Find three different pairs of polar coordinates that name the given point if −360° ≤ 𝜃 ≤

360° or −2𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

(1, 150° − 360°) = (1, −210°) (2, 300° − 180°) = (2, 120°)
(1, 150° + 180°) = (−1, 330°) (−2, 300° − 360°) = (−2, −60°)
(1, 150° − 180°) = (−1, −30°) (2, −60° − 180°) = (2, −240°)

7𝜋 5𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
(4, − + 2𝜋) = (4, ) (3, + 𝜋) = (3, )
6 6 3 3
7𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
(−4, − + 𝜋) = (−4, − ) (3, − 𝜋) = (3, − )
6 6 3 3
𝜋 11𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
(−4, − + 2𝜋) = (−4, ) (−3, − 2𝜋) = (−3, − )
6 6 3 3

11𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋
(5, − 2𝜋) = (5, − ) (−5, − + 2𝜋) = (−5, )
6 6 3 6
11𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
(−5, − 𝜋) = (−5, ) (5, − + 𝜋) = (5, − )
6 6 3 3
5𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
(−5, − 2𝜋) = (−5, − ) (5, − + 2𝜋) = (5, )
6 6 3 3

(2, −30° + 360°) = (2, 330°) (1, −240° − 180°) = (1, 300°)
(−2, −30° + 180°) = (−2, 150°) (1, −240° + 180°) = (1, −60°)
(−2, −30° − 180°) = (−2, −210°) (−1, −240° − 360°) = (−1, 120°)

2
Find a different pair of polar coordinates for each point such that 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° or 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.

We need to subtract 960° by 180𝑘, such that the

result is between 0° and 180°. Test multiples of 180°. We need to subtract
5𝜋
from 𝑘𝜋, such that the
3
result is between 0 and 𝜋. Test multiplies of 𝜋.
(−5, 960° − 5(180°)) = (−5, 60°)
5𝜋 𝜋
(−2.5, − 2𝜋) = (−2.5, )
3 2

11𝜋 We need to add 180𝑘 to −920° , such that the

We need to subtract from 𝑘𝜋, such that the result is between 0° and 180°. Test multiples of
4
result is between 0 and 𝜋. Test multiplies of 𝜋. 180°.

11𝜋 3𝜋 (1.25, − 920° + 6(180°)) = (1.25, 160°)

(4, − 2𝜋) = (4, )
4 4

We need to add 180𝑘 to −1460° , such that the

21𝜋
We need to add 𝑘𝜋 to − 8 , such that the result result is between 0° and 180°. Test multiples of
180°.
is between 0 and 𝜋 . Test multiplies of 𝜋.
(6, − 1460° + 9(180°)) = (6, 160°)
21𝜋 3𝜋
(1, − + 3𝜋) = (1, )
8 8

Important Note:

 If k is odd, we need to replace 𝑟 with −𝑟 and −𝑟 with 𝑟 to

obtain the correct polar coordinates.
 If k is even, use 𝑟 obtain the correct polar coordinates.

3
 Write an equation for each polar graph.

𝜋
𝜃=
12 𝑟 = 2.5 or 𝑟 = −2.5

𝜃 = 135°
𝑟 = 4 or 𝑟 = −4

Graph each equation by plotting points.

4
 \

Find the rectangular coordinates for each point with the given polar coordinates. Round to the
nearest hundredth, if necessary. 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
𝒓 = 𝟐 and 𝜽 = 𝒓 = and 𝜽 =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐

𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝒙= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
(𝟐√𝟐, 𝟐√𝟐) (𝟎, )
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟒
𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

5
 𝒓 = 𝟓 and 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎° 𝒓 = 𝟐 and 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°

𝟓 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟓𝟎° = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔

𝒙 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟎° = −
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓√𝟑
𝟓√𝟑 (− , − ) 𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟓𝟎° = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟒𝟎° = − 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 (−𝟎. 𝟖𝟔, −𝟐. 𝟑𝟓)
𝒓 = −𝟐 and 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎°
𝒓 = −𝟏𝟑 and 𝜽 = −𝟕𝟎°

𝟒𝝅 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (−𝟕𝟎°) = −𝟒. 𝟒𝟓

𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =𝟏
𝟑 (𝟏, √𝟑)
𝟒𝝅 𝒚 = −𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (−𝟕𝟎°) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐
𝒚 = −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = √𝟑
𝟑 (−𝟒. 𝟒𝟓, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐)
𝝅 𝟏 𝟑𝝅
𝒓 = 𝟑 and 𝜽 = 𝒓 = and 𝜽 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒

𝝅 𝟏 𝟑𝝅 √𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =𝟎 𝒙= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =−
𝟐 (𝟎, 𝟑) 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑𝝅 √𝟐 (− , )
𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝒓 = −𝟐 and 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎° 𝒓 = 𝟒 and 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎°

𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟕𝟎° = 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟎° = −𝟐√𝟑

(𝟎, 𝟐) (−𝟐√𝟑, −𝟐)
𝒚 = −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟕𝟎° = 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟏𝟎° = −𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝒓 = −𝟏 and 𝜽 = − 𝒓 = 𝟓 and 𝜽 =
𝟔 𝟑

