10 * 0.40 * 0.60) ≈ 1.55
c. n = 12, π = .50
μ = 12 * 0.50 = 6
σ = √ (12 * 0.50 * 0.50) ≈ 1.73
Q: 6.16
Mean and Standard Deviation:
a. n = 30, π = .90
μ = 30 * 0.90 = 27
σ = √ (30 * 0.90 * 0.10) ≈ 1.64
b. n = 80, π = .70
μ = 80 * 0.70 = 56
σ = √ (80 * 0.70 * 0.30) ≈ 4.10
c. n = 20, π = .80
μ = 20 * 0.80 = 16
σ = √ (20 * 0.80 * 0.20) ≈ 1.79
Q: 6.17
P(X = x) = ncr * π^x * (1-π)^(n-x)
a. X = 5, n = 9, π = .90
P(X = 5) = 9c5=(126)* 0.9^5 * 0.1^4 ≈ 7.440174x10-3
b. X = 0, n = 6, π = .20
P(X = 0) = 6c0 * 0.2^0 * 0.8^6 ≈ 0.2621
c. X = 9, n = 9, π = .80
P(X = 9) = 9c9* 0.8^9 * 0.2^0 ≈ 0.1342

Q: 6.18
a. X = 2, n = 8, π = .10
P(X = 2) = 8c2* 0.1^2 * 0.9^6 ≈ 0.1488
b. X = 1, n = 10, π = .40
P(X = 1) = 10c1* 0.4^1 * 0.6^9 ≈ 0.0403
c. X = 3, n = 12, π = .70
P(X = 3) = 12c3* 0.7^3 * 0.3^9 ≈ 1.47661866x10-3
Q: 6.23
This scenario can be modeled using a binomial distribution, where:
 n = 10 (number of customers)
 π = 0.20 (probability of paying with American Express)
(a) Probability that none pay by American Express:
P(X = 0) = 10c0* 0.20^0 * 0.80^10 ≈ 0.1074
(b) Probability that at least two pays by American Express:
This is the complement of 0 or 1 paying with American Express:
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1) = 1 - [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]
We need to calculate P(X = 1) and then subtract both probabilities from 1.
P(X = 1) = 10c1* 0.20^1 * 0.80^9 ≈ 0.2684
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - (0.1074 + 0.2684) ≈ 0.6242
(c) Probability that fewer than three pay by American Express:
This is equivalent to 2 or fewer paying with American Express:
P (X < 3) = P (X ≤ 2) =P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
We need to calculate P (X = 2) and then sum the probabilities.
P (X = 2) = 10c2 * 0.20^2 * 0.80^8 ≈ 0.3020
P (X < 3) = 0.1074 + 0.2684 + 0.3020 ≈ 0.6778
(d) Expected number who pay by American Express:
Mean (μ) = n * π = 10 * 0.20 = 2
(e) Standard deviation:
Standard Deviation (σ) = √ (n * π * (1 - π)) = √ (10 * 0.20 * 0.80) ≈ 1.26
Q: 6.24
 n = 12 (number of repeat customers)
  π = 0.05 (probability of having an incorrect address)
(a) Probability that none have an incorrect address:
P (X = 0) = 12c0 * 0.05^0 * 0.95^12 ≈ 0.5404
(b) Probability that one has an incorrect address:
P (X = 1) = 12c1 * 0.05^1 * 0.95^11 ≈ 0.3413
(c) Probability that two have incorrect addresses:
P (X = 2) = 12c2 * 0.05^2 * 0.95^10 ≈ 0.0988
(d) Probability that fewer than three have incorrect addresses:
