International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with

Waste Paper Sludge Ash in Fibre Reinforced
Concrete
Mounika Ch.1, Asif Ali Sk.2
1
PG Student of Structural Engineering, Amrita Sai Institute of Science and Technology, Paritala, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita Sai Institute of Science and Technology, Paritala, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract: Portland cement is the most important ingredient of concrete and is a versatile and relatively high cost material. Large scale
production of cement is causing environmental problems on one hand and depletion of natural resources on other hand. This work
examines the possibility of using waste paper sludge ash to produce a low cost concrete by blending various ratios of cement with paper
sludge ash and to reduce disposal and pollution problems due to waste paper sludge ash. The innovative use of waste paper sludge ash in
concrete as a supplementary cementitious material was tested as an alternative to fibre reinforced concrete. In this study waste paper
sludge ash was partially replaced from 5%, 10%, 15% in cement to get optimum point and from this optimum point addition of glass
fibres with different proportions i.e from 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and also steel fibres with different proportions i.e from 0.5%, 1%,
1.5%, 2% are used in concrete for M25 mix and tested for its compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength up to
28 days of strength and compared with conventional concrete. Durability tests are also conducted for these mixes with 5% of H2So4 and
HCl. Test results indicate that use of waste paper sludge ash in concrete has improved the performance of concrete in strength aspect

Keywords: Compressive strength, Durability, split tensile strength, Flexural strength, Durability, Waste Paper Sludge Ash, M25Concrete

1. Introduction 2.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade was preferred for this
In order to make concrete industry sustainable, the use of study. The physical properties of cement are categorized as
waste materials in place of natural resources is one of the per IS 456-2000
best approaches. Paper mill sludge is a major economic and
environmental problem for the paper and board industry. An Table 1: Properties of cement
enormous quantity of waste paper sludge is generated all Permissible limit as per
S.No Properties Value
around the world. In India, 0.7% of total urban waste IS: 12269-1987
generated comprises of paper sludge. Paper mill sludge is a 1 Specific Gravity 3.12 Varies from 3.1 to 3.15
Should not be less than
major economic and environmental problem for the paper 2 Initial Setting time 58min
30 Min
and board industry. The material is a by-product of the de-
Should not be more than
inking and re-pulping of paper. In functional terms, paper 3 Final Setting time 300 min
600 Min
sludge consists of cellulose fibers, fillers such as calcium 4 Fineness test 1% retained <10%
carbonate and china clay and residual chemicals bound up
with water. The moisture content is typically up to 40%. The 2.2 Fine Aggregates
material is viscous, sticky and hard to dry and can vary in
viscosity and lumpiness. It has an energy content that makes Locally available river sand was preferred as fine aggregate
it a useful candidate as an alternative fuel for the for entire experimental work. The physical properties of sand
manufacture of Portland cement. This research will was carried out by taking the help of IS 383-1970 and IS
summarize the behaviour of concrete with the waste paper 2386-1963 code books.
sludge ash by replacement of cement in the range of 5%,10%
and 15% which may help to reduce the disposal problem of Table 2: Properties of fine aggregate
sludge and enhance the properties of M25 concrete. As Permissible limit as per
wastepaper sludge ash contains higher percentage of silicon S.No Properties Value IS: 383-1970
dioxide SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete. In Should be between the
addition to these fibres are also added to obtain more 1 Specific Gravity 2.6 limit 2.6-2.7
strength. 2 Fineness Modulus 2.73 2-4
3 Grading Zone Zone II --
2. Materials and Properties
2.3 Coarse Aggregate
In this research work various materials like Cement, Fine
Aggregate ,Coarse Aggregate, water, glass and steel fibers Crushed Granite stone of sizes 20mm and 10mm were
were used and their properties are examined by taking the selected for this work. Taking the reference of IS codes the
help of IS [INDIAN STANDARD] codes. properties of coarse aggregate have been tested

Volume 6 Issue 7, July 2017

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Paper ID: ART20175791 1960
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Table 3: Properties of coarse aggregate
Permissible limit as per IS:
S.No Properties Value
2386-1963
1 Specific Gravity 2.64 In between range 2.6-2.8
2 Fineness Modulus 6.48 6.5-8

