APPLIED PHYSICS

LAB REPORT

Program: BSCS
Class: BSCS-l (A)
Submitted To: Dr Khurram Baig
Submitted By: Anus Raza
Submission Date: OCT 26, 2023
 LAB 1: Introduction to Lab Equipment & Components
Objectives:
 Use of Digital Multi meter (DMM)
 Introduction to Bread Board
 Introduction to DC Power Supply

Diagram of Digital Multi Meter:

Use of Digital Multi meter (DMM):

 Voltage:
Turn the knob to the V position from OFF. Check that the red and black leads are
connected to the V and COM jacks, respectively. To measure the voltage (potential difference),
connect the tips of the red and black leads to the spots where the voltage (potential difference)
should be measured. A positive meter reading shows that the voltage at the red tip connection
point is greater than the voltage at the black tip connection point.
 Resistance:
 Rotate the knob of digital multi meter from OFF to Ω. Connect the resistor's red and
black leads. The resulting value will be shown on the screen.
 Current:
Move the knob to A. Check that the red lead is connected to the A (or mA) jack and the
black lead is connected to the COM jack. To make a current measurement, connect the tips of
the red and black leads in series with the element whose current is to be measured. A positive
meter reading indicates that current is flowing via the spot where the red tip is connected.

Introduction to Bread Board:

The Bread Board is the white board with holes. These holes are used to put the components and
wires. Because no soldering is required, the components and wiring can be quickly removed and
reconnected.

Diagram of Bread Board

Components
 Vertical Lines: Each vertical strip is identical to the horizontal strips described above.
Like the horizontal strips, each of the two vertical strips has four column segments.
 Four horizontal Thick Strips: Each of the four horizontal strips (thick strips) is divided
in to two with a notch in the middle. There are a total of 10 rows of holes, five on each side of the
notch. The internal connection between strips is vertical.
 Five Horizontal Thin Strips: Each horizontal strip (Thin strip) has two rows of holes in
section A and B. They are connected horizontally.
Introduction to DC Power Supply:
The power supply (PS) has two variable (0 to 30Volts) and one fixed (5Volts) dc voltage
source. The variable supply has a current limit which can be set by the user. Press the Power on
button. If using the variable dc supply, connect the red lead with + and the black lead with - .
The voltage and current can be set to desired level by rotating the knobs & the resulting
value appears on the display. If using the fixed 5 Volts supply, connect red lead with + and black with
-.

Conclusion of Lab 1:
We were Introducted to Breadboard, Multi meter and DC supply.
 LAB 2: Error Analysis and Graph Drawing
Objective:
To draw graphs and perform error analysis in measurement.

 Graph Drawing:
Graph creation is a crucial tool in experimental physics. Graphs are a concise and effective
technique of illustrating and summarizing the functional connection between two experimental
parameters. Some graphs should be hand-drawn early in this lab course to ensure that you learn all
that goes into creating an efficient scientific graph. You will also learn how to graph data using a
computer. When graphs are required in this manual's laboratory activities, you will be directed to
"plot A vs. B" (where A and B are variables). A (the dependent variable) is often represented along
the vertical axis (ordinate), whereas B (the independent variable) is plotted along the horizontal axis
(abscissa).
Choice of Scale:
Scales should be chosen in such a way that data are easy to plot and easy to read.
 Graphs
The construction of graphs is a very important technique in experimental physics. Graphs
provide a compact and efficient way of displaying the functional relationship between two
experimental parameters and of summarizing experimental results.
Example:
Graph between P and 1/V:

 Error analysis:

Relative Uncertainty:
 The relative uncertainty (also called relative error or relative deviation) of a
measurement can be calculated using the following formula:
Relative Uncertainty (%) = (Uncertainty / Measurement Value) x 100%
Relative Error:
Relative Error (%) = (|Measured Value - True Value| / |True Value|) * 100%
 Some Examples of Error Analysis and it's Removal:
1. Vernier Caliper:
 Finding Error:
Measured value: 9.6 cm
True value: 9.5 cm
Error = Measured value - True value = 9.6 cm - 9.5 cm = 0.1 cm
 Removing Error:
Corrected value = Measured value - Error = 9.6 cm - 0.1 cm = 9.5 cm

2. Stopwatch:
 Finding Error:
Measured time: 40.5 seconds
True time: 40.2 seconds
Error = Measured time - True time = 40.5 s - 40.2 s = 0.3 s
 Removing Error:
Corrected time = Measured time - Error = 40.5 s - 0.3 s = 40.2 seconds

3. Screw Gauge:
 Finding Error:
Measured value: 0.86 mm
True value: 0.82 mm
Error = Measured value - True value = 0.86 mm - 0.82 mm = 0.04 mm
 Removing Error:
Corrected value = Measured value - Error = 0.86 mm - 0.04 mm = 0.82 mm
 LAB 3: To find resistance by color coding and using DMM
Objective:
To find resistance using color codes and using DMM.