𝝅 √𝟑 𝝅 𝟓
𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − =− 𝒙 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =
𝟔 𝟐 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟓√𝟑
𝝅 𝟏 (− , ) ( , )
𝟐 𝟐 𝝅 𝟓√𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 = −𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − = 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐

6
Determine whether each sequence is arithmetic. Write yes or no. 𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
yes yes
𝑑 = −2 − 8 = −10 𝑑 = −12 − (−19) = 7
𝑑 = −12 − (−2) = −10 𝑑 = −5 − (−12) = 7
𝑑 = −22 − (−12) = −10 𝑑 = 2 − (−5) = 7
𝑑 = 9 − (2) = 7

no no
𝑑 =2−1=1 𝑑 = 0.9 − 0.6 = 0.3
𝑑 =4−2=2 𝑑 = 1.2 − 0.9 = 0.3
𝑑 = 1.8 − 1.2 = 0.6
no 𝑑 = −2 − 8 = −10 no
1 1 1 𝑑 = −3 − (−9) = 6
𝑑= − =−
3 2 6 𝑑 = 0 − (−3) = 3
𝑑1 = 1−2 − 8
1 = −10
𝑑= − =−
4 3 12 𝑑 = −2 − 8 = −10
no yes
𝑑 = −5 − 14 = −19 5 2 1
𝑑= − =
9 9 3
𝑑 = −19 − (−5) = −14 𝑑 = −2 − 8 = −10
8 5 1
𝑑 = −2 − 8 = −10 𝑑= − =
9 9 3
11 8 1
𝑑= − =
9 9 3
7

𝑑 = −2 − 8 = −10
 𝑎2
Find the next three terms of each geometric sequence. Then graph the sequence. 𝑟=
𝑎1

12
𝑟= = 1.5
8
𝑎5 = 27 × 1.5 = 40.5
𝑎6 = 40.5 × 1.5 = 60.75
𝑎7 = 60.75 × 1.5 = 91.125

16
𝑟= =2
8
𝑎5 = 64 × 2 = 128
𝑎6 = 128 × 2 = 256
𝑎7 = 256 × 2 = 512

50
𝑟= = 0.2
250
2
𝑎5 = 2 × 0.2 =
5
2 2
𝑎6 = × 0.2 =
5 25
2 2
𝑎7 = × 0.2 =
25 125

8
 −3 1
𝑟= =−
9 3
1 1 1
𝑎5 = − × − =
3 3 9
1 1 1
𝑎6 = × − = −
9 3 27
1 1 1
𝑎7 = − × − =
27 3 81

Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence. 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅

𝑎𝑛 = 11𝑛 + 13 𝑎𝑛 = −14𝑛 + 45 𝑎𝑛 = −3𝑛 + 72

𝑎𝑛 = 5𝑛 − 14 𝑎𝑛 = 0.25𝑛 + 11 𝑎𝑛 = 4.5𝑛 − 21

𝑎𝑛 = −7𝑛 + 16 𝑎𝑛 = 9𝑛 − 32 𝑎𝑛 = −2𝑛 + 8

2 𝑎𝑛 = −5𝑛 − 7 1 23
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 − 3 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛−
3 2 10
9
Find 𝑎𝑛 for each geometric sequence. 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2400( )7−1 𝑎𝑛 = 800( )6−1
4 2
75 𝑎𝑛 = 25
𝑎𝑛 =
128

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
2 𝑎𝑛 = −4(−2)8−1
𝑎𝑛 = (3)7−1
9 𝑎𝑛 = 512
𝑎𝑛 = 162

𝒂𝟏
Write each repeating decimal as a fraction. 𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏−𝒓

0. ̅35
̅̅̅ = 0.35 + 0.0035 + … ̅̅̅̅̅ = 0.642 + 0.000642
0. 642
0.0035 + … 0.000642
𝑎1 = 0.35 𝑟= =0.01 𝑎1 = 0.642 𝑟= =0.01
0.35 0.642
0.35 35 0.642 214
𝑆𝑛 = = 𝑆𝑛 = =
1 − 0.01 99 1 − 0.01 333

0.63 7 0.21 7
𝑆𝑛 = = 𝑆𝑛 = =
1 − 0.01 11 1 − 0.01 33

10
Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value.

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 5(8) + 2 = 42
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 5(42) + 2 = 212
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 5(212) + 2 = 1062

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = −4(5) + 2 = −18

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = −4(−18) + 2 = 74
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = −4(74) + 2 = −294

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 6(−4) + 3 = −21

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 6(−21) + 3 = −123
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 6(−123) + 3 = −735

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 8(−6) − 4 = −52

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 8(−52) − 4 = −420
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 8(−420) − 4 = −3364

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 12(4) + 8 = 56
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 12(56) + 8 = 680
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 12(680) + 8 = 8168

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = −9(−6) + 1 = 55
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = −9(55) + 1 = −494
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = −9(−494) + 1 = 4447

11
 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = −6(8) + 3 = −45
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = −6(−45) + 3 = 273
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = −6(273) + 3 = −1635

