A

PROJECT REPORT ON

“IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON AGRICULTURE AND

ECOSYSTEM”

SUBMITTED TO

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE KOLHAPUR (AUTONOMOUS)

FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

S.Y. B.Com. DEGREE COURSE IN

Environment Studies

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Mr. A. S. Kadam

THROUGH THE PRINCIPAL

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR (AUTONOMOUS)
YEAR : 2023-2024

SUBMITTED BY

SR.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT ROLL NUMBER

1 ADITYA SUNIL KESWANI 9747

2 ATHARV SUNIL KONDEKAR 9750

3 NIPUN VISHAL SHINDE 9792

1
 DECLARATION

We the undersigned hereby declare that the project entitled “IMPACT

OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON AGRICULTURE AND ECOSYSTEM” is an original
work prepared by us under the guidance of Prof. Mr. A. S. Kadam for the degree
course in Environmental studies and submitted to Vivekanand College, Kolhapur
(AUTONOMOUS). The findings in this report are based on the data collected by
us. The matter included in this report is not a reproduction from any other sources.
We undersigned that any such copying is liable to be punished as the
authority deem fit.
Date: / /2023

Place : Kolhapur

SR.NO NAME OF THE STUDENTS ROLL SIGNATURE

NUMBER
1 ADITYA SUNIL KESWANI 9747

2 ATHARV SUNIL KONDEKAR 9750

3 NIPUN VISHAL SHINDE 9792

2
 CERETIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “IMPACT OF CLIMATE

CHANGES ON AGRICULTURE AND ECOSYSTEM” submitted by ADITYA SUNIL
KESWANI, ATHARV SUNIL KONDEKAR AND NIPUN VISHAL SHINDE in partial
fulfillment for the degree course in environmental studies to the Vivekanand
College, Kolhapur (AUTONOMOUS) has been completed under our guidance
and supervision.
To the best of our knowledge and belief the matter presented in the project
report is original and based on their own work

Date: / /2023
Place: Kolhapur

Prof. Mr. A. S. Kadam

(Project Guide)
Vivekanand College, Kolhapur(Autonomous)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe a great many thanks to people who helped and supported us during
every stage of this project.
We extremely thankful to our project guide Prof. Mr. A. S. Kadam for
his valuable guidance and encouragement throughout this project work.
He has given his valuable time to go through the project and make
necessary correction as and when needed.
Also, we sincerely thankful to our parents for helping us in all aspects to
complete the project work. Finally we would like to appreciate to our friends,
colleagues for their direct and indirect contribution.

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 INDEX

CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 6-11
A) General Information about Environment
B) Need Of Project
C) Objectives
2 Research Methodology 12-13
A) Study Area
B) Study Map
C) Method Used
3 Reporting 14-23
4 Summary and Conclusion 24-26
5 Bibliography 27

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 INTRODUCTION

The cornerstone of our existence lies within the environment, our

fundamental life sustainer, comprising living organisms, physical surroundings,
and climatic conditions. Originating from the French word “Environner,”
meaning “to surround,” the environment encapsulates all biotic and abiotic
elements encircling us. Biotic realms denote living organisms, while abiotic
realms encompass non-living entities. Essential elements such as air, water,
food, and land, vital for sustaining life on Earth, are bestowed upon us by the
environment.
Comprised of natural components like air, water, land, and living
organisms, as well as human components such as individuals, families, and
communities, and human-made components including infrastructure like roads,
monuments, and industries, the environment epitomizes a harmonious blend of
natural and human-derived phenomena. The natural environment further
delineates into four domains: lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and
atmosphere, collectively known as the environmental domains.
The lithosphere, constituting the Earth's solid crust, furnishes diverse
landforms and sustains vegetation, vital for human habitation and agriculture.
The hydrosphere encompasses various water bodies and sources, facilitating
myriad life forms. Atmosphere, the gaseous envelope encircling the Earth,
shelters life from harmful ultraviolet radiation and upholds essential
atmospheric processes through gravitational forces. Within the biosphere, the
intricate interplay of land, water, and air fosters life, encompassing both flora
and fauna.
Human interaction with the environment shapes the human-made
environment, reflecting evolving needs and technologies. From early
adaptations to contemporary pressures, humans have transformed their
surroundings, ushering in a global environmental impact. As human needs
burgeon, the imperative of prudent resource utilization emerges, emphasizing

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sustainability to safeguard biodiversity and future generations. Recognizing the
finite nature of environmental resources underscores the necessity of
harmonizing natural and human environments for a sustainable future.

