Romanesque

Architecture
PREPARED BY: AR. MURIELLE N. GALLARDO-CRISTOBAL, REA, REB, UAP
Presentation Outline
§ GEOGRAPHICAL
§ GEOLOGICAL
§ CLIMATIC
§ HISTORIC
§ SOCIO-POLITICAL
§ RELIGIOUS
§ ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
§ SAMPLE STRUCTURE
 GEOGRAPHICAL

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 GEOGRAPHICAL
• After the fall of the Roman Empire,
Romanesque Architecture was developed
and spread across Europe.

• Romanesque architecture emerged about

11th century and lasted until about 12th
century, by which time it had evolved into
Gothic. The Romanesque was at its height
between 1075 and 1125 in France, Italy,
Britain, and the German lands. Its
geographic distribution resulted in a wide
variety of local types.

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 GEOLOGICAL

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https://images.app.goo.gl/Uh4mu1CTrbQR8BAK9 https://images.app.goo.gl/JVzhakmVCAnXoRja9 https://images.app.goo.gl/U2xE5kkWHN6xszM https://images.app.goo.gl/Z2mfHAoTKskNCrAt9
d8

• The building material used in Romanesque architecture varies

GEOLOGICA across Europe depending on local stone and building
traditions.
L • But the commonly used for construction were Stone, Brick or
Terra Cotta, Marble, ready-made columns, and features from
an Old Roman Building.
 CLIMATIC

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Castle_Tyrol_South_Tyrolean_Museum_of_Culture_and_Provincial_History-
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 CLIMATIC
• Northern portion of the Europe has a dull
climate which contributed to the use of large
window openings to allow sufficient sunlight,
whereas south being hot, small windows were
provided to minimize sun shading.

• Due to less rainfall in the southern part of

Europe, roofs that are installed were flat to
keep out the heat of the sun, while in the
northern part, high-pitched roofs were
provided to drain out water and snow.

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 LOCATED AT THE NORTHERN PART OF EUROPE.
Notre-Dame la Grande

LARGE OPENINGS

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 LOCATED AT THE SOUTHERN PART OF EUROPE.
Lisbon Cathedral, Portugal

SMALL WINDOWS
FLAT ROOF

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 HISTORIC

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 Romanesque = “Roman-like”
-Rounded Roman Arch-basis
Arches were greatly exhibited as part of their architecture

ARCH ≠ ARCHitecture

Arch, from Latin “arcus”= shape

Arch (in architect), from Greek “archos” = builder

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 Romanesque Architecture
1.Pre-Romanesque: Carolingian & Ottonian Architecture
(800-1000)

2. Early Romanesque (11th century)

3. Mature Romanesque (1070-1170)

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HISTORICAL
1. Pre-Romanesque: Carolingian &
Ottonian Architecture
I. CAROLINGIAN ARCHITECTURE

800 CE- Charlemagne was crowned as the

Holy Roman Emperor
-He began building churches in
Roman style–particularly the style of
Christian Rome in the days of
Constantine
-Those churches were for unifying his
empire and validating his reign

1000- Architects paid attention to the

arched/ arcaded system which was
evident in Christian Roman edifices
-That became their model for building
gatehouse, chapels, and churches in
Europe
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HISTORICAL
1. Pre-Romanesque: Carolingian &
Ottonian Architecture

II. Ottonian Architecture

955- Emperor Otto I, finally defeated

the Barbarian marauders

-Hence, the Roman Church

including monastic orders gained
confidence that led to the
formation of the 3 DISTINCT
STRUCTURES of Romanesque
Architecture: Cathedral,
Monastery, and Castle.

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HISTORICAL
1. Pre-Romanesque: Carolingian &
Ottonian Architecture

1.Cathedral- enlarged and flourished in

an Urban setting

2. Monastery- centres of rural

administration. Several monasteries were
developed into elaborate abbey
complexes
Abbey complexes- consists of complex
buildings and serving the need of a self-
contained religious community

3. Castles- were developed in response

to political instability during 10th and
11th century
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man_Emperor
HISTORICAL
2. Early Romanesque
(11th Century)

1066 -William the Conqueror

invaded Britain

11th-12th Century -Romanesque

style was known as "Norman"
because William initiated major
building scheme

-Churches are well-modulated and

geometrically logical–repeating
shapes and proportions to support
weighty structures

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HISTORICAL
2. Early Romanesque
(11th Century)

Ground level- large arcade, bulky

columns, piers
have been filled
with rubble

Second level- smaller arches

(often by pair with
column in between)

Next higher level- proportionally

smaller arches
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HISTORICAL
3. Mature Romanesque
(1070-1170)

Late 11th Century- mature Romanesque

style developed when the retrieval of Holy
Relics from the Holy Land initiated the
construction of new churches in Western
Europe

-This resulted to a huge demand for

architectural decorations such as statues
(gargoyles, monsters, saints, and angels),
relief sculpture, and stained glass.

-Continuously vaulted interiors.

-Interior and exterior walls were divided into: https://a1084-2585694.cluster8.canvas-user-

content.com/courses/1084~200544/files/1084~2585694/course%20files/16-
clerestory, triforium & arcades Romanesque/Romanesque%20Architecture%20and%20Sculpture?download=1&in
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 SOCIO POLITICAL

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 SOCIO POLITICAL

Romanesque art was affected

by shifting political powers
following the Carolingian
period and mobility during the
Crusades.