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 8(−4) + 3 = −29

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 8(−29) + 3 = −229
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 8(−229) + 3 = −1829

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = −3(2)2 + 9 = −3
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = −3(−3)2 + 9 = −18
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = −3(−18)2 + 9 = −963

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 4(−2)2 + 5 = 21
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 4(21)2 + 5 = 1769
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 4(1769)2 + 5 = 12517449

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 2(6)2 − 5(6) + 1 = 43

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 2(43)2 − 5(43) + 1 = 3484
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 2(3484)2 − 5(3484) + 1 = 24259093

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = −0.25(8)2 + (8) + 6 = −2

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = −0.25(−2)2 + (−2) + 6 = 3
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = −0.25(3)2 + (3) + 6 = 6.75

12
 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = (0.5)2 + 2(0.5) + 3 = 4.25
𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = (4.25)2 + 2(4.25) + 3 = 29.5625
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = (29.5625)2 + 2(29.5625) + 3 = 936.0664

𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 2(−0.5)2 + (−0.5) + 1 = 1

𝑥2 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = (1)2 + 2(1) + 3 = 4
𝑥3 = 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = (4)2 + 2(4) + 3 = 37

Identify the type of curve given by each equation. Then use symmetry, zeros, and
maximum r-values to graph the function.

Circle Spirals of
Archimedes

Rose
Cardioid

13
 Lemniscate Spirals of
Archimedes

Limaçon Lemniscate

Write each equation in rectangular form, and then identify its graph. Support your answer by
𝒚
graphing the polar form of the equation 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒓 = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒓 𝒓 𝒙

𝒓 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒚
𝒓. 𝒓 = 𝟑 . 𝒓
𝒓 Circle
𝟐
𝒓 = 𝟑𝒚
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝒚
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎

14
 𝝅
𝜽=−
𝟑
𝝅
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(− ) Line
𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = −√𝟑
𝒚
𝒙. = −√𝟑. 𝒙
𝒙
𝒚 = −√𝟑𝒙

𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Circle

𝒓 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒙
𝒓. 𝒓 = 𝟒 . 𝒓 Circle
𝒓
𝟐
𝒓 = 𝟒𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎

15
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝟒
𝒚
=𝟒 Line
𝒙
𝒚
𝒙. = 𝟒𝒙
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙

𝒓
=
𝒚
𝒓 = 𝟖 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝜽

𝟏 𝒓 𝟏
.𝒓 = 𝟖 .
𝒓 𝒙 𝒓 Line
𝟖
𝟏=
𝒙
𝟖
𝒙. 𝟏 = . 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟖
𝒙

𝒓 = −𝟒
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
Circle

16
 𝒙
=
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 = −𝟕 𝒚
𝒙
= −𝟕
𝒚
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 Line
. = −𝟕.
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙
𝟏 −𝟕
=
𝒚 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
. 𝒙 = −𝟕. 𝒚. 𝒚= 𝒙
−𝟕 −𝟕 −𝟕

𝟑𝝅
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏( )
𝟒
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = −𝟏
𝒚 Line
𝒙. = − 𝒙
𝒙
𝒚 = −𝒙

𝒓
𝒓 =
𝒙
𝒓=
𝒙
𝟏 𝒓 𝟏 Line
.𝒓 = .
𝒓 𝒙 𝒓
𝟏
𝒙. 𝟏 = . 𝒙 𝒙=𝟏
𝒙

17
 𝒃
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝝅 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 < 𝟎
Express each complex number in polar form. 𝒂
𝒃
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝒓= √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟒√𝟐

𝒃 𝟒 𝝅
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) =
𝒂 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒛 = 𝟒√𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝟒√𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = 𝟒√𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(−𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟏)𝟐 = √𝟓

𝒃 𝟏
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝝅 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝝅 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖
𝒂 −𝟐
𝒛 = √𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 + 𝒊 √𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = √𝟓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐. 𝟔𝟖)

𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(𝟒)𝟐 + (−√𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑√𝟐

𝒃 −√𝟐
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
𝒂 𝟒
𝒛 = 𝟑√𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝟎. 𝟑𝟒) + 𝒊 𝟑√𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝟎. 𝟑𝟒) 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = 𝟑√𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒)

Note: you can add 𝟑𝟔𝟎° or

𝟐𝝅 if theta was negative
𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟐√𝟐
𝒃 −𝟐 𝟕𝝅
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝟐𝝅 =
𝒂 𝟐 𝟒
𝟕𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟕𝝅
𝒛 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝟐√𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = √𝟓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
18
𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟓)𝟐 = √𝟒𝟏
𝒃 𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝒂 𝟒

𝒛 = √𝟒𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 + 𝒊 √𝟒𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = √𝟒𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎. 𝟗𝟎)

𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(−𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟐√𝟓

𝒃 𝟒
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝝅 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝝅 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑
𝒂 −𝟐
𝒛 = 𝟐√𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 + 𝒊 𝟐√𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = 𝟐√𝟓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐. 𝟎𝟑)

𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(−𝟏)𝟐 + (−√𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐

𝒃 −√𝟑 𝟒𝝅
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝝅 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝝅 =
𝒂 −𝟏 𝟑
𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝒛 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = 𝟐(𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

𝒓 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = √(𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟑√𝟐

𝒃 𝟑 𝝅
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) =
𝒂 𝟑 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒛 = 𝟑√𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝟑√𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑹 𝒛 = 𝟑√𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

19
Determine whether each sequence is convergent or divergent.
• If a sequence has a limit such that the terms approach a unique number, then it is
said to converge.
• If not, the sequence is said to diverge.

