● Latitude measures the distance north or south of the equator.

Latitude lines start at the

● Equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern
and Southern hemispheres. On Earth, the Equator is an imaginary line located at 0
degrees latitude, about 40,075 km in circumference, halfway between the North and
South poles.

● Longitude measures distance east or west of the prime meridian. Lines of longitude, also
called meridians, are imaginary lines that divide the Earth. They run north to south from
pole to pole, but they measure the distance east or west.

● Prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both
east and west around Earth. The prime meridian is arbitrary, meaning it could be chosen
to be anywhere.

● The imaginary lines of latitude and longitude intersect each other, forming a grid that
covers Earth. The points of latitude and longitude are called coordinates, and can be
used together to locate any point on Earth.

● Latitude and longitude are broken into degrees, minutes, seconds and directions,
starting with latitude. For instance, an area with coordinates marked 41° 56' 54.3732”
N, 87° 39' 19.2024” W would be read as 41 degrees, 56 minutes, 54.3732 seconds north;
87 degrees, 39 minutes, 19.2024 seconds west.

● Tropical Zone - The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is called Tropics.
Countries that are located in this zone experience a tropical climate where the annual
average temperature is above 18°C.

● Temperate Zone - Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle is the northern
temperate zone; between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle is the southern
temperate zone. Countries in these zones go through four seasons - winter, spring,
summer, and autumn.

● Polar Region or Frigid Zone - Areas within the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle are called
polar regions or frigid zones. People who choose to live in these areas have to deal with
temperatures that never go above 10°C. It is called all year round and even during the
summer months, it does not feel like summer at all.

● Using latitude and longitude is not the only way that you can describe the location of a
certain area. Another way is by identifying the landmasses and bodies of water that are
found in that area.
● The Philippines' proximity to the equator means it experiences a warm tropical climate
throughout the year. This warm climate fosters the growth of diverse ecosystems,
including coral reefs, mangrove forests, and rainforests, which support a wide variety of
plant and animal species. The warm waters also provide favorable conditions for the
reproduction and growth of marine organisms.

● Natural resources are materials that can be used to support life and at the same time
provide energy for living things to work and for machines to run or operate. These
resources are either supplied by the sun or by earth’s natural processes. The total
environment— atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere is a reservoir of natural
resources needed by living things to live.

● Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated

● Non-renewable resources are natural resources that exist in finite quantities and cannot
be replenished or regenerated within a human lifespan or over geological timescales.
Once these resources are depleted, they cannot be easily replaced.

● Atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body held in place
by gravity. Earth's atmosphere, for example, is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen,
with trace amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and argon.

● Troposphere - This is the layer closest to the Earth's surface, extending from the surface
up to about 8 to 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles) above sea level, depending on latitude and
season. It's where weather occurs and contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass.
Temperature generally decreases with altitude in this layer.

● Stratosphere - Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere, extending from about 15
kilometers (9 miles) to around 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the Earth's surface. Unlike
the troposphere, the temperature in the stratosphere generally increases with altitude
due to the presence of the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters solar ultraviolet
radiation.

● Mesosphere - Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere, which extends from about 50
kilometers (31 miles) to around 85 kilometers (53 miles) above the Earth's surface. In
this layer, temperatures decrease with altitude again, making it the coldest layer of the
atmosphere.

● Thermosphere - Beyond the mesosphere lies the thermosphere, which extends from
about 85 kilometers (53 miles) to about 600 kilometers (373 miles) above the Earth's
surface. In the thermosphere, temperatures increase significantly with altitude due to
 the absorption of solar radiation. This layer is where the auroras occur and where many
satellites orbit.

● Exosphere - The outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere, extends
from the top of the thermosphere to about 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles) above the
Earth's surface. This layer gradually transitions into the vacuum of space and contains
very few gas molecules. It's where atmospheric particles escape into space.