Cuckoo Search: A Brief Literature Review

Iztok Fister Jr., Xin-She Yang, Dušan Fister, Iztok Fister

Iztok Fister Jr.
arXiv:1408.5343v1 [math.OC] 22 Aug 2014

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,

University of Maribor Slovenia.
Xin-She Yang
School of Science and Technology,
Middlesex University, United Kingdom.
Dušan Fister and Iztok Fister
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
University of Maribor, Slovenia.

Abstract
Cuckoo search (CS) was introduced in 2009, and it has attracted great attention due to its
promising efficiency in solving many optimization problems and real-world applications. In the
last few years, many papers have been published regarding cuckoo search, and the relevant liter-
ature has expanded significantly. This chapter summarizes briefly the majority of the literature
about cuckoo search in peer-reviewed journals and conferences found so far. These references
can be systematically classified into appropriate categories, which can be used as a basis for
further research.
Citation detail: I. Fister Jr., X. S. Yang, D. Fister, I. Fister, Cuckoo search: A brief
literature review, in: Cuckoo Search and Firefly Algorithm: Theory and Applications, Studies
in Computational Intelligence, vol. 516, pp. 49-62 (2014).

1 Introduction
Since the first introduction of Cuckoo Search (CS) by Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb in 2009 [106],
the literature of this algorithm has exploded. Cuckoo search, which drew its inspiration from the
brooding parasitism of cuckoo species in Nature, were firstly proposed as a tool for numerical
function optimization and continuous problems. Researchers tested this algorithm on some
well-known benchmark functions and compared with PSO and GA, and it was found that
cuckoo search achieved better results than the results by PSO and GA. Since then, the original
developers of this algorithm and many researchers have also applied this algorithm to engineering
optimization, where Cuckoo search also showed promising results.
Nowadays cuckoo search has been applied in almost every area and domain of function op-
timization, engineering optimization, image processing, scheduling, planning, feature selection,
forecasting, and real-world applications. A quick search using Google scholar returned 440 pa-
pers, while the original paper by Yang and Deb [106] has been cited 223 times at the time of
writing of this chapter. A search using Scirus returned 616 hits with 126 journal papers recorded
up to July 2013. While many papers may be still in press, it is not possible to get hold of all
these papers. Consequently, we will focus on the full papers we can get and thus 114 papers
are included in this chapter, which may be one fraction of the true extent of the literature, but
they should be representative and useful.
The aim of this chapter is to provide readers with a brief and yet relatively comprehensive list
of literature in the last few years. This helps to gain insight into all the major studies concerning
this hot and active optimization algorithm. The structure of this chapter is divided in four
different parts. Section 2 presents all the main variants of the cuckoo search variants, including
those studies that have been carried out in numerical and multi-objective optimization. Hybrids

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 algorithms are also included in this part. Section 3 focuses on engineering optimization, while
Section 4 summarizes all the major applications and their relevant literature. Then, Section 5
discusses implementation and some theoretical studies. Finally, Section 6 concludes with some
suggestions for further research topics.

2 Cuckoo Search: Variants and Hybrids

2.1 Variants
The original cuckoo search was first tested using numerical function optimization benchmarks.
Usually, this kind of problems represents a test bed for new developed algorithms. In line with
this, standard benchmark function suites [107] have been developed in order to make comparison
between algorithms as fair as possible. For example, some original studies in this area are:
• Cuckoo search via Lévy flights [106].
• An efficient cuckoo search algorithm for numerical function optimization [60].
• Multimodal function optimisation [33].
Cuckoo search can deal with multimodal problems naturally and efficiently. However, re-
searchers have also attempted to improve its efficiency further so as to obtained better solutions
or comparable results to those in the literature [20], and one such study that is worth mentioning
is by Jamil and Zepernick [33].
Since the first appearance of cuckoo search in 2009, many variants of the cuckoo search
algorithm have been developed by many researchers. The major variants are summarized in
Fig. 1 and Table 1.

Multiobjective CS A novel complex

Neural-based
valued

Discrete binary Quantum inspired

CS based on CUCKOO Emotional chaotic

Gauss distribution
SEARCH cuckoo

CS based on
Modified adaptive
Gaussian disturbance

Cuckoo search
Modified
based LM
Discrete Parallelized

Figure 1: Variant of cuckoo search.