Divergent Divergent Convergent

Convergent Divergent
Divergent

Divergent Convergent Convergent

Convergent

Find the sum of each arithmetic series. 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 ( )
2

𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒(𝟏) − 𝟐 = 𝟐

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟒(𝟏𝟔) − 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟐

𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 2 + 62
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 ( ) = 16 ( ) = 512 𝑺𝟏𝟔 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐
2 2

20
 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟒 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒(𝟒) + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟒(𝟏𝟑) + 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟑
𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 17 + 53
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 ( ) = 10 ( ) = 350 𝑺𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎
2 2

𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟓 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐(𝟓) + 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟔) + 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟖

𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 16 + 38
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 ( ) = 12 ( ) = 324 𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒
2 2

𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟑(𝟎) + 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = −𝟑(𝟏𝟐) + 𝟐 = −𝟑𝟒

𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 2 + (−34)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 ( ) = 13 ( ) = −202 𝑺𝟏𝟑 = −𝟐𝟎𝟐
2 2

Find the geometric means of each sequence. 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏

𝒏=𝟓 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝒓𝟓−𝟏 𝒓=±
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎( )𝟐−𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎(− )𝟐−𝟏 = −𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑−𝟏 𝟏 𝟑−𝟏
𝒂𝟑 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎( ) = 𝟗𝟎 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎(− ) = 𝟗𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝟒 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎( )𝟒−𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎(− )𝟒−𝟏 = −𝟑𝟎
𝟑 𝟑

21
 𝒏=𝟓 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟓
𝒓 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝟐. 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝒓𝟓−𝟏

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟐−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎(−𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟐−𝟏 = −𝟏𝟔𝟎

𝒂𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟑−𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎(−𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟑−𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎

𝒂𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟒−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎(−𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)𝟒−𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎

𝒏=𝟓 𝟕 𝟓𝟔
𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟖𝟏
𝟓𝟔 𝟕 𝟓−𝟏 𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒓
𝟖𝟏 𝟐 𝒓=±
𝟑
𝟕 𝟐 𝟐−𝟏 𝟕 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐−𝟏 𝟕
𝒂𝟐 = ( ) = 𝒂𝟐 = (− ) =−
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟕 𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟏𝟒
𝒂𝟑 = ( )𝟑−𝟏 = 𝒂𝟑 = (− )𝟑−𝟏 =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐 𝟑 𝟗
𝟕 𝟐 𝟐𝟖 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐𝟖
𝒂𝟒 = ( )𝟒−𝟏 = 𝒂𝟒 = (− )𝟒−𝟏 = −
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
𝒏=𝟓 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟐𝟒
𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝒏 =
𝟔𝟒 𝟗
𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟓−𝟏 𝟒
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒓 𝒓=±
𝟗 𝟔𝟒 𝟑
𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟒 𝟐−𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟒 𝟐−𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟑
𝒂𝟐 = ( ) = 𝒂𝟐 = (− ) =−
𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟔
𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟒 𝟑−𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟒 𝟑−𝟏 𝟖𝟏
𝒂𝟑 = ( ) = 𝒂𝟑 = (− ) =
𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟒 𝟒−𝟏 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝟒 𝟒−𝟏
‘ 𝒂𝟒 = ( ) = 𝟐𝟕 𝒂𝟒 = (− ) = −𝟐𝟕
𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝟔𝟒 𝟑
22
 𝒏=𝟒 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝒓=𝟓
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝟑𝟕𝟓 = 𝟑𝒓𝟒−𝟏
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑(𝟓)𝟐−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓
𝒂𝟑 = 𝟑(𝟓)𝟑−𝟏 = 𝟕𝟓

𝒏=𝟒 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒂𝒏 = −𝟐

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 −𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒓𝟒−𝟏 𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟓

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔(−𝟎. 𝟓)𝟐−𝟏 = −𝟖
𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔(−𝟎. 𝟓)𝟑−𝟏 = 𝟒

Find 𝑎1 for each geometric series described. 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒓

𝑺𝒏 = 𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏−𝒓 𝟏−𝒓

𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 (𝟑)𝟔
𝑺𝒏 = −𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐 =
𝟏−𝒓 𝟏 − (𝟑)
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏 − (𝟑)𝟔 ) −𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒂𝟏
−𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐 = −𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐 =
𝟏 − (𝟑) −𝟐

−𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟖

23
 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏 (𝟒)𝟕
𝑺𝒏 = −𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟐 =
𝟏−𝒓 𝟏 − (𝟒)
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏 − (𝟒)𝟕 ) −𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟑𝒂𝟏
−𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟐 =
𝟏 − (𝟒) −𝟑

−𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟏𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟐

𝟑
𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒓 𝒂𝟏 − (𝟒𝟖𝟔)( )
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐
𝟏−𝒓 𝟑
𝟏−( )
𝟐
𝒂𝟏 − 𝟕𝟐𝟗
𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟎(−𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝒂𝟏 − 𝟕𝟐𝟗
−𝟎. 𝟓
−𝟔𝟔𝟓 = 𝒂𝟏 − 𝟕𝟐𝟗 −𝟔𝟔𝟓 + 𝟕𝟐𝟗 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟐

𝟐
𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒓 𝒂𝟏 − (𝟏𝟐𝟖)( )
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖 = 𝟑
𝟏−𝒓 𝟐
𝟏−( )
𝟑
𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝒂𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖 = 𝟑 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖( ) = 𝒂𝟏 −
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑
𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔
= 𝒂𝟏 − + = 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

24
 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 = 𝒂𝟏 𝟖𝟓−𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝟑
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 = 𝒂𝟏 𝟓𝟕−𝟏 𝒂𝟏 =
𝟐𝟓

Find the sum of each infinite series, if it exists.

𝒂𝟏 • If |r| < 1, the series has sum
𝑺=
𝟏−𝒓 • If |r| ≥ 1, the series has no sum

𝟐𝟏. 𝟔 −𝟒. 𝟐
𝒓= = 𝟏. 𝟐 ≥ 1 𝒓= = 𝟏. 𝟒 ≥ 1
𝟏𝟖 −𝟑
No sum exists No sum exists

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝒓= ÷ = <1 𝒓= ÷ = <1
𝟔 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
Sum exists Sum exists
𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏
𝒂𝟏 = 𝑺= 𝒂𝟏 = 𝑺=
𝟐 𝟏−𝒓 𝟓 𝟏−𝒓
𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐𝟒
𝑺= = 𝑺= =
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏− 𝟏−
𝟑 𝟐

25
 𝟏𝟒 𝟐 𝟒𝟎
𝒓= = <1 𝒓= = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 ≥ 1
𝟐𝟏 𝟑 𝟑𝟐
Sum exists No sum exists
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏
𝟐𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝑺= = 𝟔𝟑
𝑺= 𝟐
𝟏−𝒓 𝟏−
𝟑

Write a recursive formula for each sequence.

Arithmetic: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑑 Geometric: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛−1

Not Arithmetic or Geometric Not Arithmetic or Geometric

2(3) + 2 = 8 3(5) − 1 = 14
2(8) + 2 = 18 3(14) − 1 = 41
2(18) + 2 = 38 3(41) − 1 = 122
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 + 2 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑎𝑛−1 − 1
A recursive formula for the sequence is A recursive formula for the sequence is
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 + 2, 𝑎1 = 3 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑎𝑛−1 − 1, 𝑎1 = 5

Not Arithmetic or Geometric Not Arithmetic or Geometric

0.5(16) + 2 = 10 0.25(32) + 4 = 12
0.5(10) + 2 = 7 0.25(12) + 4 = 7
0.5(7) + 2 = 5.5 0.25(7) + 4 = 5.75
𝑎𝑛 = 0.5𝑎𝑛−1 + 2 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 + 2
A recursive formula for the sequence is A recursive formula for the sequence is
𝑎𝑛 = 0,5𝑎𝑛−1 + 2, 𝑎1 = 16 𝑎𝑛 = 0.25𝑎𝑛−1 + 4, 𝑎1 = 32

26
 Not Arithmetic or Geometric Not Arithmetic or Geometric
(4)2 − 1 = 15 (1)3 + 1 = 2
(15)2 − 1 = 224 (2)3 + 1 = 9
(224)2 − 1 =50175 (9)3 + 1 =730
𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛−1 )2 − 1 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛−1 )3 + 1
A recursive formula for the sequence is
A recursive formula for the sequence is
2 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛−1 )3 + 1, 𝑎1 = 1
𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛−1 ) − 1, 𝑎1 = 4

Not Arithmetic or Geometric Not Arithmetic or Geometric

4(9) − 3 = 33 0.25(480) + 8 = 128
4(33) − 3 = 129 0.25(128) + 8 = 40
4(129) − 3 = 513 0.25(40) + 8 = 18

𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑎𝑛−1 − 3 𝑎𝑛 = 0.25𝑎𝑛−1 + 8
A recursive formula for the sequence is A recursive formula for the sequence is
𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑎𝑛−1 − 3, 𝑎1 = 9 𝑎𝑛 = 0.25𝑎𝑛−1 + 8, 𝑎1 = 480

Not Arithmetic or Geometric

1
Not Arithmetic or Geometric
(393) + 1 = 132 2(68) − 32 = 104
3
1 2(104) − 32 = 176
(132) + 1 = 45 1
3
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 1 2(176) − 32 = 320
1 3
(45) + 1 = 16
3 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 − 32
A recursive formula for the sequence is A recursive formula for the sequence is
1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 1, 𝑎1 = 393 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 − 32, 𝑎1 = 68
3

27
Find the indicated term of each expression.

𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
𝐶 𝑎5 𝑏 2
𝟕 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕

21(𝑥 )5(2𝑧)2 → 21𝑥 54𝑧 2 → 84𝑥 5 𝑧 2

𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
3 3 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
𝟔 𝐶 𝟑𝑎 𝑏

