Cebu Technological University Steel Design

Danao By: Engr. Frances Noel Carvajal

BEAMS Variations in bending stresses due to increasing moment about x axis.

Beams are structural members that support transverse loads and are therefore subjected primarily to flexure, or bending.
Commonly used cross-sectional shapes include the W, S, and M shapes. Channel shapes are sometimes used, as are beams
built up from plates, in the form of I or box shapes.

For flexure, the required and available strengths are moments. For load and resistance factor design (LRFD),

𝑴𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑴𝒏
where:
Mu = required moment strength = maximum moment caused by the controlling load combination
∅ = resistance factor for bending = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
Mn = nominal moment strength
∅Mn = design strength, sometimes called the design moment

For allowable strength design (ASD),

𝑴𝒏
𝑴𝒂 ≤
𝛀
where:
Ma = required moment strength = maximum moment caused by the controlling load combination
𝛀 = safety factor for bending = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
Mn = nominal moment strength
∅Mn = design strength, sometimes called the design moment

BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT

For a linear elastic material and small deformations, the distribution of bending stress will be as shown in figure
Stage (a) - the load applied causes a moment that produces a bending stress up to the yield stress of the material.
Stage (b) - additional load is applied, and the outer fiber cannot go beyond yield stress, so the yielding propagates towards the
neutral axis.
Stage (c) - additional load is added, and the propagation continues towards the neutral axis.
Stage (d) - yielding reaches the neutral axis and this becomes the fully plastic stress distribution

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY, Mp

The plastic moment capacity, is the moment required to form the plastic hinge.

Determination of Plastic Neutral Axis

𝑀𝑦 𝑀
𝑓𝑏 = =𝑆
𝐼𝑥 𝑥

𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥
Cebu Technological University Steel Design
Danao By: Engr. Frances Noel Carvajal

Σ𝐹ℎ = 0 → + 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝

𝑇−𝐶 = 0
𝐶=𝑇
𝐴𝑐 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑡 𝐹𝑦
𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝒕
𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐬 (𝐏𝐍𝐀) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬.
 The number of plastic hinges in a beam is equal to the degree of indeterminacy plus 1.
𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑐 (𝑎) = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑡 (𝑎)  The possible location of the plastic hinges are at the:
 Positive and negative maximum moment
𝐴  Fixed end
𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 ( ) (𝑎)
2  Under concentrated load
𝑴𝒑 = 𝑭𝒚 𝒁
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑍 = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝒁 = 𝑸𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 + 𝑸𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘

̅
𝒁 = ∑𝑨 𝒚

𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑, 𝐒𝐅  The external work is equated to the internal work absorbed by the plastic hinges.
 External work is the work performed by the external load, 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐹𝛿𝑎𝑣𝑒 .
𝑴𝒑  Internal work is the work absorbed by the plastic hinges, 𝑊𝑖 = 𝑀𝑝 𝜃.
𝑺𝑭 =
𝑴𝒚
𝒁 𝑾𝒆 = 𝑾𝒊
𝑺𝑭 =
𝑺 𝑷𝒖 𝜹 = 𝑴𝒑 (𝟐𝜽)

THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM

The arrangement of plastic hinges and perhaps real hinges that permit collapse in a structure is called the mechanism.

Simply Supported Beam Fixed-End Beam

The formation of a single plastic hinge gives a collapse mechanism for a simply supported beam. Collapse occurs when
there is no more remaining stable element that can carry the additional load.
Cebu Technological University Steel Design
Danao By: Engr. Frances Noel Carvajal

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3. A 6 m simply supported beam carries a service live load of 40kN at midspan. Use live load factor of 1.6, determine the plastic
moment of the beam.
1. A steel T-section has dimensions shown in the figure. It is of A36 steel with a yield stress of 345 MPa.
4. A restrained steel beam is used to carry a uniform ultimate load throughout its span. The beam has a span of 8 m and a plastic
a. Compute the elastic section modulus of the section. moment capacity of 300 kN-m. Determine the uniform load it can carry right before collapse.
b. Determine the plastic section modulus of the section.
c. Determine the shape factor. 5. A continuous beam is to be designed using the plastic method of analysis. The first span is 12 m long and the adjacent span
d. Compute for the plastic moment capacity of the section. is 8m. Both spans are loaded with uniform dead load of 40 kN/m. The shorter span carries concentrated live load of 90 kN at its
center. Using a load factor of 1.2 for dead load and 1.6 for live loads, what is the beam’s plastic moment capacity?

2. Find the values of S, Z, shape factor and Mp about the horizontal x

axes for the given section in the figure.