2.2 Hybrid Algorithms

For many continuous optimization problems, cuckoo search can find the desired solutions very
efficiently. However, sometimes, some difficulty may arise, when the appropriate solutions could
not be found for some other optimization problems. This is consistent with the so-called No-
Free-Lunch theorem [102]. To circumvent this theorem, hybridization has been applied to op-
timization algorithms for solving a given set of problems. In line with this, cuckoo search has
been hybridized with other optimization algorithms, machine learning techniques, heuristics,

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 Table 1: Variants of Cuckoo Search.
Name Author Reference
Discrete binary CS Gherboudj et al. [26]
Discrete CS Jati and Manurung [34]
Discrete CS for TSP Ouaarab et al. [61]
Neural-based CS Khan and Sahai [41]
Quantum inspired CS Layeb [45]
Emotional chaotic cuckoo Lin et al. [49]
Cuckoo Search Based LM Nawi et al. [59]
Parallelized CS Subotic et al. [82]
Modified CS Tuba et al. [86]
Modified CS Walton et al. [94]
Modified adaptive CS Zhang et al. [112]
Multiobjective CS Yang and Deb [109]
A Novel Complex Valued Zhou and Zheng [114]
CS based on Gauss distribution Zheng and Zhou [113]
CS based on Gaussian disturbance Wang et al. [97]

Table 2: Hybrid cuckoo search.

Name Author Reference
Hybrid CS/GA Ghodrati and Lotfi [27, 28]
Hybrid CS Li and Yin [47]

etc. Hybridization can take place in almost every component of the cuckoo search. For ex-
ample, initialization procedure, evaluation function, moving function and others have all been
tried. Some of the hybrid variants are summarized in Table 2.

2.3 Multi-objective Optimization

Multi-objective optimization consists of more than one objective, and these objectives may be
conflicting one another. Many real-world optimization problems require design solutions ac-
cording to many criteria. Single objective optimization searches for a single optimal solution,
whilst multi-objective optimization requires a set of many (potentially infinite), optimal so-
lutions, namely the Pareto front [71, 90]. Obviously, there are many issues and approaches
for multi-objective optimization; however, two goals in multi-objective optimization are worth
noting:
• to obtain solutions as close to the true Pareto front as possible
• to generate solutions as diversely as possible in the non-dominated front.
Various variants have been developed to extend the standard cuckoo search into multi-
objective cuckoo search. The following list presents some main variants on multi-objective
optimization using CS.
• Multi-objective CS [109].
• Multi-objective scheduling problem [9].
• Multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm for Jiles-Atherton vector hysteresis parameters
estimation [14].
• Pareto archived cuckoo search [32].
• Hybrid multiobjective optimization using modified cuckoo search algorithm in linear array
synthesis [67].
• Multi-objective cuckoo search for water distribution systems [101].

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 3 Engineering Optimization
Among the diverse applications of cuckoo search, by far the largest fraction of literature may
have focused on the engineering design applications. In fact, cuckoo search and its variants
have become a crucial technology for solving problems in engineering practice as shown in
Fig. 2. Nowadays, there are applications from almost every engineering domain. Some of these
research papers are summarized in Table 3.

Structural design Phase equilibrium

Stability analysis Capacitor placement optimization calculations Steel frames
Wind turbine blades

Planar EBG Electrostatic

Structures deflection

Optimization Structural optimi-

of sequence zation problems
CS in ENGINEERING
Design space
OPTIMIZATION Design optimization
exploration of truss structures

Linear antenna Optimal capacitor

array placement

Allocation and
Antenna arrays Non-linear state Reliability sizing of DG
Steel structures Synthesis of
six-bar estimation problems

Figure 2: Engineering optimization

4 Applications
Obviously, engineering optimization is just part of the diverse applications. In fact, cuckoo
search and its variants have been applied into almost every area of sciences, engineering and
industry. Some of the application studies are summarized in Fig. 3 and also in Table 4.

5 Theoretical Analysis and Implementation

As we have seen, the applications of cuckoo search are very diverse. In contrast, the theoretical
studies are very limited. This brief summary may highlight the need for further research in
theoretical aspects of cuckoo search.

5.1 Theory and Algorithm Analysis

It may be difficult to classify a study into a theoretical category or not because the contents
may sometime include both simulations and some analysis of the algorithm. So the following
categorization may not be rigorous. Even so, some theoretical studies about cuckoo search in
the current literature can be summarized, as follows:
• A conceptual comparison of the cuckoo-search, particle swarm optimization, differential
evolution and artificial bee colony algorithms [13].
• Enhancing the performance of cuckoo search algorithm using orthogonal learning method
[46].
• Starting configuration of cuckoo search algorithm using centroidal Voronoi tessellations
[74].
• Reduced order mesh optimisation using proper orthogonal decomposition and a modified
cuckoo search [93, 95].
• Bat algorithm and cuckoo search: a tutorial [104].

