(PART 1)

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 § one of the most important concepts in the world of
science.
§ present in the Universe in a variety of forms – mechanical,
chemical, electromagnetic, and nuclear energy.
§ can be transformed from one kind to another; all
observations and experiments to date suggest that the total
Energy amount of energy in the Universe never changes.

Definition
§ a quantitative attribute of a physical system
§ not an object nor any substance
§ the amount of work one system can do on another

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Outline
§ Work
§ Power
§ Energy
§ Kinetic Energy
§ Potential Energy (Gravitational Potential Energy and Spring/Elastic Potential Energy)

§ Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

§ Law of Conservation of Energy

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WORK ???
In everyday use, work is associated with
- a task to be accomplished or the time spent in
performing the task,
- or how tired someone becomes from an effort in lifting
or moving boxes.

BUT, the definition of mechanical work is not concerned

with tasks, time, or how tired someone becomes from
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
doing a task.
SA

Mechanical WORK is concerned with the

application of a force to an object and the
distance the object moves as a result of the force.

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 WORK
Work is done only if an object is moved
through some displacement while a force
is applied to it

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6. 1 Work
§ Positive and negative signs of work indicate whether the
object exerting the force is transferring energy to some other
object, or receiving it.
§Positive sign is assigned to work, if it is done on the system.
Negative sign is assigned to work, if another system does it
on a system!
◦ A baseball pitcher, for example, does positive work on the ball,
but the catcher does negative work on it. Work can be zero even
when there is no force.

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The work 𝑊done on an object by a constant force 𝐹⃗ during a linear
displacement along the x-axis is

𝑾 = 𝑭𝒙 ∆𝒙
where,

𝐹! = x − component of the force 𝐹⃗

∆𝑥 = 𝑥" − 𝑥# = object $ s displacement

𝟐
SI unit: joule (J) = newton!meter 𝑵 ! 𝒎 = 𝒌𝒈#𝒎 %𝒔𝟐
US customary: foot-pound

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 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
where,

𝐹 = magnitude of force
𝑑 = magnitude of the object & s displacement
𝜃 = angle between 𝐹⃗ and ∆𝑥
𝟐
SI unit: joule (J) = newton9meter 𝑵 9 𝒎 = 𝒌𝒈'𝒎 <𝒔𝟐
US customary: foot-pound

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No work is done on the W > 0 in lifting the box
bucket by the force 𝐹⃗ W < 0 in lowering the box

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6. 1 Work
Example 1
A car is pushed horizontally with a constant force of 210 N. How much work is done on the car on
a 19-m track?

Answer: 3 990 𝐽
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6. 1 Work
Example 2
A 1.00 kg ball was thrown upward. Reaching up to 4.50 m above the point it was released, what
is the work done by the gravity on the ball?

Answer: −44.1 𝐽
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6. 1 Work
Example 3
A force of 15 N is exerted on a box at an angle of θ =45o as in the figure below. How much work
is done by the force as the box moves along the table a distance of 2.75 m?

N
15
45°

Answer: 29.2 𝐽
12

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6. 1 Work
(Multiple Forces)

• If there are several forces that do work at different instances, the total
work is found by taking the sum of the work done by each force.

𝑊12134 = 𝐹56 ∆𝑥5 + 𝐹76 ∆𝑥7 + 𝐹86 ∆𝑥8 + ⋯

• When the forces do work on a particle all at the same time, the total
work is found by computing the work done by the net force and the
total displacement.
𝑊*+*,- = 𝐹.! ∆𝑥. + 𝐹/! ∆𝑥/ + 𝐹0! ∆𝑥0 + ⋯
= 𝐹.! + 𝐹/! + 𝐹0! + ⋯ ∆𝑥 = 𝐹12* ∆𝑥

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6. 1 Work
(Multiple Forces)
Example 4
A 120-kg crate is placed on the flatbed of a truck. The truck is moving with an acceleration of
3
+ 1.5 " along the positive x-axis. What is the total work done on the crate by all the forces
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acting on it as the truck carries it a distance of 67 m? Assume that the crate does not slip with
respect to the truck during motion.

