EVS Project PDF
EVS Project PDF
PROJECT REPORT ON
SUBMITTED TO
Environment Studies
SUBMITTED BY
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DECLARATION
Place : Kolhapur
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CERETIFICATE
Date: / /2023
Place: Kolhapur
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe a great many thanks to people who helped and supported us during
every stage of this project.
We extremely thankful to our project guide Prof. Mr. A. S. Kadam for
his valuable guidance and encouragement throughout this project work.
He has given his valuable time to go through the project and make
necessary correction as and when needed.
Also, we sincerely thankful to our parents for helping us in all aspects to
complete the project work. Finally we would like to appreciate to our friends,
colleagues for their direct and indirect contribution.
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INDEX
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INTRODUCTION
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sustainability to safeguard biodiversity and future generations. Recognizing the
finite nature of environmental resources underscores the necessity of
harmonizing natural and human environments for a sustainable future.
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Climate change refers to long-term alterations in the Earth’s climate
system, primarily driven by human activities that release greenhouse gases
(GHGs) into the atmosphere. These activities include burning fossil fuels for
energy, deforestation, industrial processes, and agricultural practices. The
accumulation of GHGs traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to a rise in
global temperatures and consequential shifts in weather patterns, precipitation,
and sea levels. Climate change is not a future hypothetical; it is a present reality
with observable impacts on ecosystems and agriculture worldwide.
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CrItical Global Issue: Climate change poses one of the most significant
challenges to global sustainability and requires urgent attention.
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➢ To assess the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of climate
change on agricultural productivity.
➢ To investigate the specific impacts of climate change on crop yields and
livestock production.
➢ To identify the key drivers of vulnerability to climate change within
agricultural systems.
➢ To evaluate the effectiveness of existing adaptation strategies in
mitigating climate change impacts on agriculture.
➢ To explore the socio-economic factors influencing farmers’ adaptation
and resilience to climate change.
➢ To analyze the implications of climate change-induced shifts in growing
seasons and precipitation patterns on agricultural practices.
➢ To examine the role of technology and innovation in enhancing climate
resilience and sustainable agriculture.
➢ To assess the potential for climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon sequestration.
➢ To investigate the impacts of climate change on agroecosystems,
including soil health, water resources, and biodiversity.
.
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Research
Methodology
➢ STUDY AREA:-
ACCORDING TO THE "STATE OF INDIA'S ENVIRONMENT-2022" REPORT,
INDIA RANKS AS THE FOURTH WORST-AFFECTED COUNTRY GLOBALLY IN TERMS
OF CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED MIGRATION, WITH OVER THREE MILLION
PEOPLE FORCED TO ABANDON THEIR RESIDENCES IN THE YEAR 2020-2021.
HENCE, THE STUDY AREA CHOOSEN FOR THE STUDY IS THE COUNTRY OF INDIA.
➢ STUDY MAP:-
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➢ METHOD USED:-
Magzines,books,
journals
Government
Reports,authentic Internet
websites information
SECONDARY
DATA
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REPORTING
The current status of climate change paints a grim picture of our planet’s
future if decisive action is not promptly taken. Scientific consensus
unequivocally confirms that global temperatures are on the rise, with each
successive year setting new records for warmth. Glacial retreat, shrinking ice
caps, and rising sea levels exemplify the tangible consequences of this warming
trend, posing imminent threats to coastal communities and biodiversity.
Moreover, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, from
hurricanes to wildfires, serve as stark reminders of the destabilizing effects of
climate change on ecosystems and human societies worldwide. Despite
concerted international efforts to mitigate emissions and adapt to changing
climates, the trajectory remains alarming, underscoring the urgent need for
coordinated global action.
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developing regions. Agricultural yields are jeopardized by shifting precipitation
patterns and prolonged droughts, jeopardizing global food security and
exacerbating hunger and malnutrition. Furthermore, the ecological upheaval
induced by climate change imperils countless species, driving biodiversity loss at
an unprecedented rate. The cascading effects of these disruptions are far-
reaching, permeating through interconnected systems and posing existential
challenges to the sustainability of human civilization.
In conclusion, climate change represents one of the most pressing
existential challenges of our time, demanding concerted action and unwavering
commitment from all sectors of society. The urgency of addressing climate
change cannot be overstated, as its ramifications extend far beyond
environmental degradation to encompass social, economic, and geopolitical
dimensions. Mitigating climate change requires transformative changes in
energy production, consumption patterns, and policy frameworks, necessitating
innovative solutions and collective resolve on a global scale. While the path
ahead may be daunting, it is imperative that we embrace the imperative of
sustainability and forge a harmonious relationship with our planet to secure a
prosperous and resilient future for generations to come
Impact on Agriculture:
Climate change poses a multifaceted threat to global agriculture,
jeopardizing food security, livelihoods, and rural economies. Shifts in
temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt traditional growing seasons,
rendering agricultural systems increasingly vulnerable to extreme weather
events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. Rising temperatures also
exacerbate pest and disease pressures, diminishing crop yields and quality.
Moreover, the degradation of soil health and water resources further
compounds the challenges faced by farmers, exacerbating agricultural losses
and exacerbating rural poverty. In essence, climate change threatens to
undermine the resilience and sustainability of agricultural systems worldwide,
necessitating adaptive strategies and investments to safeguard food production
for a burgeoning global population.
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Wheat:
Wheat, a staple food crop cultivated across diverse climates, is
particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures
shorten the wheat growing season, reducing yields and compromising grain
quality. Additionally, increased frequency and severity of heatwaves during
critical growth stages impede pollination and grain filling, further diminishing
productivity. Alterations in precipitation patterns exacerbate water stress,
particularly in regions reliant on rainfed agriculture. Prolonged droughts and
erratic rainfall patterns increase the incidence of pests and diseases,
exacerbating yield losses and threatening global food security. Adaptive
measures such as the development of heat and drought-tolerant varieties and
improved water management practices are essential to mitigate the impacts of
climate change on wheat production.
