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22 views2 pages

Toni 1

Uploaded by

estorcoevemae
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© © All Rights Reserved
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A.

Sampling Methods:

1. **Probability Sampling**: This method involves selecting a sample from a population in such a way that
every member of the population has a known chance of being included in the sample. Example: Randomly
selecting households from a city’s telephone directory.

Basic Types of Probability Sampling:

2. **Simple Random Sampling**: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, and
selection is made entirely by chance. Example: Using a random number generator to select names from a
list.

3. **Stratified Sampling**: The population is divided into subgroups (or strata) based on certain
characteristics, and then samples are randomly selected from each subgroup. Example: Dividing students
into grade levels and then randomly selecting students from each grade.

4. **Systematic Sampling**: Every nth member of the population is selected to be included in the sample after
a random start. Example: Selecting every 10th patient who enters a clinic for a study.

5. **Cluster Sampling**: The population is divided into clusters, and then clusters are randomly selected and
all members within the selected clusters are included in the sample. Example: Randomly selecting a few
schools from a city and surveying all students within those schools.

6. **Non-probability Sampling**: This method does not guarantee that every member of the population has a
chance of being included in the sample.

Basic Non-probability sampling:

7. **Haphazard/Accidental Sampling**: Selection based on convenience or availability. Example: Surveying


people passing by on the street.

8. **Convenience Sampling**: Selection based on ease of access. Example: Surveying students in a


classroom.
9. **Volunteer Sampling**: Participants self-select into the sample. Example: Recruiting volunteers for a
clinical trial.

10. **Purposive Sampling**: Selection based on the researcher’s judgment or purpose. Example: Interviewing
experts in a particular field.

11. **Quota Sampling**: Participants are selected based on pre-defined quotas to ensure representation of
certain characteristics. Example: Ensuring equal representation of age groups in a survey.

12. **Snowball Sampling**: Existing participants recruit new participants. Example: Surveying drug users by
asking initial participants to refer others.

13. Reasons for Sampling:


- Cost-effectiveness
- Time constraints
- Infeasibility of studying the entire population
- Destructive testing (in cases where sampling is less harmful than testing the entire population)
- Accuracy in representation

14. Ways to compute sample size:


- Using a formula based on population size, margin of error, and confidence level (e.g., using a formula like n = (Z^2 * p *
(1-p)) / E^2)
- Consulting statistical tables or software that provide recommended sample sizes based on desired confidence level and
margin of error.

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