❖ Introduction: Understanding the Impact of Climate

Change on Agriculture and Ecosystems
Climate change, driven primarily by human-induced activities, is not
merely a future concern but a present reality with profound implications for
agriculture and ecosystems worldwide. This phenomenon, characterized by
long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, and other climatic
variables, poses significant challenges to the sustainability and resilience of
agricultural systems and natural environments. As students, it is imperative to
grasp the complexities of this issue, as it not only affects the functioning of
ecosystems but also has far-reaching implications for economic development,
social stability, and global food security.
Agriculture, as the backbone of human civilization, is inherently linked to
climate conditions, relying on specific climatic parameters for optimal crop
growth, livestock health, and overall productivity. However, the increasingly
erratic and extreme weather patterns associated with climate change are
disrupting agricultural systems worldwide, leading to reduced crop yields,
livestock losses, and diminished food security. Prolonged droughts, erratic
rainfall, heatwaves, and extreme weather events such as hurricanes and floods
are becoming more frequent and severe, posing significant challenges to
farmers, rural communities, and global food supply chains. Moreover, rising
temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are altering the distribution
and abundance of pests and diseases, further exacerbating agricultural
challenges.
In parallel, ecosystems, encompassing a diverse range of habitats, from
forests and wetlands to coral reefs and grasslands, are facing unprecedented
threats due to climate change. These ecosystems provide essential services to
humanity, including carbon sequestration, water purification, climate
regulation, and biodiversity conservation. However, climate change-induced
disruptions, such as habitat loss, species extinction, and ecosystem degradation,
are compromising the integrity and functioning of these vital ecosystems. For
instance, rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and coral bleaching are
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devastating marine ecosystems, threatening the livelihoods of millions of people
who depend on them for food, income, and cultural identity. Similarly,
deforestation, land degradation, and wildfires are fragmenting terrestrial
habitats and driving species loss at an alarming rate.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE

The Interconnectedness of agriculture and ecosystems underscores the

urgency of addressing climate change comprehensively and collaboratively.
Business, government, academia, and civil society must work together to
mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to changing environmental
conditions, and build resilience in agricultural and natural systems. As students,
we have a pivotal role to play in this endeavor. By leveraging our knowledge,
skills, and resources, we can drive innovation, promote sustainable business
practices, and advocate for policy reforms that prioritize environmental
sustainability and social equity. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and a
commitment to responsible stewardship, we can contribute to building a more
resilient, equitable, and sustainable future for generations to come.

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 Climate change refers to long-term alterations in the Earth’s climate
system, primarily driven by human activities that release greenhouse gases
(GHGs) into the atmosphere. These activities include burning fossil fuels for
energy, deforestation, industrial processes, and agricultural practices. The
accumulation of GHGs traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to a rise in
global temperatures and consequential shifts in weather patterns, precipitation,
and sea levels. Climate change is not a future hypothetical; it is a present reality
with observable impacts on ecosystems and agriculture worldwide.

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CrItical Global Issue: Climate change poses one of the most significant
challenges to global sustainability and requires urgent attention.

Vital for Food Security: Agriculture is directly impacted by climate change,

affecting food production and, consequently, food security for billions of people
worldwide.

Economic Implications: Changes in agricultural productivity due to climate

change can have profound economic implications at local, national, and global
scales.

Ecosystem Services: Ecosystems provide essential services such as pollination,

water purification, and soil fertility, which are disrupted by climate change,
affecting human well-being.