This is equivalent to 2 or fewer having incorrect addresses:
P(X < 3) = P(X ≤ 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
P (X < 3) = 0.5404 + 0.3413 + 0.0988 ≈ 0.9805
Q: 6.26
 n = 8 (number of car buyers in the sample)
 π = 0.60 (probability of using the internet for research)
(a) Probability that all 8 will use the internet:
P(X = 8) = 8c8* 0.60^8 * 0.40^0 ≈ 0.0168
(b) Probability that at least 5 will use the internet:
This involves summing the probabilities for X = 5, 6, 7, and 8.
P(X ≥ 5) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
We need to calculate each individual probability and then sum them.
P(X = 5) ≈ 0.2787
P(X = 6) ≈ 0.3115
P(X = 7) ≈ 0.1741
P(X ≥ 5) ≈ 0.2787 + 0.3115 + 0.1741 + 0.0168 ≈ 0.7811
(c) Probability that more than 4 will use the internet:
This is the same as the probability of at least 5 using the internet:
P(X > 4) = P(X ≥ 5) ≈ 0.7811
(d) Mean and standard deviation of the distribution:
 Mean (μ) = n * π = 8 * 0.60 = 4.8
 Standard Deviation (σ) = √(n * π * (1 - π)) = √(8 * 0.60 * 0.40) ≈ 1.39
 Q: 6.27
 n = 16 (number of passengers)
 π = 0.70 (probability of checking bags)
(a) Probability that all will check bags:
P(X = 16) = 16c16* 0.70^16 * 0.30^0 ≈ 0.0028
(b) Probability that fewer than 10 will check bags:
This involves summing the probabilities for X = 0, 1, 2, ..., 9.
P(X < 10) ≈ 0.1556
(c) Probability that at least 10 will check bags:
This is the complement of fewer than 10 checking bags:
P(X ≥ 10) = 1 - P(X < 10) ≈ 1 - 0.1556 ≈ 0.8444
 Q: 6.28
 n = 12 (number of drivers stopped)
 π = 0.15 (probability of having an invalid license)
(a) Probability that none will have an invalid license:
P(X = 0) = 12c0 * 0.15^0 * 0.85^12 ≈ 0.1422
(b) Probability that exactly one will have an invalid license:
P(X = 1) = 12c1* 0.15^1 * 0.85^11 ≈ 0.3012
(c) Probability that at least 2 will have invalid licenses:
This is the complement of 0 or 1 having an invalid license:
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1) = 1 - [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - (0.1422 + 0.3012) ≈ 0.5566
Q: 6.29
Mean and Standard Deviation:
For a Poisson distribution with parameter λ (average rate of occurrence):
 Mean (μ) = λ
 Standard Deviation (σ) = √λ
a. λ = 1.0
μ = 1.0
σ = √1.0 = 1.0
b. λ = 2.0
μ = 2.0
σ = √2.0 ≈ 1.41
c. λ = 4.0
μ = 4.0
σ = √4.0 = 2.0
Q: 6.30
Mean and Standard Deviation:
a. λ = 9.0
μ = 9.0
σ = √9.0 = 3.0
b. λ = 12.0
μ = 12.0
σ = √12.0 ≈ 3.46
c. λ = 7.0
μ = 7.0
σ = √7.0 ≈ 2.65
Q: 6.31
Poisson Probabilities:

a. P(X = 6), λ = 4.0 ⇒ P(X = 6) ≈ 0.1042

b. P(X = 10), λ = 12.0 ⇒ P(X = 10) ≈ 0.1048
c. P(X = 4), λ = 7.0 ⇒ P(X = 4) ≈ 0.0912
Q: 6.32
Poisson Probabilities:

a. P(X = 2), λ = 0.1 ⇒ P(X = 2) ≈ 0.0045

b. P(X = 1), λ = 2.2 ⇒ P(X = 1) ≈ 0.2442
c. P (X = 3), λ = 1.6 ⇒ P(X = 3) ≈ 0.1378
Q: 6.37

(a) Probability of at least one problem:

This is the complement of having no problems:
P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - P(X = 0)
P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - 0.1827 ≈ 0.8173
(b) Probability of no problems:
We already calculated this in part (a):
P(X = 0) ≈ 0.1827
(c) Probability of more than three problems:
This is the complement of having three or fewer problems:
P(X > 3) = 1 - P(X ≤ 3)
P(X > 3) = 1 - 0.9157 ≈ 0.0843

Q: 6.38

(b) Probability of no cancellations (X = 0):

P(X = 0) ≈ 0.2231
(c) Probability of one cancellation (X = 1):
P(X = 1) ≈ 0.3347
(d) Probability of more than two cancellations (X > 2):
This is the complement of having two or fewer cancellations:
P(X > 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 2)
P(X > 2) = 1 - 0.8088 ≈ 0.1912
(e) Probability of five or more cancellations (X ≥ 5):
This involves summing the probabilities for X = 5, 6, 7, and so on, which can be i
mpractical. Instead, we can use the complement:
P(X ≥ 5) = 1 - P(X ≤ 4)
P(X ≥ 5) = 1 - 0.9814 ≈ 0.0186
Q: 6.39
This scenario can be modeled using a Poisson distribution, where the average num
ber of add-ons per customer (λ) is 1.4.
(b) Probability of at least 2 add-ons (X ≥ 2):
This is the complement of ordering 1 or fewer add-ons:
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1)
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - 0.4966 ≈ 0.5034

(c) Probability of no add-ons (X = 0):

P(X = 0) ≈ 0.2466

Poisson Approximation to Binomial (Optional)

Q: 6.41
(note):
Since n is large (500 keystrokes) and π is small (0.003), using the Poisson approxi
mation for the binomial distribution is appropriate.
1. Calculate λ:
λ = n * π = 500 * 0.003 = 1.5
2. (a) Probability of at least two errors (X ≥ 2):

This is the complement of having 1 or fewer errors:

P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1)
Using the Poisson distribution with λ = 1.5:
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - 0.5578 ≈ 0.4422
2. (b) Probability of fewer than four errors (X < 4):
This is equivalent to the probability of 3 or fewer errors:
P(X < 4) = P(X ≤ 3) ≈ 0.9343
Q: 6.42
we have a large n (100,000 cans) and a small π (0.00002), making the Poisson
approximation suitable.
1. Calculate λ:
λ = n * π = 100,000 * 0.00002 = 2
2. (a) Probability of at least one defective can (X ≥ 1):

P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - P(X = 0)
Using the Poisson distribution with λ = 2:
P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - 0.1353 ≈ 0.8647
2. (b) Probability of two or more defective cans (X ≥ 2):
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1)
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - 0.4060 ≈ 0.5940
Q: 6.43
Analyzing Incorrect Postage in Postal Drop Box:
(a) Expected number with incorrect postage:
For a binomial distribution, the expected value (mean) is:
μ = n * π = 200 * 0.03 = 6
(b) Standard deviation:
σ = √(n * π * (1 - π)) = √(200 * 0.03 * 0.97) ≈ 2.41
(c) Approximate probability of at least 10 letters with incorrect postage:
We can use the Poisson approximation with λ = n * π = 6
P(X ≥ 10) = 1 - P(X ≤ 9) ≈ 0.0414
(d) Approximate probability of fewer than five letters with incorrect postage:
P(X < 5) = P(X ≤ 4) ≈ 0.1512
Q: 6.44
Christmas Lights Bulb Failure:
Using the Poisson approximation with λ = n * π = 100 * 0.01 = 1:
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 1) ≈ 0.2642
Q: 6.45
Mishandled Passenger Bags:
(a) Expected number of mishandled bags:
μ = n * π = 500 * 0.0046 = 2.3
(b) Approximate probability of no mishandled bags:
Using the Poisson approximation with λ = 2.3:
P(X = 0) ≈ 0.1003
(c) Approximate probability of more than two mishandled bags:
P(X > 2) = 1 - P(X ≤ 2) ≈ 0.4447