20(𝑦)3 (−3𝑥 )3 → 20𝑦 3 (−27)𝑧 3 → −540𝑦 5 𝑧 2

𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎

2 6 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖
𝟖 𝐶 𝟔𝑎 𝑏

28(2𝑎)2 (2𝑏)6 → 28(4)𝑎2 (64)𝑏6 → 7168𝑎2 𝑏6

𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
1 5 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
𝟔 𝐶𝟓 𝑎 𝑏

6(4𝑥 )1 (5𝑦)5 → 6(4𝑥)(3125)𝑦 5 → 75000𝑥𝑦 5

28
 𝟗 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
5 4
𝟗 𝐶 𝟒𝑎 𝑏

126𝑥 5 (−4)4 → 126𝑥 5 (256) → 32256𝑥 5

𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
5 3 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖
𝟖 𝐶 𝟑𝑎 𝑏

56(𝑐 )5 (6)3 → 56𝑐 5(216) → 12096𝑐 5

Find each product or quotient, and express it in rectangular form.

Product

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(6)(4) [cos ( + ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( + )]
2 4 2 4
3𝜋 3𝜋
24 [cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
4 4

√2 √2
24 [− + 𝑖 )]
2 2
\
Rectangular form: −12√2 + 12√2𝑖

29
 Product

(5)(2)[cos(135° + 45°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(135° + 45°)]

10[cos(180°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(180°)]

10[−1 + 𝑖0)]

Rectangular form: −10

Quotien
t

3 3𝜋 3𝜋
[cos ( − 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − 𝜋)]
0.5 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
6 [cos (− ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− )]
4 4

√2 √2
6[ − 𝑖 )]
2 2

Rectangular form: 3√2 − 3√2𝑖

Product

(2)(2)[cos(90° + 270°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° + 270°)]

4[cos(360°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(360°)]

4[1 + 𝑖0)]

Rectangular form: 4

30
 Quotien
t
3 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
[cos ( − ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − )]
4 6 3 6 3

3 𝜋 𝜋
[cos (− ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− )]
4 2 2
3
[0 − 𝑖)]
4

Rectangular form: 3
− 𝑖
4
Quotien
t
4 9𝜋 3𝜋 9𝜋 3𝜋
[cos ( − ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − )]
2 4 2 4 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
2 [cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
4 4

√2 √2
2 [− + 𝑖 )]
2 2

Rectangular form: −√2 + √2𝑖

Product

(0.5)(6)[cos(60° + 150°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(60° + 150°)]

3[cos(210°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(210°)]

√3 1
3 [− − 𝑖 )]
2 2

3√3 3
Rectangular form: − − 𝑖
2 2

31
 Quotien
t

6 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
[cos ( − ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − )]
2 4 4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
3 [cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
2 2

3[0 + 𝑖)]

Rectangular form: 3𝑖

Product

(5)(2)[cos(180° + 135°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(180° + 135°)]

10[cos(315°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(315°)]

√2 √2
10 [− + 𝑖 )]
2 2
Rectangular form: −5√2 + 5√2𝑖

Quotien
t

0.5 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
[cos ( − ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − )]
3 3 6 3 6

1 𝜋 𝜋
[cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
6 6 6

1 √3 1
[ + 𝑖)]
6 2 2

Rectangular form: √3 1
+ 𝑖
2 12

32
FINANCIAL LITERACY Nasser had 𝐴𝐸𝐷 15,000 in credit card debt when he graduated
from college. The balance increased by 2% each month due to interest (murabaha), and Nasser
could only make payments of 𝐴𝐸𝐷 400 per month. Write a recursive formula for the balance
of his account each month. Then determine the balance after five months.

initial balance + balance times 2% − monthly payment

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒂𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐) − 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑎2 = 1.02𝑎1 − 400 The formula is 𝑎𝑛 = 1.02𝑎𝑛−1 − 400, 𝑎1 = 15,000

Write a recursive formula for a 𝐴𝐸𝐷 10,000 debt, at 2.5% interest (murabaha) per month, with
a 𝐴𝐸𝐷 600 monthly payment. Then find the first five balances.

initial balance + balance times 𝟐. 𝟓% − monthly payment

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒂𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓) − 𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒂𝟏 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 The formula is 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒂𝒏−𝟏 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒂𝒏−𝟏 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓(𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎) − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓(𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎) − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

𝒂𝟑 = 𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 (𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟓) − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟑

𝒂𝟒 = 𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟑 𝒂𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓(𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟑) − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟐

33
FINANCING Faris financed a 𝐴𝐸𝐷 1,500 rowing machine to help him train for the college
rowing team. He could only make a 𝐴𝐸𝐷 100 payment each month, and his bill increased by
1% due to interest (murabaha) at the end of each month.
a. Write a recursive formula for the balance owed at the end of each month.

initial balance + balance times 𝟏% − monthly payment

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒂𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝒂𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 The formula is 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎

b. Find the balance owed after the first four months.

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏(𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏(𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟓

𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏(𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟓) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟓

𝒂𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏(𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟓) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟓

c. How much interest (murabaha) has accumulated after the first six months?

