DESIGN OF STEEL & TIMBER

A Course on
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
(Purbanchal University)

Chapter-8:
TIMBER
Lecturer:
Er. Rabin Bhattarai
Department of Civil Engineering
 1.0 Timber
• The wood which is suitable or fit for engineering
construction or engineering purpose is called timber
• Wood is one of the most widely used building materials.it is
called timber structure.
Timber structure are two types
# Temporary structure Timber - Form work, Scaffolding,
Shuttering, Shoring etc.
# Permanent structure Timber -Beam , Column, Stringer,
doors,windos, Roof Truss
Use of Timber Structure
- Building, Bridge, Electric & Telecommunication Pole
Properties of Timber Structure
Soft wood
Hard wood
Soft Wood
• Light in weight & color,
• Annual rings are very distinct
• Comparatively weak & split
• Strong for tensile resisting force.
Hard wood
• Comparatively heavier & dark in color
• Annual rings are not distinct
• Hardly & difficult to work
• Resist shearing stress easily
Properties of good Timber
• Should be free from sound & sap
• Should have straight & close fiber
• Should give a clear ringing sound when struck
• Should be of uniform color
• Should have regular annual rings (narrow annual rings &
generally strong nuts)
• Freshly cut surface should give sweet smell.
• Should be free from defects
• Teeth of saw should not clogged while sawing
• Should be free from defects
Advantage of Timber
• Cheap, easily available, Easy to work, transport and
fabricate, reuse, Easy to placement or erection work.
Environment friendly, High axial compressive strength.
Disadvantage of Timber
• Weak in tension and flexure, less resistance to fire, risk of
termites, short life span
Classification of timber
• Grade, Location, Durability, Group, Treatability,
• Availability &Refractoriness to air seasoning
 Timber column
i) Solid column (rectangular/square & circular)
ii) Box & Built-up Column
iii) Spaced column

Spaced column
 Types of column

Solid column
Any section (rectangular,
circular, square) having
solid core throughout the
length of the column is
called solid column.
Design of compression member
• Rectangular solid column( IS 883:1983 Cl,7.6)
As per slenderness ratio( λ)
𝑳
i. Short column (𝜆 ) < 𝟏𝟏
𝒅
𝑳
ii. Intermediate column 𝜆 𝟏𝟏 < < 𝑲𝟖
𝒅
𝑳
iii. Long column 𝜆 > 𝑲𝟖
𝒅
Permissible compressive stress parallel to grain
1 𝐿 4 𝐸
𝜎𝑐 =𝜎𝑐𝑝 1− ( ) 𝑲𝟖 = 0.702
3 𝑑𝐾8 𝜎𝑐𝑝
Where
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = permissible comp. stress parallel to grain from code
L= unsupported length of column
d= least lateral dimension of column
𝑲𝟖 = material constant
E= modulus of elasticity
Solid rectangular columns
Type Limit of slenderness ratio Permissible
(𝜆) compressive stress
Solid rectangular columns
Short 𝐿 𝜎𝑐𝑝
< 11
𝑑
Intermediate 𝐿 1 𝐿
11 < < 𝐾8 𝜎𝑐𝑝 [1- ^4]
𝑑 3 𝑑𝐾8

Long 𝐿
> 𝐾8 0.329𝐸
𝑑
𝐿
^2
𝑑
Where
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = permissible comp. stress parallel to grain from code
L= unsupported length of column
d= least lateral dimension of column
𝑲𝟖 = material constant
E= modulus of elasticity
𝐸
𝑲𝟖 = 0.702
𝜎𝑐𝑝
For column of circular section D is taken equal to size
of equivalent square of same area as that of circular
section.
2
𝜋𝑑
𝐷2 =
4
𝐷 = 0.866𝑑
 Built up and Box columns
Built-up columns are made of two or more rectangular
sections (or planks) properly bolted together by metal
connector.
The planks are fastened together at interval not
exceeding 6 times thickness of individual plank.
Built up and Box columns
Type Limit of slenderness ratio (𝜆) Permissible compressive
stress
Built-up and Box columns
Short 𝐋 𝛔𝐜𝐩
<8
𝐝𝟐𝟏 +𝐝𝟐𝟐