Rice:
Rice, a staple food for over half of the world’s population, faces significant
challenges from climate change-induced shifts in temperature, precipitation,
and water availability. Increased temperatures accelerate the development of
rice pests and diseases, heightening the risk of crop losses and necessitating
intensified pest management efforts. Erratic rainfall patterns and water scarcity
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disrupt traditional rice cultivation practices, undermining yields and
exacerbating food insecurity in vulnerable regions. Furthermore, rising sea
levels and saltwater intrusion threaten low-lying rice-growing areas, rendering
vast swathes of productive land unsuitable for cultivation. Sustainable water
management practices, alongside the adoption of climate-resilient rice varieties
and agroecological approaches, are imperative to enhance the adaptive capacity
of rice farming systems and ensure food security in the face of climate change.
Maize:
Maize, a versatile cereal crop vital for food, feed, and industrial uses,
confronts a myriad of challenges stemming from climate change-induced
temperature increases and altered precipitation patterns. Heat stress during
critical growth stages reduces maize yields and compromises grain quality,
particularly in regions with limited access to irrigation. Erratic rainfall patterns
and prolonged droughts exacerbate water stress, heightening the vulnerability
of rainfed maize farming systems to crop failures and food shortages.
Additionally, increased occurrences of extreme weather events such as heavy
rainfall and storms contribute to soil erosion and nutrient leaching, further
impairing maize productivity. To enhance the resilience of maize farming
systems, adaptive measures including the development of drought-tolerant
varieties, conservation agriculture practices, and integrated pest management
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strategies are essential to mitigate the impacts of climate change and
sustainably enhance maize yields.
Subpoints:
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Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns alter the distribution
and composition of habitats, leading to habitat loss and fragmentation.
Fragmentation disrupts species connectivity and impedes their ability to
migrate or adapt to changing conditions, increasing the risk of local extinctions.
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Furthermore, rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns
present significant hurdles to food and water security, particularly in regions
already grappling with food scarcity and water stress. Erratic weather conditions
disrupt agricultural productivity, exacerbating hunger and malnutrition.
Meanwhile, dwindling water resources strain both urban and rural water
supplies, amplifying the risk of conflicts over water allocation and access. The
compounding effect of climate-induced environmental degradation, such as
deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss, further undermines societal
resilience, exacerbating vulnerabilities and impeding sustainable development
efforts.
Governments:
Implementation of Carbon Pricing: Countries like Sweden, Canada, and Norway
have implemented carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-
trade systems, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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Renewable Energy Investments: Germany has made significant investments in
renewable energy infrastructure, particularly wind and solar power, through
initiatives like the Energiewende (Energy Transition).
Climate Policy Integration: Denmark has integrated climate considerations into
urban planning, resulting in sustainable transportation systems and
infrastructure that promote cycling and public transit.
International Cooperation: The European Union (EU) has committed to
ambitious climate targets under the Paris Agreement and collaborates with
other nations to support global climate action through initiatives like the
European Green Deal.
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Businesses
Adoption of Sustainable Practices: Companies like Unilever have implemented
sustainable practices throughout their operations, including reducing water
usage, sourcing sustainably produced ingredients, and minimizing waste.
Investment in Clean Technologies: Tesla has revolutionized the automotive
industry with its electric vehicles, while companies like Siemens and General
Electric are leading the development of renewable energy technologies such as
wind turbines and solar panels.
Carbon Neutrality Commitments: Microsoft has committed to becoming carbon
negative by 2030, pledging to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than
it emits, while Google aims to operate on 100% renewable energy by 2030.
Supply Chain Sustainability: IKEA works with suppliers to promote sustainable
forestry practices and reduce emissions associated with manufacturing and
transportation, while also investing in renewable energy projects to offset its
carbon footprint.
NGOs:
Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns: Greenpeace conducts campaigns to raise
awareness about deforestation, climate change, and renewable energy,
mobilizing public support for policy changes and corporate accountability.
Community Engagement and Education: The Sierra Club engages communities
in environmental conservation efforts, providing educational resources and
organizing local initiatives to promote sustainable living practices.
Support for Renewable Energy and Conservation Projects: The World Wildlife
Fund (WWF) supports renewable energy projects and conservation initiatives
worldwide, working to protect ecosystems and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
Collaboration and Partnerships: The Climate Action Network (CAN) facilitates
collaboration among NGOs, governments, and businesses to advocate for
ambitious climate policies and promote collective action on climate change.
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Individuals:
Energy Conservation: Many individuals reduce energy consumption by installing
energy-efficient appliances, using programmable thermostats, and switching to
LED lighting in their homes.
Sustainable Transportation: Cities like Amsterdam and Copenhagen have
invested in cycling infrastructure, encouraging residents to cycle for
transportation, reducing emissions from cars and improving air quality.
Waste Reduction and Recycling: Communities worldwide promote waste
reduction and recycling through programs like San Francisco’s Zero Waste
initiative, which aims to divert all waste from landfills through recycling and
composting.
Advocacy and Lifestyle Changes: Climate activists like Greta Thunberg and
organizations like Fridays for Future organize protests and advocate for policy
changes to address climate change, while individuals adopt sustainable lifestyle
changes like reducing meat consumption and supporting local, eco-friendly
businesses
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SUMMARY
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effects of climate change and create a more sustainable and resilient future for
generations to come
Summary
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CONCLUSION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE
BOOKS:-
WEBSITE:-
• Google.com
• Khatigadi.com
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