𝒂𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒂𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏(𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟓) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟒

Interest
= (𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) + (𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) + (𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) + (𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)
+ (𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) + (𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏

34
FINANCIAL LITERACY Mr. Adnan and his company deposit 𝐴𝐸𝐷 20,000 into his
retirement account at the end of each year. The account earns 8% interest (murabaha) before
each deposit.
a. Write a recursive formula for the balance in the account at the end of each year.

initial balance + balance times 𝟏% + monthly payment

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒂𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 The formula is 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

b. Determine how much is in the account at the end of each of the first 8 years.

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟖

𝒂𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟖 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟖) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒

𝒂𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 𝒂𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟐

𝒂𝟓 = 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 𝒂𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟐) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟖

𝒂𝟔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟖 𝒂𝟕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟖) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟕

𝒂𝟕 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟕 𝒂𝟖 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟕) + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟔

Expand each binomial.

(𝑐 + 𝑑)5 =𝟓 𝐶𝟎 𝑐 5 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟏 𝑐 4𝑑 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟐 𝑐 3𝑑 2 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟑 𝑐 2𝑑 3 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟒 𝑐𝑑 4 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟓 𝑑 5

= 𝑐 5 + 5𝑐 4𝑑 + 10𝑐 3𝑑 2 + 10𝑐 2𝑑 3 + 5 𝑐𝑑 4 + 𝑑 5

35
(𝑔 + ℎ)7 =𝟕 𝐶 𝟎 𝑔7 +𝟕 𝐶𝟏 𝑔6 ℎ + 𝟕 𝐶𝟐 𝑔5 ℎ2 + 𝟕 𝐶𝟑 𝑔4 ℎ3 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟒 𝑔3 ℎ4 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟓 𝑔2 ℎ5 +𝟕 𝐶𝟔 𝑔ℎ6 +𝟕 𝐶 𝟕 ℎ7

= 𝑔7 + 7𝑔6 ℎ + 21 𝑔5 ℎ2 + 35𝑔4 ℎ3 + 35 𝑔3 ℎ4 + 21 𝑔2 ℎ5 + 7𝑔ℎ6 + ℎ7

(𝑥 − 4)6 =𝟔 𝐶 𝟎 𝑥 6 +𝟔 𝐶𝟏 𝑥 5 (−4) +𝟔 𝐶𝟐 𝑥 4 (−4)2 + 𝟔 𝐶𝟑𝑥 3 (−4)3 +𝟔 𝐶𝟒 𝑥 2 (−4)4 + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟓𝑥(−4)5 +𝟔 𝐶𝟔 (−4)6

= 𝑥 6 + 6𝑥 5 (−4) + 15𝑥 4 (−4)2 + 20𝑥 3 (−4)3 + 15𝑥 2 (−4)4 + 6𝑥(−4)5 + (−4)6

= 𝑥 6 − 24𝑥 5 + 240𝑥 4 − 1280𝑥 3 + 3840𝑥 2 − 6144𝑥 + 4096

(2𝑦 − 𝑧)5 = 𝟓 𝐶 𝟎 (2𝑦)5 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟏 (2𝑦)4 (−𝑧) + 𝟓 𝐶 𝟐 (2𝑦)3 (−𝑧)2 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟑 (2𝑦)2 (−𝑧)3 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟒 (2𝑦)(−𝑧)4 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟓 (−𝑧)5

= 32𝑦 5 + 5(16)𝑦 4 (−𝑧) + 10(8)𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 10(4)𝑦 2 (−𝑧)3 + 5 (2)𝑦𝑧 4 + (−𝑧)5

= 32𝑦 5 − 80𝑦 4 𝑧 + 80𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 40𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 10𝑦𝑧 4 −𝑧 5

(𝑥 + 3)5 =𝟓 𝐶𝟎 𝑥 5 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟏 𝑥 4(3) + 𝟓 𝐶𝟐 𝑥 3(3)2 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟑 𝑥 2 (3)3 + 4

𝟓 𝟒𝐶 𝑥(3) +𝟓 𝟓
𝐶 (3)5

= 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 (3) + 10𝑥 3 (3)2 + 10𝑥 2(3)3 + 5𝑥(3)4 + (3)5

= 𝑥 5 + 15𝑥 4 + 90𝑥 3 + 270𝑥 2 + 405𝑥 + 243

(𝑦 − 4𝑧)4 =𝟒 𝐶𝟎 𝑦 4 + 𝟒 𝐶𝟏 𝑦 3(−4𝑧) + 𝟒 𝐶𝟐 𝑦 2 (−4𝑧)2 + 𝟒 𝐶𝟑 𝑦(−4𝑧)3 + 𝟒 𝐶𝟒 (−4𝑧)4

\𝟒
= 𝑦 + 4𝑦 (−4)𝑧 + 6𝑦 2 (16)𝑧 2 + 4𝑦(−64)𝑧 3 + (256)𝑧 4
4 3

= 𝑦 4 − 16𝑦 3 𝑧 + 96𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 256𝑦𝑧 3 + 256𝑧 4

36
(𝑎 − 𝑏)6 =𝟔 𝐶𝟎 𝑎6 + 𝟔 𝐶𝟏 𝑎5 (−𝑏) + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟐 𝑎4 (−𝑏)2 + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟑 𝑎3 (−𝑏)3 +𝟔 𝐶 𝟒 𝑎2 (−𝑏)4 + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟓 𝑎(−𝑏)5 +𝟔 𝐶 𝟔 (−𝑏)6