Biodiversity Loss: Climate change exacerbates biodiversity loss, threatening the

stability and resilience of ecosystems and their ability to support life.

Social Justice: Vulnerable communities, particularly in developing countries,

bear the brunt of climate change impacts on agriculture and ecosystems,
exacerbating social inequalities.

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➢ To assess the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of climate
change on agricultural productivity.
➢ To investigate the specific impacts of climate change on crop yields and
livestock production.
➢ To identify the key drivers of vulnerability to climate change within
agricultural systems.
➢ To evaluate the effectiveness of existing adaptation strategies in
mitigating climate change impacts on agriculture.
➢ To explore the socio-economic factors influencing farmers’ adaptation
and resilience to climate change.
➢ To analyze the implications of climate change-induced shifts in growing
seasons and precipitation patterns on agricultural practices.
➢ To examine the role of technology and innovation in enhancing climate
resilience and sustainable agriculture.
➢ To assess the potential for climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon sequestration.
➢ To investigate the impacts of climate change on agroecosystems,
including soil health, water resources, and biodiversity.
.

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 Research
Methodology

➢ STUDY AREA:-
ACCORDING TO THE "STATE OF INDIA'S ENVIRONMENT-2022" REPORT,
INDIA RANKS AS THE FOURTH WORST-AFFECTED COUNTRY GLOBALLY IN TERMS
OF CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED MIGRATION, WITH OVER THREE MILLION
PEOPLE FORCED TO ABANDON THEIR RESIDENCES IN THE YEAR 2020-2021.
HENCE, THE STUDY AREA CHOOSEN FOR THE STUDY IS THE COUNTRY OF INDIA.

➢ STUDY MAP:-

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➢ METHOD USED:-

Magzines,books,
journals

Government
Reports,authentic Internet
websites information

SECONDARY
DATA

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 REPORTING

Climate Change, An Overarching Global Phenomenon, Epitomizes The

Complex Interplay Between Natural Forces And Human Activities. At Its Core,
Climate Change Refers To Significant Alterations In Earth’S Climate Patterns
Over Extended Periods, Primarily Attributed To The Escalation Of Greenhouse
Gases In The Atmosphere. While Natural Processes Have Historically Driven
Climate Variations, The Rapid Acceleration Observed In Recent Decades
Primarily Stems From Anthropogenic Activities Such As Industrialization,
Deforestation, And The Combustion Of Fossil Fuels. This Contemporary
Predicament Has Propelled Climate Change To The Forefront Of Global
Discourse, Compelling Nations, Organizations, And Individuals To Confront Its
Multifaceted Implications.

The current status of climate change paints a grim picture of our planet’s
future if decisive action is not promptly taken. Scientific consensus
unequivocally confirms that global temperatures are on the rise, with each
successive year setting new records for warmth. Glacial retreat, shrinking ice
caps, and rising sea levels exemplify the tangible consequences of this warming
trend, posing imminent threats to coastal communities and biodiversity.
Moreover, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, from
hurricanes to wildfires, serve as stark reminders of the destabilizing effects of
climate change on ecosystems and human societies worldwide. Despite
concerted international efforts to mitigate emissions and adapt to changing
climates, the trajectory remains alarming, underscoring the urgent need for
coordinated global action.

The impact of climate change reverberates across every facet of our

planet, profoundly altering ecosystems, economies, and livelihoods. In addition
to exacerbating natural disasters, climate change amplifies existing socio-
economic disparities, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations in

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developing regions. Agricultural yields are jeopardized by shifting precipitation
patterns and prolonged droughts, jeopardizing global food security and
exacerbating hunger and malnutrition. Furthermore, the ecological upheaval
induced by climate change imperils countless species, driving biodiversity loss at
an unprecedented rate. The cascading effects of these disruptions are far-
reaching, permeating through interconnected systems and posing existential
challenges to the sustainability of human civilization.
In conclusion, climate change represents one of the most pressing
existential challenges of our time, demanding concerted action and unwavering
commitment from all sectors of society. The urgency of addressing climate
change cannot be overstated, as its ramifications extend far beyond
environmental degradation to encompass social, economic, and geopolitical
dimensions. Mitigating climate change requires transformative changes in
energy production, consumption patterns, and policy frameworks, necessitating
innovative solutions and collective resolve on a global scale. While the path
ahead may be daunting, it is imperative that we embrace the imperative of
sustainability and forge a harmonious relationship with our planet to secure a
prosperous and resilient future for generations to come