Intermediate 𝐿 1 𝐿
8≤ < 𝐾9 𝜎𝑐𝑝 [1− ( )4 ]
3
𝑑12 +𝑑22 𝐾9 𝑑12 +𝑑22

Long 𝐋
𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝐄𝐗𝑼
> 𝐊𝟗
𝐝𝟐𝟏 +𝐝𝟐𝟐 𝐋
^𝟐
𝐝𝟐𝟏 + 𝐝𝟐𝟐

Where
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = permissible comp. stress parallel to grain from code
L= unsupported length of column
d1, d2 = least lateral dimension of box column and its core
U=0.8 for 2mm thkv0.6 for 50mm thk plank
𝜋 𝑈𝑋𝐸
𝑲𝟗 =
 Spaced column:
These are special form of built-up
column of hollow construction
consisting of two or more planks with
their axis parallel and separated by
spacer block and end block.
Spaced columns
Type Limit of slenderness ratio Permissible compressive
(𝜆) stress

Spaced columns
Short 𝐋 𝝈𝒄𝒑
< 11
𝐝

Intermediate 𝐋 𝟏 𝑳
11 < < 𝐊 𝟏𝟎 𝝈𝒄𝒑 [1- ( )^4]
𝐝 𝟑 𝒅𝑲𝟏𝟎

Long 𝐋
> 𝐊 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗U𝑬
𝐝
𝑳
^𝟐
𝒅

Where
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = permissible comp. stress parallel to grain from code
L= unsupported length of column
d= least lateral dimension of column
𝑲𝟏𝟎 = material constant
2.5𝑋𝐸
E= modulus of elasticity , 𝑲𝟏𝟎 = 0.702 𝜎𝑐𝑝
Design of flexural ( Bending ) member
( Clause 7.4 page 11 IS 883:1994)

(1) Effective span= center to center distance between two supports

or
= clear span + bearing length/2+ bearing length/2
which ever minimum

C/C length
bearing length
(2) Bending stress- the maximum bending stress due to dead
load and imposed load shall not exceed permissible stress (
b) specified by code.
𝑴
i.e. ab = ≤ b
𝒁
The allowable bending stress of beam slightly decrease due
to slightly increases of beam depth so we have to modify the
section modulus by a factor known as form factor (cl.7.5.4)
(a) Rectangular section – if the depth of beam ≥ 300𝑚𝑚 we
should take form factor K3 (cl.7.5.4)
M= ab *Z* K3
(b) Box Beam & I beam – Form Factor K4

p1 = ratio of the thickness of the compression flange to the depth of the

beam (d1/d)
q1 = ratio of the total thickness of web or webs to the overall width of the
beam (t1/t2)
M= ab *Z* K4
c) Solid circular cross-section – form factor K5=1.18
𝝈𝒂𝒃 ∗𝒁 𝐴1.5
𝑴= , 𝑧=
𝑲𝟔 6
(d) Solid Square cross-section – form factor K6=1.414
𝝈𝒂𝒃 ∗𝒁
𝑴=
𝑲𝟔
(3) Width of beam
The width of beam shall not less than 50mm or span/50 which
ever is greater.
(4) Depth of beam
Depth of beam shall not be less than 3times of width of beam
without any restrainer.
𝑑 > 3𝑏
Generally taken d= 2b practically
(5) Shear
for rectangular beam
1.5𝑉
𝐻= < 𝐻𝑝𝑒𝑟.
𝑏𝑑

l= clear span of beam

D=depth of beam
W= uniformly distributed load
(7) Bearing length
Flexural members except roof timbers which are supported
directly on masonry or concrete shall have a length of bearing of not
less than 75 mm. In design bearing length is generally taken as 200mm
or 300mm.
(8) Deflection
The Max. deflection can be calculated for any type of loading
then this calculated loading shall not exceed permissible deflection
specified by code. cal.  per.
per. = 1/ 240 of the span ( other beam)
per. = 1/ 150 of the span (cantilever beam)
𝑲𝑾𝒍𝟑
cal.=
𝑬𝑰
Where W= total load
l= effective span of beam

For checking of deflection of beam and joists, the total load shall be
taken as twice dead load plus ¾ live load.
 𝑲𝑾𝒍𝟑
cal.=
𝑬𝑰
Where W= total load
l= effective span of beam

For checking of deflection of beam and joists, the total

load shall be taken as twice dead load plus ¾ live load.