Lab Task Report:

Sr. Resistor’s Coded Tolerance Maximum Minimum Measured The

Color Resistance (%) Coded Coded Resistance Resistor is
Code () Resistance Resistance () Within
() () Tolerance?
1 Brown, 1k 10% 1k+0.1k 1k-0.1k 1k YES
Black,
Red, =1.1k =0.9k
Silver
2 Green, 51K 20% 51k+10.2k 51k-10.2k 51K YES
Brown, =61.2k =40.8k
Orange,
no color
3 Orange, 3.3k 10% 3.3k+0.33k 3.3k-0.33k 3.3k YES
Orange, =3.63k =2.97k
Red, Silver
4 Violet, 7.7k 10% 7.7k+0.77k 7.7k-0.77k 7.7k YES
Violet, =8.47k =6.93k
Red, Silver
5 Green, 5.7k 10% 5.7k+0.57k 5.7k-0.57k 5.7k YES
Violet, =6.27k =5.13k
Red, Silver
6 Violet, 2.7k 10% 2.7k+0.27k 2.7k-0.27k 2.7k YES
Red, =2.97k =2.43k
Yellow,
Silver
7 Blue, 6.7k 10% 6.7k+0.67k 6.7k-0.67k 6.7k YES
Violet, =7.37k =6.03k
Red, Silver
8 Red, Red, 2.2k 10% 2.2k+0.22k 2.2k-0.22k 2.2k YES
Red, Silver =2.42k =1.98k

9 Brown, 1.2k 10% 1.2k+0.12k 1.2k-0.12k 1.2k YES

Red, Red, =1.32 =1.02k
Silver
1 Yellow, 4.7k 10% 4.7k+0.47k 4.7k-0.47k 4.7k YES
0 Violet, =5.17 =4.23k
Red, Silver
 Lab 4: Series and Parallel Resistance Networks
Objective:
Calculate total resistance in series and parallel circuits.

Equipment Required:
 DMM
 Breadboard
 Resistors
 Connecting wires etc.

Series Resistive Circuits:

Table of given combinations of Series Circuit:

Circuit Rated Value, Ω Calculated Value of

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 RT
a 330 1200 - - - 1530
b 1200 2200 - - - 3400
c 3300 4700 - - - 8000
d 330 470 1200 - - 2000
e 1200 2200 3300 - - 6700
f 330 470 1200 2200 - 4200
g 330 470 1200 2200 3300 7500
Measured Value by DMM:
a)

b)

c)

d)
e)

f)

g)
Parallel Resistive Circuits:

Table of given combinations of Parallel Circuit

Circuit Rated Value, Ω Calculated Value of

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 RT
a 820 1000 - - - 451
b 1000 2200 - - - 687
c 3300 4700 - - - 1940
d 820 1000 2200 - - 374
f 2200 3300 4700 - - 1030
g 820 1000 2200 3300 - 336
h 820 1000 2200 3300 4700 313

Measured Value by DMM:

a)
b)

c)

d)
 e)

f)
 Lab 5: Verification of Ohm’s Law
Objectives:
 To verify Ohm’s Law on resistive circuit
 To demonstrate the three power formulae in DC circuits.

Verification:
 I=V/R
 R=V/I
 V=IR

I=V/R:

 R = 3.5 kohm
 V=15 V
 I=V/R

So I=15 V / 3.5 kohm

I=4.285mA

R=V/I:

 V=15V
 I=4.29mA
 R=V/I
So, R= 15 V / 4.29mA

R=3500 ohm

V=IR:
From the above figure

 I= 4.29mA
 R= 3500 ohm
 V=IR
 So, V = (4.29mA)(3500)
 V = 15V

Repeat this process untill you get all the values for graph.

Voltage(V) Current(mA) Power(mW) Resistance(Ω)

0V 0mA 0mW 4700Ω
2V 0.43mA 0.85mW 4700Ω
4V 0.85mA 3.40mW 4700Ω
6V 1.27mA 7.66mW 4700Ω
8V 1.70mA 13.61mW 4700Ω
10V 2.13mA 21.28mW 4700Ω
12V 2.55mA 30.64mW 4700Ω
14V 2.97mA 41.70mW 4700Ω
16V 3.40mA 54.46mW 4700Ω
18V 3.83mA 68.94mW 4700Ω
20V 4.26mA 85.11mW 4700Ω
22V 4.68mA 102.97mW 4700Ω
24V 5.11mA 122.50mW 4700Ω
25V 5.32mA 132.97mW 4700Ω
Graph between P & V:
Graph between V & I:

Graph between P & I:

 Lab 6: Kirchhoff’s Laws for DC circuits: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Objectives:

To verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law for dc circuits.

Equipment Required:

 Digital Multi meter (DMM)

 DC Power Supply
 Wire Stripper
 Bread Board
 Resistors

Lab Task Report:

 R1= 5.6 kohm

 Voltage through R1(V1)=10.5V
 R2= 560 ohm
 V2= 1.05V

 R3= 1.2 kohm

 V3= 2.25V

 R4= 3300 ohm

 V4= 6.19
  According to KVL the sum of the voltages across all the resistances is equal to the input
voltage V
 V1+V2+V3+V4 = V

10.5 + 1.05 + 2.25 + 6.19 = 19.99

Conclusion of Lab:
We proved Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law in this Lab
 Lab 7: Kirchhoff’s Laws for DC circuits: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Objectives:

 To verify Kirchhoff’s Current law for dc circuits.

Equipment Required:

 Digital Multi meter

 DC Power Supply
 Wire Stripper
 Bread Board
 Resistors

Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

The algebraic sum of all the currents entering and leaving any point in a circuit must
equal zero.

 I1 (Current across R1) =1.34mA

 I2=1.05mA

 I3=2.68mA

 Total Current(I4)= 5.07mA

Currents Measured Calculated

I1 1.34mA 1.34mA
I2 1.05mA 1.05mA
I3 2.68mA 2.68mA
I4 5.07mA 5.07mA
  I4 = I1 + I2 + I3
 5.07mA = 1.34mA + 1.05mA + 2.68mA

Conclusion of Lab:
KCL is verified in this lab through use of Lab Equipment.