= 𝑎6 + 6𝑎5 (−𝑏) + 15𝑎4 (−𝑏)2 + 20𝑎3 (−𝑏)3 + 15𝑎2 (−𝑏)4 + 6𝑎(−𝑏)5 + (−𝑏)6

= 𝑎6 − 6𝑎5 𝑏 + 15𝑎4 𝑏 2 − 20𝑎3 𝑏 3 + 15𝑎2 𝑏 4 − 6𝑎𝑏 5 + 𝑏 6

(𝑐 − 𝑑)7 =𝟕 𝐶 𝟎 𝑐 7 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟏𝑐 6 (−𝑑) + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟐 𝑐 5 (−𝑑)2 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟑 𝑐 4 (−𝑑)3 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟒 𝑐 3 (−𝑑)4 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟓 𝑐 2 (−𝑑)5 + 𝟕 𝐶𝟔 𝑐(−𝑑)6 +𝟕 𝐶 𝟕(−𝑑)7

= 𝑐 7 + 7𝑐 6 (−𝑑 ) + 21𝑐 5 (−𝑑)2 + 35𝑐 4 (−𝑑)3 + 35𝑐 3 (−𝑑)4 + 21𝑐 2 (−𝑑)5 + 7𝑐(−𝑑)6 + (−𝑑)7

= 𝑐 7 − 7𝑐 6𝑑 + 21𝑐 5𝑑 2 − 35𝑐 4𝑑 3 + 35𝑐 3𝑑 4 − 21𝑐 2𝑑 5 + 7𝑐𝑑 6 − 𝑑 7

(𝑥 + 6)6 =𝟔 𝐶 𝟎 𝑥 6 +𝟔 𝐶𝟏 𝑥 5 (6) +𝟔 𝐶𝟐 𝑥 4 (6)2 + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟑𝑥 3 (6)3 + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟒𝑥 2 (6)4 +𝟔 𝐶𝟓 𝑥(6)5 + 𝟔 𝐶 𝟔(6)6

= 𝑥 6 + 6𝑥 5 (6) + 15𝑥 4 (6)2 + 20𝑥 3 (6)3 + 15𝑥 2 (6)4 + 6𝑥(6)5 + (6)6

= 𝑥 6 + 36𝑥 5 + 540𝑥 4 + 4320𝑥 3 + 19440𝑥 2 + 46656𝑥 + 46656

(𝑦 − 5)7 =𝟕 𝐶 𝟎 𝑦 7 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟏𝑦 6 (−5) + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟐 𝑦 5 (−5)2 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟑 𝑦 4 (−5)3 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟒 𝑦 3 (−5)4 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟓 𝑦 2 (−5)5 + 𝟕 𝐶 𝟔 𝑦(−5)6 +𝟕 𝐶𝟕 (−5)7

= 𝑦 7 + 7𝑦 6 (−5) + 21𝑦 5 (−5)2 + 35𝑦 4 (−5)3 + 35𝑦 3 (−5)4 + 21𝑦 2 (−5)5 + 7𝑦(−5)6 + (−5)7

= 𝑦 7 − 35𝑦 6 + 525𝑦 5 − 4375𝑦 4 + 21875𝑦 3 − 65625𝑦 2 + 109375𝑦 − 78125

(2𝑎 + 4𝑏)4 =𝟒 𝐶𝟎 (2𝑎)4 + 𝟒 𝐶𝟏 (2𝑎)3 (4𝑏) + 𝟒 𝐶 𝟐(2𝑎)2 (4𝑏)2 + 𝟒 𝐶 𝟑 (2𝑎)(4𝑏)3 + 𝟒 𝐶 𝟒(4𝑏)4

= (16)𝑎4 + 4(8)𝑎3 (4)𝑏 + 6(4)𝑎2 (16)𝑏2 + 4(2)𝑎(64)𝑏 3 + (256)𝑏 4

= 16𝑎4 + 128𝑎3 𝑏 + 384𝑎2 𝑏2 + 512𝑎𝑏3 + 256𝑏4

37
(3𝑎 − 4𝑏)5 = 𝟓 𝐶𝟎 (3𝑎)5 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟏 (3𝑎)4 (−4𝑏) + 𝟓 𝐶𝟐 (3𝑎)3 (−4𝑏)2 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟑 (3𝑎)2 (−4𝑏)3 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟒 (3𝑎)(−4𝑏)4 + 𝟓 𝐶𝟓 (−4𝑏)5

= (243)𝑎5 + 5(81)𝑎4 (−4)𝑏 + 10(27)𝑎3 (16)𝑏2 + 10(9)𝑎 2 (−64)𝑏3 + 5(3)𝑎(256)𝑏4 + (−1024)𝑏5

= 243𝑎5 − 1620𝑎4 𝑏 + 4320𝑎3 𝑏2 − 5760𝑎2 𝑏3 + 3840𝑎𝑏4 −1024𝑏5

38