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 𝐹+

m
𝑚 = 120 kg 𝑓, 𝑎 = +1.5
s&

𝑑 = 67 m 𝑤

Required: 𝑊'(')* = ?

𝐹+ and 𝑤 are perpendicular to the displacement. 𝐹+ and 𝑤 do NO WORK.

Solve for the work done by the static friction. 𝑊'(')* = 𝑊/# + 𝑊0 + 𝑊1$
Use Newton’s 2nd law to solve for 𝑓, . 𝑊'(')* = 0 J + 0 J + 180 N 67 m

I 𝐹- = 𝑚𝑎
∴ 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐 𝟎𝟔𝟎 𝑱 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑱
.
𝑓, = 𝑚𝑎 = 120 kg 1.5 = 180 𝑁
,"

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HOW DO YOU COMPARE THE TWO TASKS
IN TERMS OF MECHANICAL WORK?

WALKING UP THE STAIRS RUNNING UP THE STAIRS

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 The Power P supplied by a force is the rate
at which the force does work.

𝑾 𝑭∆𝒙
𝑷= = = 𝑭𝒗
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
∆𝑦 Dimensions [F*L/T] = [F*V]
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑦 Type: Derived, Scalar
SI unit: Watt (abbr, W)
1 W = 1 J/s
*W is Watt, after James Watt, famous
Same amount of work but different in for his contributions in electricity and
terms of the rate at which the work is electric power
done.
US customary unit: horsepower (hp)
1 horsepower = 1 hp = 550 1'#*2⁄,
1 ℎ𝑝 = 746 𝑊

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6.2 Power
Example 5
A small motor is used to operate a lift that raises a load of bricks weighing 1200 N to a height of
15 m in 30s. What is the minimum power the motor must produce?

Answer: 600 𝑊

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6.2 Power
Example 6
A motor is lifting a 200-kg object at a constant speed at 3cm/s. What power, in horsepower, is
being developed by the motor?

Answer: 0.08 ℎ𝑝

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 ENERGY
Ability to do work
Mechanical Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
𝒎𝟐
SI unit: 𝒌𝒈 A B𝒔𝟐 =𝑵A𝒎=𝑱

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 6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy
Is the energy associated to particles and systems that are
moving.

1 "
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣
2
where,
KE = Kinetic energy
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
m = mass of an object/particle
v = speed of an object/particle

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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is proportional

to the square of velocity.

Speed squared! (Double speed, KE increases by 4)

6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy
𝒗𝒊 𝒗𝒇
An object undergoes a displacement
and a change in velocity 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
under the action of a constant net
force 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 .
∆𝒙
since,
𝑣U 7 = 𝑣V 7 + 2𝑎∆𝑥 𝐹WX1
𝑎= Newton’s 2nd Law
𝑚
𝑣U 7 − 𝑣V 7 𝐹WX1 𝑣U 7 − 𝑣V 7
𝑎∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥 =
2 𝑚 2

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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy
𝒗𝒊 𝒗𝒇
𝐹WX1 𝑣U 7 − 𝑣V 7
∆𝑥 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑚 2
(Multiply both sides of the equation by 𝑚)

𝑣U 7 − 𝑣V 7 ∆𝒙
𝐹WX1 ∆𝑥 = 𝑚
2 𝒎𝒗𝒇 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝒊 𝟐
𝑚𝑣U 7 𝑚𝑣V 7 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = −
𝐹WX1 ∆𝑥 = − 𝟐 𝟐
2 2
since, 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑲𝑬𝒇 − 𝑲𝑬𝒊 Work-Energy
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𝑊WX1 = 𝐹WX1 ∆𝑥 and 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 7 Theorem
7 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∆𝑲𝑬
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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
¢ The work done by the net force on a particle equals the change in the particle’s
kinetic energy.