2.4 Waste Paper sludge ash

This material is collected from Vedadri Paper Mills(India)

pvt. Ltd. The chemical properties of waste paper sludge ash
are
Figure 3: Glass fibres
Table 4: Chemical Composition of Waste Paper Sludge Ash
Property Value 3. Concrete Mix Proportion
Silicon Dioxide 59.47%
Calcium Oxide 8.69% The mix design for M25 has carried out by following the
Alumina and Ferric Oxide 10.45% specifications and limitations of Indian Standard Code (IS
Magnesium Oxide 3.13% 10262-2009). The target meant strength was inspected as
34.5N/mm2.The water to cement ratio is taken as 0.45. The
mix proportion for M25 grade concrete is 1:1.34:2.76

Table 6: Results of M25 Mix

Material Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
Kg/m3 406.33 659.23 1116.05

4. Tests Done on Concrete for Strength and

Durability
A number of tests were conducted on concrete determine the
design mix properties of concrete in the laboratory. The
Figure 1: Waste paper sludge ash strength criterion includes measurement of following
parameters:
2.5 Fibres
4.1 Compressive Test
2.5.1Steel fibres
 Diameter:- 0.5mm Compressive strength is obtained by applying crushing load
 Length:- Available in30mm on the cube surface. So it is also called as Crushing strength.
 Density:- density of steel fibre is 7900kg/m3 Compressive strength of concrete is calculated by casting
 Aspect Ratio:- 60 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cubes. The test results are
presented here for the Compressive strength of 7 days, 28
days testing.

Figure 2: Hooked steel fibres

2.5.2 Glass fibres

The type glass fibres use are ar- glass type fibres.the
properties are given below.The length of glass fibres is
50mm and diameter is 0.1mm.

Table 5: Properties of Glass Fibres Figure 4: Testing of cubes in compressive testing machine
Property Value
Density, (g/Cm3) 2.7 4.2 Split tensile Test
Tensile Strength, MPa 1700
Modulus, GPa 72 Split tensile was performed on cylinders 150mm dia. and
Percent Elongation 2.3 300mm height on compression testing machine. The failure
load was recorded to find out split tensile strength. After
testing the concrete (split tensile strength) for M25 grade

Volume 6 Issue 7, July 2017

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20175791 1961
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
concrete separately for replacement of sludge ash and adding Preparation of 5% H2SO4 per Litres of Water:
glass & steel fibre by cement respectively finally combined The volume of acid to mix in water is calculated by the
percentage of sludge ash and adding glass & steel fibre in formula C1V 1=C2V2
which maximum strength is obtained was used to get C1 is the Concentration of H2SO4 = 98% V1 is the Volume
optimized strength. required = 20 lit
C2 is the required concentration = 5% V2 is the required
volume of acid Volume of H2SO4 (V2) = C2V2/C1
=5×20/98 =1.02 litres
i.e., to prepare 20 lit solutions of H2SO4, volume of acid
required is 1.02 litres

Preparation of 5% HCl 20 per Litres of Water:

The aicd volume to be in the water can be obtained from the
formula
C1V1=C2V2
Where,
C1 is the Concentration of HCl = 35%
Figure 5: Testing of cylinders in split tensile testing machine V1 is the Volume required = 20 lit
C2 is the required concentration = 5%
4.3 Flexural Test V2 is the required volume of acid
Volume of HCl (V2) = C2V2/C1
Flexural test was performed on beams by placing them on =5×20/35
universal find out the flexural strength. After testing the =2.85 liters
concrete (flexural strength) for M25 grade concrete i.e., to prepare 20 lit solutions of HCl, volume of acid
separately for replacement of sludge ash and adding glass & required is 2.85 liters
steel fibre by cement respectively finally combined
percentage of sludge ash and adding glass & steel fibre in
which maximum strength is obtained was used to get
optimized strength.