Hypergeometric Probability
Q: 6.46
Probability calculations
i. N = 10, n = 3, s = 4, P(X = 3)
Calculation: P(X = 3) = (4C3 * 6C0) / 10C3 = 4/120 = 1/30 ≈ 0.0333
ii. N = 20, n = 5, s = 3, P(X = 2)
Calculation: P(X = 2) = (3C2 * 17C3) / 20C5 ≈ 0.13157
iii. N = 36, n = 4, s = 9, P(X = 1)
Calculation: P(X = 1) = (9C1 * 27C3) / 36C4 ≈ 0.44690
iv. N = 50, n = 7, s = 10, P(X = 3)
Calculation: P(X = 3) = (10C3 * 40C4) / 50C7 ≈ 0.10979
Q: 6.47
(a) Hypergeometric Distribution for Top-Freezer Models:
Parameters:
N = 8 (total refrigerators)
n = 4 (sample size)
s = 6 (top-freezer models)
solution:
P(X = 2): This is the probability of getting exactly 2 top-freezer models and 2 s
ide-by-side models. = (6C2 * (8-6) C (4-2)) / 8C4 ≈ 0.2143
P(X = 3): This is the probability of getting exactly 3 top-freezer models and 1 s
ide-by-side model.= (6C3 * (8-6) C (4-3)) / 8C4 ≈ 0.5714
P(X = 4): This is the probability of getting all 4 top-freezer models.
= (6C4 * (8-6) C (4-4)) / 8C4 ≈ 0.2143
Q: 6.48
We will use the hypergeometric distribution formula to calculate the probability for
each possible value of X (number of essay questions) from 0 to 6 (minimum of n a
nd s).
Parameters:
 N = 60 (total exercises)
 n = 10 (assigned problems)
  s = 6 (essay questions)
Calculation:
P(X = x) = (sCx * (N-s)C(n-x)) / NCn
Using this formula or the HYPGEOM.DIST function in Excel, we can calculate th
e probability for each value of X:
P(X = 0) = (6C0 * (60-6)C(10-0)) / 60C6 =0.3174
P(X = 1) = (6C1 * (60-6)C(10-1)) / 60C6 =0.4232
P(X = 2) = (6C2* (60-6)C(10-2)) / 60C6 =0.2070
P(X = 3) = (6C3 * (60-6)C(10-3)) / 60C6 =0.0469
P(X = 4) = (6C4 * (60-6)C(10-4)) / 60C6 =0.51588
P(X = 5) = (6C5 * (60-6)C(10-5)) / 60C6 =0.37901
P(X = 6) = (6C6 * (60-6)C(10-6)) / 60C6 =0.00631

(b) Probability of No Essay Questions (X = 0):