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑲𝑬𝒇 − 𝑲𝑬𝒊

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∆𝑲𝑬

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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Example 7
What is the kinetic energy of a 6.00 kilogram medicine ball traveling at 4.50 meters per second?

Answer: 60.75 𝐽

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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Example 8
With what speed would a 72-kg jogger have to run to have the same kinetic energy as 1200 kg
car traveling at 2.0 km/hr?

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𝑚6 = 1200 kg km 𝑚7 = 72 kg
𝑣6 = 2.0 𝑣7 = ?
h

What is 𝑣7 if 𝐾𝐸6 = 𝐾𝐸7 ?

Solve for 𝐾𝐸6 . Since 𝐾𝐸6 = 𝐾𝐸7 = 185.1852 J,

1 1
𝐾𝐸6 = 𝑚8 𝑣8 & 185.1852 𝐽 = 72 kg 𝑣7 &
2 2
&
1 km 1000 m 1h 2 185.1852 J
𝐾𝐸6 = 1200 kg 2.0 × × &
𝑣7 =
2 h 1 km 3600 s 72 kg

𝐾𝐸6 = 185.1852 𝐽
𝐦 𝐦
∴ 𝒗𝑱 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟎 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟑
𝐬 𝐬

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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Example 9
A 2000-kg car traveling at 20 m/s coasts to rest on level ground in a distance of 1000 m. How
large is the average friction force acting on the car?

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 m m
𝑣9 = 20 𝑣1 = 0
s s

𝑚 = 2000 kg

𝑓: = ?
𝑑 = 1000 m

𝐹+
𝐹+ and 𝑤 are perpendicular to the displacement. 𝐹+ and 𝑤 do NO WORK.

By the work-energy theorem, we write

𝑊;<' = 𝐾𝐸1 − 𝐾𝐸9

𝑓: = ? 1 1
𝑊/# + 𝑊0 + 𝑊1% = 𝑚𝑣1 & − 𝑚𝑣9 &
2 2
1 &
1 𝑚 &
0 + 0 + 𝑓: 1000 𝑚 cos 180° = 𝑚 0 − 2000 𝑘𝑔 20
𝑤 2 2 𝑠
∴ 𝒇𝒌 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵

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6.3 Energy
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Example 10
A truck of mass 3000 kg is to be loaded onto a ship by a
crane that exerts an upward force of 31 kN on the truck.
This force, which is just strong enough to get the truck
started upward, is applied over a distance of 2m.
Find:
a) work done by the crane.
b) upward speed of the truck after 2m.

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 𝑦
a. Work done by the crane?
𝐹)==
𝑊)== = 𝐹)== ∆𝑦 = 31 kN 2 m = 𝟔𝟐 𝐤𝐉

𝑚 = 3 000 kg b. Upward speed of the truck after 2 m

𝑚
𝑊0 = 𝑤∆𝑦 cos 𝜃 = 3000 kg 9.8 & 2 m cos 180
𝑠
𝑣1 =? 𝑊0 = −𝟓𝟖 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐉 = −𝟓𝟖. 𝟖 𝐤𝐉
𝑦1 = 2 m By the work-energy theorem, we write
𝑤 𝑊;<' = 𝐾𝐸1 − 𝐾𝐸9
1 1
𝑊)== + 𝑊0 = 𝑚𝑣1 & − 𝑚𝑣9 &
2 2
1 &
1 𝑚 &
62 kJ − 58.8 kJ = 3 000 kg 𝑣1 − 3 000 𝑘𝑔 0
2 2 𝑠
𝑂 𝑥
m
𝑦9 = 0 m 𝑣9 = 0 3.2 kJ = 1 500 𝑣1 &
s 𝐦
∴ 𝒗𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
𝐬

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References
Serway, R. A. & Vuille, C. (2018). College Physics. USA: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Cutnell, J. & Johnson, K. (2012). Physics (9th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Young, H. D. (2019). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics (15th ed.).
London: Pearson.

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LESSON 6

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