Figure 7: Sulphuric acid and HCl

Figure 6: Testing of Beams in Flexural Testing Machine

4.4 Durability Test

The concrete acid resistance was observed by two types of Figure 8: Acid curing
tests named as Acid attack factor test and Acid durability
factor test. The concentrations of acids in water are 5% HCL 5. Results
and 5% H2SO4.concrete can be attacked by liquids with pH
value less than 6.5 and attack is severe when pH value is The results for different mix proprtions are as follows:
below 5.5. At pH value below 4.5, the attack is very severe.
As the attack proceeds, all the cement compounds are broken Table 7: Results Using Sludge Ash in Concrete
down and leached away. Here HCL andH2SO4 which are Compressive Split tensile Flexural
having pH value 3.01 and 2.75 which cause a very severe % strength strength strength
attack are used to study the durability properties. To check 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
acid resistance of concrete Hydro Chloric acid (HCL), 0% 19.38 34.5 2.12 2.34 4.01 4.21
Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) is selected. The concentrations of 5% 23.84 35.11 2.21 2.45 4.05 4.38
acids in water are taken as 5%. The standard specifications 10% 25.52 38.26 2.32 2.68 4.38 5.01
for this study are IS 516-1959 and ASTM C666-1997. 15% 24.54 36.89 2.24 2.54 4.12 4.62

Volume 6 Issue 7, July 2017

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Paper ID: ART20175791 1962
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Graph 9: Graph for % of sludge ash vs compressive strength

[2]
Graph 12: Graph for % of glass fibres vs compressive
strength

Graph 10: Graph for % of sludge ash vs split tensile

strength Graph 13: Graph for % of glass fibres vs split tensile
strength

Graph 11: Graph for % of sludge ash vs flexural strength

Table 8: Results by Adding Glass Fibres in Sludge Ash

Concrete
Compressive Split tensile Flexural Graph 14: Graph for % of glass fibres vs flexural strength
% strength strength strength
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days Table 9: Results by Adding Steel Fibres in Sludge Ash
0.1% 26.12 38.88 2.31 2.66 4.18 4.99 Concrete
0.2% 27.22 39.76 2.45 2.74 4.43 5.21 Compressive Split tensile Flexural
0.3% 28.34 40.23 2.56 2.81 4.6 5.29 % strength strength strength
0.4% 26.81 38.11 2.43 2.67 4.51 5.06 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
0.5% 26.67 38.41 2.38 2.71 4.41 5.18
1% 28.81 40.41 2.56 2.98 4.62 5.31
1.5% 27.16 38.12 2.41 2.82 4.51 5.26
2% 26.81 37.41 2.32 2.76 4.37 5.21

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Paper ID: ART20175791 1963
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Graph 18: Graph for % of glass fibres vs compressive

strength

Table 11: Durability Results by Adding Glass Fibres in

Graph 15: Graph for % of steel fibres vs compressive Sludge Ash Concrete
strength Curing under
Compressive Compressive
Glass 0.5% HCl %
strength(N/mm2) strength (N/mm2)
fibers weight loss
7days(5% HCl) 28days(5% HCl)
after 28 days
0.5% 2.3 16.12 28.88
1% 2.46 17.22 29.76
1.5% 2.66 18.44 30.23
2% 2.69 16.81 28.11

Graph 16: Graph for % of steel fibres vs split tensile

strength

Graph 19: Graph for % of glass fibres vs compressive

strength

Table 12: Durability Results by Adding Steel Fibres in

Sludge Ash Concrete
Curing under
Compressive Compressive
Steel 0.5% H2So4 %
strength(N/mm2) strength(N/mm2)
fibers weight loss
7days(5% H2So4) 28days(5% H2So4)
after 28 days
0.5% 4.46 14.44 23.04
1% 5.66 15.85 24.81
1.5% 6.41 15.5 24.54
Graph 17: Graph for % of Steel Fibres Vs Flexural Strength 2% 7.11 14.21 24.11

Table10: Durability Results by Adding Glass Fibres in

Sludge Ash Concrete
Curing under
Compressive Compressive
Glass 0.5% H2So4 %
strength(N/mm2) strength(N/mm2)
fibers weight loss
7days(5% H2So4) 28days(5% H2So4)
after 28 days
0.1% 4.16 12.66 22.35
0.2% 5.59 13.58 23.44
0.3% 6.34 14.99 24.68
0.4% 6.35 13.24 23.33