Impact on Agriculture:
Climate change poses a multifaceted threat to global agriculture,
jeopardizing food security, livelihoods, and rural economies. Shifts in
temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt traditional growing seasons,
rendering agricultural systems increasingly vulnerable to extreme weather
events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. Rising temperatures also
exacerbate pest and disease pressures, diminishing crop yields and quality.
Moreover, the degradation of soil health and water resources further
compounds the challenges faced by farmers, exacerbating agricultural losses
and exacerbating rural poverty. In essence, climate change threatens to
undermine the resilience and sustainability of agricultural systems worldwide,
necessitating adaptive strategies and investments to safeguard food production
for a burgeoning global population.

Impact on Specific Crops:

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Wheat:
Wheat, a staple food crop cultivated across diverse climates, is
particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures
shorten the wheat growing season, reducing yields and compromising grain
quality. Additionally, increased frequency and severity of heatwaves during
critical growth stages impede pollination and grain filling, further diminishing
productivity. Alterations in precipitation patterns exacerbate water stress,
particularly in regions reliant on rainfed agriculture. Prolonged droughts and
erratic rainfall patterns increase the incidence of pests and diseases,
exacerbating yield losses and threatening global food security. Adaptive
measures such as the development of heat and drought-tolerant varieties and
improved water management practices are essential to mitigate the impacts of
climate change on wheat production.

Rice:
Rice, a staple food for over half of the world’s population, faces significant
challenges from climate change-induced shifts in temperature, precipitation,
and water availability. Increased temperatures accelerate the development of
rice pests and diseases, heightening the risk of crop losses and necessitating
intensified pest management efforts. Erratic rainfall patterns and water scarcity

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disrupt traditional rice cultivation practices, undermining yields and
exacerbating food insecurity in vulnerable regions. Furthermore, rising sea
levels and saltwater intrusion threaten low-lying rice-growing areas, rendering
vast swathes of productive land unsuitable for cultivation. Sustainable water
management practices, alongside the adoption of climate-resilient rice varieties
and agroecological approaches, are imperative to enhance the adaptive capacity
of rice farming systems and ensure food security in the face of climate change.

Maize:
Maize, a versatile cereal crop vital for food, feed, and industrial uses,
confronts a myriad of challenges stemming from climate change-induced
temperature increases and altered precipitation patterns. Heat stress during
critical growth stages reduces maize yields and compromises grain quality,
particularly in regions with limited access to irrigation. Erratic rainfall patterns
and prolonged droughts exacerbate water stress, heightening the vulnerability
of rainfed maize farming systems to crop failures and food shortages.
Additionally, increased occurrences of extreme weather events such as heavy
rainfall and storms contribute to soil erosion and nutrient leaching, further
impairing maize productivity. To enhance the resilience of maize farming
systems, adaptive measures including the development of drought-tolerant
varieties, conservation agriculture practices, and integrated pest management
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strategies are essential to mitigate the impacts of climate change and
sustainably enhance maize yields.

Climate change poses a profound threat to the stability and biodiversity

of ecosystems worldwide. Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns
disrupt ecological processes, leading to habitat loss, species range shifts, and
alterations in species interactions. Rising temperatures exacerbate the
frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves,
droughts, and storms, further destabilizing ecosystems and exacerbating
ecological disturbances. Moreover, the warming of oceans and acidification due
to increased carbon dioxide levels detrimentally impact marine ecosystems,
leading to coral bleaching, loss of habitat, and declines in fish populations. These
cascading effects undermine the resilience of ecosystems, jeopardizing the
services they provide, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and climate
regulation, with far-reaching implications for human well-being.

