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Cambridge IGCSE™
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/22

Paper 2 Management in Context February/March 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CJ/SG) 305526/2
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world map showing the location of Guinea

Tropic of
Cancer

Equator Guinea

Tropic of
Capricorn

map of Guinea

Key
capital city
river
international boundary

SENEGAL MALI

GUINEA-
BISSAU

GUINEA
er
Nig
M
ilo

Conakry

SIERRA
LEONE

N North
Atlantic
Ocean
LIBERIA COTE
D’IVOIRE
0 100
km
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Area of Guinea: 245 858 km2

Population of Guinea: 12.7 million (in 2020)

Children per woman: 4.93

Life expectancy: 61.6 years

Currency: Guinean franc (1 USD = 9840 GNF)

Languages: French, local languages

Climate of Guinea: tropical climate, warm to hot all year round, rainy season May to October

Terrain of Guinea: generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior, forested regions in the
south east

Main economic activities: agricultural production, fishing, mining (bauxite, iron, diamonds and gold)

The Republic of Guinea is a less economically developed country (LEDC) with a high population growth
rate. Guinea has a youthful age structure, with 60% of the population under the age of 25. Guinea has
the world’s largest deposits of bauxite. The government is developing agricultural production and the
rural economy, but unemployment remains high.

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1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people in Guinea that are under the age of 25.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why 60% of the population in Guinea is under the age of 25.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest two impacts of a youthful age structure on a less economically developed
country (LEDC).

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(iv) The photograph shows a young person transporting goods in Guinea.

Describe three pieces of evidence in the photograph that suggest Guinea is a less
economically developed country (LEDC).

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(b) Peanuts are an important cash crop grown by many farmers in Guinea.

The drawing shows a peanut plant.

stem
green leaf
flower

soil root

peanut

(i) The green leaves of the peanut plants are used in the process of photosynthesis.

Describe the process of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) The flowers of peanut plants are self-pollinating. This means that insects do not have to
visit every flower for pollination to occur.

Describe the process of pollination in peanut flowers.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(c) Oil is extracted from peanuts.

The peanut oil is exported to many countries.

(i) Suggest one benefit of exporting peanut oil instead of peanuts.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest two possible uses for the peanut waste after the peanut oil has been extracted.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Suggest reasons why the government of Guinea encourages farmers to grow peanuts.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Peanuts need an average minimum temperature of 24 °C and an annual rainfall of at least
700 mm to grow well.

The table shows some climate data for one year at a weather station in a peanut-growing
region of Guinea.

month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
temperature
24 27 29 29 28 26 25 25 25 26 26 25
/ °C
rainfall
0 1 6 34 84 147 246 304 228 95 7 1
/ mm

(i) Calculate the total annual rainfall.

................................................... mm [1]

(ii) Explain why farmers in this region can grow peanuts.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest why peanut plants in this region grow more slowly in January than in any other
month.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) Explain why farmers in this region expect soil erosion to occur in August.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(e) The farmers use the same fields to grow peanuts each year.

(i) Suggest why the farmers expect the yield of peanuts to go down after several years.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The stems and leaves of the peanut plants can be used to feed livestock.

Suggest how this helps make peanut farming a sustainable activity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Some peanut farmers are not able to keep livestock.

Suggest other ways these farmers can make their farming sustainable.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 33]

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2 A student talks to a peanut farmer.

The farmer says:

I have two fields of peanuts, field A and field B. I usually harvest more peanuts
from field A. I think the harvest from field B is being reduced by insect pests on
the leaves and on the soil.

The student decides to investigate how many insect pests there are in each field.

(a) First, the student investigates the insect pests on the leaves of the peanut plants.

The student:

• selects 10 peanut plants at random in field A

• uses a pooter to collect insects
• collects insects from the top five leaves of each plant
• records the results in a table
• repeats the method in field B.

(i) The diagram shows a pooter.

Describe how the pooter shown in the diagram is used to collect insects.
You can add labels to the diagram to help your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) Describe a method the student can use to select the peanut plants at random from each
field.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) The table shows the results of the student’s leaf investigation.

plant number of insects on five leaves

number field A field B
1 4 6
2 3 8
3 7 10
4 8 9
5 3 7
6 6 5
7 10 13
8 3 9
9 2 8
10 4 5
total 50 80
average 5 8

State the highest number of insects collected from one plant for each field.

field A .........................

field B .........................
[1]

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(iv) Plot a bar chart of the average number of insects on five leaves for each field.

[4]

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(b) The student also investigates the number of insect pests on the soil.

The student puts a pitfall trap in the soil next to a peanut plant in 10 different locations in each
field.

lid
stone

soil
pitfall trap

After 24 hours, the student counts the number of insect pests in each trap and takes an
average.

The table shows the results of the student’s soil investigation.

field A field B
average number of
4 4
insect pests per trap

The farmer thinks the peanut harvest in field B is being reduced by insect pests on the leaves
and on the soil.

Discuss whether the results of the student’s two investigations support what the farmer thinks.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) The student notices that there are differences in the soil composition in each field, which
could also affect the peanut harvests.

(i) Complete the table to name three types of soil particle in order of size.

name of soil particle

largest
.........................................

.........................................

.........................................
smallest

[2]

(ii) Phosphate is a mineral ion that is present in a fertile soil.

State the names of two other mineral ions that are present in a fertile soil.

1 ..............................................................

2 ..............................................................
[2]

(iii) Mineral ions are a component of soil.

State three other components of soil.

1 ..............................................................

2 ..............................................................

3 ..............................................................

[3]

(d) The farmer uses bunds in field A and field B to reduce soil erosion.

State one other strategy for reducing soil erosion.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 20]

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3 The photograph shows some compressed earth building blocks.

Wet earth is compressed into block shapes by a machine. The blocks are then dried in the sun.

compressed
earth
building
blocks

holes

(a) (i) The compressed earth building blocks have holes in them to make them hollow.

Suggest two benefits of making the building blocks hollow.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The compressed earth building blocks can also be made by hand.

Suggest two advantages of making the building blocks by machine.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Hollow building blocks are also made from cement.

The process of making cement releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

(i) Explain how releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributes to the enhanced
greenhouse effect.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State the name of one gas, other than carbon dioxide, that contributes to the enhanced
greenhouse effect.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Wood can also be used for building.

An advantage of using wood for building is that it limits the use of cement.

(i) Suggest two other ways the government of Guinea can limit the use of cement.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Suggest two disadvantages of using wood for building.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 12]

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4 Mining is an important industry in Guinea.

(a) The photograph shows an open-pit diamond mine in Guinea.

(i) Suggest reasons why there is less risk of injury and death working in an open-pit mine
compared with working in a shaft mine.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest reasons why local people want diamond mining to continue in the area.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iii) Explain why an environmental impact assessment must be completed before a mining
licence can be issued.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe ways the landscape shown in the photograph can be restored after all the
mining is finished.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) There is a large global demand for rocks and minerals.

Describe strategies for the sustainable use of rocks and minerals.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 15]

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