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Paper ID: ART20175791 1964
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
 By adding glass fibres, the optimum is obtained at 0.3%
and the value obtained is 5.29MPa for flexural strength
and increase in strength is 19.19% than conventional
concrete.
 By adding steel fibres, the optimum is obtained at 1% and
the value obtained is 40.41MPa for split tensile strength
and increase in strength is 14.62% than conventional
concrete.
 By adding steel fibres, the optimum is obtained at 1% and
the value obtained is 2.98MPa for split tensile strength and
increase in strength is 21.47% than conventional concrete..
 By adding steel fibres, the optimum is obtained at 1% and
Graph 20: Graph for % of steel fibres vs compressive the value obtained is 5.31MPa for flexural strength and
strength increase in strength is 20.71% than conventional concrete.
 In durability the weight loss is higher in H2SO4 than HCl.
Table 13: Durability Results by Adding Steel Fibres in  Glass fibres shown better results than steel fibres in
Sludge Ash Concrete durability results
Curing under
Compressive Compressive
Steel 0.5% HCl %
fibers weight loss after
strength(N/mm2) strength(N/mm2) References
7days(5% HCl) 28days(5% HCl)
28 days
0.5% 2.33 16.67 28.41 [1] Sajad Ahmad, M.Iqbal Malik, Muzaffar Bashir Wani
1% 2.41 18.81 30.41 andRafiq Ahmad, ”Study on concrete involving use of
1.5% 2.58 17.16 28.12 Waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of
2% 2.63 16.81 27.41 cement”, IOSRJEN, Vol.3, Issue 11, Nov.2013.
[2] Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr. L.B.Zala and
Dr.F.S.Umrigar, “Innovative use of paper industry waste
(hypo sludge) in design mix concrete”, IJAET, Vol.4,
Issue1, Mar.2013.
[3] Abdullah shahbaz khan, Ram panth, Gagan Krishna P.R.
and Suresh G.Patil, “Structural performance of concrete
by partial replacement of cement with hypo sludge
(paper waste)”,IJETE, Vol. 1, Issue 7,Aug 2014.
[4] Avinash Gornale, S Ibrahim Quadri, Mehmoodquadri,
Syed Md Akramali and Syed Sham Suddin Hussaini
“Strength Aspects of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete”,
IJSER, Volume 3, Issue, (July 2012).
Graph 21: Graph for % of steel fibres vs compressive [5] D.Neeraja, “Experimental Investigations on Strength
strength Characteristics of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete”,
IJSER Volume 2, Issue 07, (February 2013).
6. Conclusions [6] A.Sumathi and K. Saravana Raja Mohan “Study on
theStrength and Durability Characteristics of High
Strength Concrete with Steel Fibers” IJCR.volume.08
 By replacing waste paper sludge ash to the concrete, the
(2015).
optimum is obtained at 10% and compressive strength
[7] Milind and V. Mohod, “Performance of Steel Fiber
obtained is 38.26MPa and increase in strength is 9.827%
Reinforced Concrete”, Volume.1,Issue 12(December
than conventional concrete.
2012).
 By replacing waste paper sludge ash to the concrete, the
[8] A.M.Shende, A.M. Pande and M. Gulfampathan
optimum is obtained at 10% and split tensile strength
“Experimental study on steel fiber reinforced concrete
obtained is 2.68MPa and increase in strength is 12.688%
for M-40 grade”, IRJES 4, issue2,(February-
than conventional concrete.
2013volume).
 By replacing waste paper sludge ash to the concrete, the [9] Mamta B. Rajgor and Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “A Study on
optimum is obtained at 10% and flexural strength obtained Paper Industry Waste: Opportunity for Development of
is 5.01MPa and Low Cost Concrete in Indian Contest”, pp. 90-92, 2013.
 Increase in strength is 15.96% than conventional concrete. [10] IS 7320:1974 “Specification for concrete slump test
 By adding glass fibres, the optimum is obtained at 0.3% apparatus.”
and the value obtained is 40.23MPa for compressive
strength and increase in strength is 14.24% than
conventional concrete..
 By adding glass fibres, the optimum is obtained at 0.3%
and the value obtained is 2.81MPa for split tensile strength
and increase in strength is 16.72% than conventional
concrete.

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