Subpoints:

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation:

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 Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns alter the distribution
and composition of habitats, leading to habitat loss and fragmentation.
Fragmentation disrupts species connectivity and impedes their ability to
migrate or adapt to changing conditions, increasing the risk of local extinctions.

Species Extinctions and Range Shifts:

Climate change accelerates the rate of species extinctions as organisms
struggle to cope with rapidly changing environmental conditions.
Many species are experiencing range shifts, moving poleward or to higher
elevations in search of suitable habitats, disrupting established ecosystems and
leading to potential conflicts with human activities.

Disruption of Species Interactions:

Climate change disrupts the intricate web of species interactions, such as
predation, competition, and mutualism, leading to cascading effects throughout
ecosystems.
Changes in species phenology, such as altered timing of flowering or
migration, can desynchronize critical interactions, leading to mismatches in food
availability and reproduction.

❖ Future Challenges Due to Climate Change:

As climate change unfolds, societies worldwide will confront a multitude

of complex challenges, intensifying existing vulnerabilities and disrupting socio-
economic systems. One pressing issue is the escalation in frequency and severity
of extreme weather events, including hurricanes, droughts, floods, and
heatwaves. These occurrences inflict widespread devastation, leading to loss of
life, displacement of communities, and damage to critical infrastructure.
Consequently, substantial economic losses are incurred, hindering long-term
development endeavors and exacerbating socio-economic disparities.

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 Furthermore, rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns
present significant hurdles to food and water security, particularly in regions
already grappling with food scarcity and water stress. Erratic weather conditions
disrupt agricultural productivity, exacerbating hunger and malnutrition.
Meanwhile, dwindling water resources strain both urban and rural water
supplies, amplifying the risk of conflicts over water allocation and access. The
compounding effect of climate-induced environmental degradation, such as
deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss, further undermines societal
resilience, exacerbating vulnerabilities and impeding sustainable development
efforts.

In response to these challenges, prioritizing adaptation strategies

becomes imperative to bolster resilience and mitigate the adverse impacts of
climate change. However, the capacity to adapt varies greatly across regions and
communities, with marginalized populations often bearing the brunt of climate-
related risks due to limited resources and inadequate infrastructure. Addressing
these disparities and fostering inclusive, equitable adaptation measures are
essential for safeguarding the well-being and livelihoods of vulnerable
populations. Additionally, concerted global efforts to curb greenhouse gas
emissions are crucial to limiting the severity of future climate impacts and
mitigating long-term consequences. Transitioning to sustainable energy
sources, implementing nature-based solutions, and promoting low-carbon
development pathways are critical steps towards building a more resilient and
sustainable future for all.

❖ Various entities to reduce climate change:

Governments:
Implementation of Carbon Pricing: Countries like Sweden, Canada, and Norway
have implemented carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-
trade systems, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Renewable Energy Investments: Germany has made significant investments in
renewable energy infrastructure, particularly wind and solar power, through
initiatives like the Energiewende (Energy Transition).
Climate Policy Integration: Denmark has integrated climate considerations into
urban planning, resulting in sustainable transportation systems and
infrastructure that promote cycling and public transit.
International Cooperation: The European Union (EU) has committed to
ambitious climate targets under the Paris Agreement and collaborates with
other nations to support global climate action through initiatives like the
European Green Deal.

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Businesses
Adoption of Sustainable Practices: Companies like Unilever have implemented
sustainable practices throughout their operations, including reducing water
usage, sourcing sustainably produced ingredients, and minimizing waste.
Investment in Clean Technologies: Tesla has revolutionized the automotive
industry with its electric vehicles, while companies like Siemens and General
Electric are leading the development of renewable energy technologies such as
wind turbines and solar panels.
Carbon Neutrality Commitments: Microsoft has committed to becoming carbon
negative by 2030, pledging to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than
it emits, while Google aims to operate on 100% renewable energy by 2030.
Supply Chain Sustainability: IKEA works with suppliers to promote sustainable
forestry practices and reduce emissions associated with manufacturing and
transportation, while also investing in renewable energy projects to offset its
carbon footprint.