P(X = 0) ≈ 0.3174
This means there's about a 31.74% chance the student will not receive any essay qu
estions.
(c) Probability of at Least One Essay Question (X ≥ 1):
P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - P(X = 0) ≈ 1 - 0.3174 ≈ 0.6826
There's about a 68.26% chance the student will receive at least one essay question.
(d) Probability of Two or More Essay Questions (X ≥ 2):
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X = 0) - P(X = 1) ≈ 1 - 0.3174 - 0.4232 ≈ 0.2594
There's about a 25.94% chance the student will receive two or more essay question
s.
Q: 6.49
(a) Hypergeometric Distribution for Incorrect Vouchers:
Parameters:
 N = 50 (total vouchers)
 n = 5 (sample size)
 s = 20 (incorrect vouchers)
Possible Values of X (incorrect vouchers): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Formula:
P(X = x) = (sCx * (N-s)C(n-x)) / NCn
Calculations:
 P(X = 0): (20C0 * 30C5) / 50C5 = 1 * 142506 / 2118760 ≈ 0.0672
 P(X = 1): (20C1 * 30C4) / 50C5 = 20 * 27405 / 2118760 ≈ 0.25868
 P(X = 2): (20C2 * 30C3) / 50C5 = 190 * 4060 / 2118760 ≈ 0.36408
 P(X = 3): (20C3 * 30C2) / 50C5 = 1140 * 435 / 2118760 ≈ 0.23405
 P(X = 4): (20C4 * 30C1) / 50C5 = 4845 * 30 / 2118760 ≈ 0.0686
 P(X = 5): (20C5 * 30C0) / 50C5 = 15504 * 1 / 2118760 ≈ 0.007317
(b) P(X = 0): ≈ 0.0672
There's about a 6.72% chance that none of the sampled vouchers contain errors.
(c) P(X = 1): ≈ 0.25868
There's about a 25.88% chance that exactly one voucher in the sample contains err
ors.
(d) P(X ≥ 3): P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) ≈ 0.23405 + 0.0686 + 0.00731 ≈ 0.3
099
There's about a 30.99% chance that three or more vouchers in the sample contain e
rrors.
Q: 6.50
(a) Hypergeometric Distribution for HIV-Positive Specimens:
Parameters:
 N = 40 (total specimens)
 n = 5 (exposed specimens)
 s = 8 (HIV-positive specimens)
Possible Values of X (HIV-positive specimens): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Formula:
P(X = x) = (sCx * (N-s)C(n-x)) / NCn
Calculations:
 P(X = 0): (8C0 * 32C5) / 40C5 = 1 * 201376 / 658008 ≈ 0.3060
 P(X = 1): (8C1 * 32C4) / 40C5 = 8 * 35960 / 658008 ≈ 0.4371
 P(X = 2): (8C2 * 32C3) / 40C5 = 28 * 4960 / 658008 ≈ 0.2110
 P(X = 3): (8C3 * 32C2) / 40C5 = 56 * 496 / 658008 ≈ 0.04221
 P(X = 4): (8C4 * 32C1) / 40C5 = 70 * 32 / 658008 ≈ 0.0034
 P(X = 5): (8C5 * 32C0) / 40C5 = 56 * 1 / 658008 ≈ 0.000085
(b) P(X = 0): ≈ 0.3060
There's about a 30.60% chance that none of the exposed specimens were HIV-
positive.
(c) P(X < 3): P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) ≈ 0.3060 + 0.4371 + 0.2110 ≈ 0.9541
There's about a 95.41% chance that fewer than three of the exposed specimens wer
e HIV-positive.
(d) P(X ≥ 2): 1 - P(X = 0) - P(X = 1) ≈ 1 - 0.3060 - 0.4371 ≈ 0.2569
There's about a 25.69% chance that at least two of the exposed specimens were HI
V-positive.
Geometric Distribution Probabilities
Q: 6.55
he probability mass function (PDF) for a geometric distribution is:
P(X = x) = π(1 - π)^(x-1)
where:
 x is the number of trials until the first success
 π is the probability of success on each trial
(a) P(X = 5) when π = 0.50
P(X = 5) = 0.50 * (1 - 0.50)^(5-1) = 0.50 * 0.50^4 = 0.50 * 0.0625 = 0.03125
(b) P(X = 3) when π = 0.25
P(X = 3) = 0.25 * (1 - 0.25)^(3-1) = 0.25 * 0.75^2 = 0.25 * 0.5625 = 0.140625
(c) P(X = 4) when π = 0.60
P(X = 4) = 0.60 * (1 - 0.60)^(4-1) = 0.60 * 0.40^3 = 0.60 * 0.064 = 0.0384
Q: 6.56
(a) Expected Number of Guests:
For a geometric distribution, the expected value (average number of trials until the
first success) is given by:
E(X) = 1 / π
where π is the probability of success (in this case, paying with American Express).
E(X) = 1 / 0.20 = 5
Therefore, we expect to see 5 guests on average before encountering one who pays
with American Express.
(b) Probability within the First 10 Guests:
We need to find the probability that X (the number of guests until the first America
n Express user) is less than or equal to 10. This is the cumulative distribution functi
on (CDF) for X ≤ 10:
P(X ≤ 10) = 1 - (1 - π)^10 = 1 - (1 - 0.20)^10 ≈ 0.8926
Therefore, there's approximately an 89.26% probability that the first guest to use a
n American Express card will be within the first 10 guests to check out.
Q: 6.57
(a) Expected Number of Customers:
Since half of the customers request "crispy," the probability of success (π) is 0.50.
Using the formula for the expected value of a geometric distribution:
E(X) = 1 / π = 1 / 0.50 = 2
Therefore, we expect to serve 2 customers on average before encountering one wh
o requests "crispy."
(b) Probability of Serving More Than 10 Customers:
We need to find the probability that X (the number of customers until the first "cris
py" request) is greater than 10. This is equivalent to 1 minus the probability that X
is less than or equal to 10:
P(X > 10) = 1 - P(X ≤ 10) = 1 - [1 - (1 - π)^10] = (1 - 0.50)^10 = 0.50^10 ≈ 0.0009
8
Therefore, there's approximately a 0.098% chance of serving more than 10 custom
ers before the first request for "crispy."