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 Table 3: Cuckoo search in engineering optimization
Problem Author Reference
Engineering optimization Yang and Deb [107]
Capacitor placement Arcanjo et al. [3]
Synthesis of six-bar Bulatovič et al. [8]
Wind turbine blades Ernst et al. [22]
Design optimization of truss structures Gandomi et al. [24]
Structural optimization problems Gandomi et al. [25]
Electrostatic deflection Goghrehabadi et al. [30]
Steel frames Kaveh and Bakhspoori [38]
Steel structures Kaveh et al. [39]
Antenna arrays Khodier [42]
Design space exploration Kumar and Chakarverty [43, 44]
Optimization of Sequence Lim et al. [48]
Planar EBG Structures Pain et al. [62]
Stability analysis Rangasamy and Manickam [65]
Linear antenna array Rani and Malek [68, 66]
Optimal Capacitor Placement Reddy and Manohar [69]
Allocation and sizing of DG Tan et al. [84]
Reliability problems Valian et al. [87, 88]
Non-linear state estimation Walia and Kapoor [92]
Phase equilibrium calculations Bhargava et al. [6]
Structural design optimization Durgun and Yildiz [19]

Travel-Salesman Surface roughness Engineering

problem optimization
Multilevel image
Scheduling
thresholding

Web service Flood

composition forecasting
CUCKOO SEARCH
in APPLICATIONS Groundwater
UCAV path
expedition
planning

Face Flow shop

recognition scheduling
Speaker Supplier
recognition Ontology matching
selection

Figure 3: Cuckoo search in applications.

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 Table 4: Cuckoo search in applications.
Application Author Reference
Multilevel image thresholding Brajevic et al. [7]
Flood forecasting Chaowanawatee & Heednacram [10]
Wireless sensor networks Dhivya & Sundarambal [16]
Data fusion Dhivya et al. [17]
Cluster in wireless networks Dhivya et al. [18]
Clustering Goel et al. [29]
Groundwater expedition Gupta et al. [31]
Supplier selection Kanagaraj et al. [37]
Load forecasting Kavousi-Fard & Kavousi-Fard [40]
Surface Roughness Madic et al. [50]
Flow shop scheduling Marichelvam [51]
Optimal replacement Mellal et al. [52]
DG allocation in network Moravej & Akhlaghi [53]
Optimization of Bloom Filter Natarajan et al. [55, 56, 57]
BPNN Neural Network Nawi et al. [58]
Travelling salesman problem Ouaarab et al. [61]
Web service composition Pop et al. [63]
Web service composition Chifu et al. [11, 12]
Ontology matching Ritze and Paulheim [70]
Speaker recognition Sood and Kaur [76]
Automated software testing Srivastava et al. [79, 80, 81]
Manufacturing optimization Syberfeldt & Lidberg [83]
Face recognition Tiwari [85]
Training neural models Vázquez [89]
Non-convex economic dispatch Vo et al. [91]
UCAV path planning Wang et al. [99, 100]
Business optimization Yang et al. [110]
Machining parameter selection Yildiz [111]
Job scheduling in grid Prakash et al. [64]
Quadratic Assignment Dejam et al. [15]
Sheet nesting problem Elkeran [21]
Query optimization Joshi & Srivastava [35]
n-Queens puzzle Sharma and Keswani [73]
Computer games Speed [77, 78]

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 • Metaheuristic algorithms for inverse problems [105, 103, 108].
• Markov model and convergence analysis of cuckoo search [98].
• Towards the improvement of cuckoo search algorithm [75].

5.2 Improvements and Other Studies

As mentioned earlier, it is not always clear how to classify certain papers. Many research studies
concern the improvements of the standard cuckoo search algorithm. So we loosely put some
papers here and thus summarized them as follows:
• Tsallis entropy [1].
• Improved scatter search using cuckoo search [2].
• Cuckoo search via Lévy flights for optimization of a physically-based runoff-erosion model
[23].
• Improved differential evolution via cuckoo search operator [54].
• Cuckoo search with the conjugate gradient method [72].
• Cuckoo search with PSO [96].

5.3 Implementations
Whatever the algorithms may be, proper implementations are very important. Yang provided a
standard demo implementation of cuckoo search1 . Important implementations such as object-
oriented approach and parallelization have been carried out, as summarized as follows:
• Object oriented implementation of CS [5, 4]
• Parallelization of CS [36].

6 Conclusion
In this brief review, a relatively comprehensive bibliography regarding cuckoo search algorithm
has been presented. References have been systematically sorted into proper categories. The
rapidly expanding literature implies that cuckoo search is a very active, hot research area.
There is no doubt that more studies on cuckoo search will appear in the near future.
From the above review, it is worth pointing out that there are some important issues that
need more studies. One thing is that theoretical analysis should be carried out so that insight
can be gained into various variants of the cuckoo search algorithm. In addition, it may be very
useful to carry out parameter tuning in some efficient variants and see how parameters can affect
the behaviour of an algorithm. Furthermore, applications should focus on large-scale real-world
applications.

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