NGOs:
Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns: Greenpeace conducts campaigns to raise
awareness about deforestation, climate change, and renewable energy,
mobilizing public support for policy changes and corporate accountability.
Community Engagement and Education: The Sierra Club engages communities
in environmental conservation efforts, providing educational resources and
organizing local initiatives to promote sustainable living practices.
Support for Renewable Energy and Conservation Projects: The World Wildlife
Fund (WWF) supports renewable energy projects and conservation initiatives
worldwide, working to protect ecosystems and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
Collaboration and Partnerships: The Climate Action Network (CAN) facilitates
collaboration among NGOs, governments, and businesses to advocate for
ambitious climate policies and promote collective action on climate change.
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Individuals:
Energy Conservation: Many individuals reduce energy consumption by installing
energy-efficient appliances, using programmable thermostats, and switching to
LED lighting in their homes.
Sustainable Transportation: Cities like Amsterdam and Copenhagen have
invested in cycling infrastructure, encouraging residents to cycle for
transportation, reducing emissions from cars and improving air quality.
Waste Reduction and Recycling: Communities worldwide promote waste
reduction and recycling through programs like San Francisco’s Zero Waste
initiative, which aims to divert all waste from landfills through recycling and
composting.
Advocacy and Lifestyle Changes: Climate activists like Greta Thunberg and
organizations like Fridays for Future organize protests and advocate for policy
changes to address climate change, while individuals adopt sustainable lifestyle
changes like reducing meat consumption and supporting local, eco-friendly
businesses

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 SUMMARY

Climate change presents a monumental challenge to the stability of our

planet's ecosystems and the well-being of human societies. Stemming from the
accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities
like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, climate change manifests in various
ways, including rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and
increased frequency of extreme weather events. These changes have profound
implications for both natural and human systems, leading to habitat loss,
biodiversity decline, disruptions in agricultural productivity, and threats to food
and water security.

In response to the urgent need to mitigate and adapt to climate change,

various entities across the globe have taken proactive steps. Governments are
implementing policies and regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, promoting renewable energy sources, and integrating climate
considerations into urban planning and infrastructure development. Businesses
are investing in clean technologies, adopting sustainable practices, and setting
ambitious targets for carbon neutrality to minimize their environmental
footprint. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are advocating for climate
action, raising awareness, and supporting renewable energy and conservation
projects. Meanwhile, individuals are contributing to climate solutions through
energy conservation, sustainable transportation choices, waste reduction, and
advocacy for policy changes.

Despite these efforts, addressing climate change remains an ongoing and

multifaceted endeavor. Continued collaboration and innovation are essential to
accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy, enhance resilience to
climate impacts, and safeguard the future of our planet. By working together
across sectors and embracing sustainable practices, we can mitigate the worst

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effects of climate change and create a more sustainable and resilient future for
generations to come
Summary

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this project has shed light on the multifaceted challenges

posed by climate change and the diverse strategies implemented by
governments, businesses, NGOs, and individuals to address them. From the
overarching impacts of climate change on ecosystems, agriculture, and
communities to the specific steps taken to mitigate emissions, promote
renewable energy, and enhance resilience, the study underscores the urgent
need for collective action and collaboration across sectors and stakeholders.
While significant progress has been made in recognizing the importance of
climate action and implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and adapt to changing climates, much remains to be done. Continued efforts to
innovate, invest in sustainable technologies, and prioritize climate resilience are
essential to safeguarding the health of our planet and ensuring a sustainable
future for generations to come. By working together and embracing the
principles of sustainability, we can confront the challenges of climate change
and build a more resilient and equitable world

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE

BOOKS:-

• Mahdi S.S. climate Change and Agriculture in india: Impact and

Adaptation.
• Reddy.P.P. Climate Resilient Agriculture for Ensuring Food Security.

WEBSITE:-

• Google.com
• Khatigadi.com

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