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 SOCIO
POLITICAL
• Much of Europe was affected by feudalism, in
which peasants held tenure from local rulers over
the land they farmed in exchange for military
service. As a result, they could be called on for
local spats as well as to follow their lord across
Europe to the Crusades.
• Political struggles also resulted in the
fortification of towns by rebuilding and
strengthening walls that remained from the
Roman period.

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 SOCIO
POLITICAL

Feudal System
Landlord built castle

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 RELIGIOUS

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onEA&ust=1613918616148000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjhxqFwoTCJCFssTZ-O4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 RELIGIOUS
• The Crusades (1095–1270) brought
about extensive migration and resultant
spread of ideas and trade skills.

• The continual movement of people,

rulers, nobles, bishops, abbots,
craftsmen and peasants was an
important factor in creating
homogenous building methods and a
recognizable Romanesque style ,
despite regional differences.

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 ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS

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 SEMI CIRCULAR ARCHES

IT WAS USUALLY USED

FOR DOORS, WINDOWS
AND ARCADES

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 IT WAS USED TO
VAULT SUPPORT THE ROOF
OF THE NAVE

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 MASSIVE PIERS
• USED TO SUPPORT ARCHES
• BUILT OF MASONARY AND SQUARE
OR RECTANGULAR IN SECTION
GENERALLY HAVING A HORIZONTAL
MOULDING REPRESENTING A
CAPITAL AT THE SPRINGING ARCH
• SOMETIMES PIERS HAVE VERTICAL
SHAFTS ATTACHED TO THEM ALSO
HORIZONTAL MOULDINGS AT THE
LEVEL OF BASE.
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 COLUMNS
• USED VARIATION OF THE CORINTHIAN
AND THE IONIC CAPITAL WITH ATWISTED
SHAFT KNOWN AS THE “SCALLOP”
• DEVELOPED THE CUSHION OR
CUBIFORAL TYPE AND THE SCALLOPED
CAPITAL
• USED THE FOLLOWING SHAFTS:
a. Fluted
b. Zigzag
c. Twisted or Scallop
d. Chevron
e. Wreathed Columns

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BUTRESS

• THE BUTTRESS IS USED TO

REINFORCE THE WALL AND
MOVE THE WEIGHT OF THE
BUILDING VAULT TO THE
GROUND

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 CHARACTERISTIC OF
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE

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ROMANESQUE
CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES
• Use of rib and panel vaulting
Quadripartite & Sexpartite

• Use of massive architecture wall

structure, round arches, and powerful
vaults

• Use of Latin Cross plan

• Use of corbelled arches found

underneath the eaves of the church

• Use of Rose window or Wheel

window https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPisa_Cathedral&psig=AOvVaw1U-
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ROMANESQUE
CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES Use of rib and panel vaulting

QUADRIPARTITE SEXPARTITE
Sexpartite vault is a rib vault divided into six bays
Quadripartite rib vault : a rib vault which is
by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs.
divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs
 LATIN
CROSS
PLAN
APSE
A semicircular or polygonal termination
to the choir, chancel, or aisle of
TRANSEPT a secular or ecclesiastical
A rectangular area building.
which cuts across
the main axis of a
basilica-type
building and
projects beyond it NAVE (/neɪv/) is the central
part of a church, stretching from
the (normally western) main
entrance or rear wall, to the
transepts, or in a church without
transepts, to the chancel

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ROMANESQUE
CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES Use of corbelled arches

SEXPARTITE

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ROMANESQUE
CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES Use of rose and wheel window

ROSE WINDOW
Façade of St. Peter Church
ROMANESQUE CRYPT
ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH BUILDING

CRYPT
Designated any vaulted building partially
or entirely below the ground level, such as
sewers, the stalls for horses and chariots in a
circus, farm storage cellars, or a long gallery
known as a cryptoporticus, like that on the
Palatine Hill in Rome.
ROMANESQUE CRYPT
ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH BUILDING

CHAPTER
HOUSE
often located in a separate building adjoining the
abbey church or cathedral, often linked to a
cloister walk. The most common British design
for chapter houses is a polygon, with a pointed
external roof supported on a central column.
ROMANESQUE CRYPT
ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH BUILDING

PORCHES
PORCHES

roofed structure, usually open at the

sides, projecting from the face of a
building and used to protect the
entrance.
ROMANESQUE CRYPT
ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH BUILDING

PORCHES

CLOISTER
usually the area in a monastery around
which the principal buildings are ranged,
affording a means of communication
between the buildings.
ROMANESQUE CENTRAL
CRYPT ITALY
ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH BUILDING

PORCHES
CLOISTER OF
GIOVANNI, LATERNO
ROMANESQUE CRYPT
ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH BUILDING

PORCHES

BAPTISTERY
baptistery, hall or chapel situated close
to, or connected with, a church, in which
the sacrament of baptism is
administered.
Pisa Baptistery of St. John
is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical building in Pisa, Italy.
ROMANESQUE CRYPT
TRADITIONAL EASTERN

ORIENTATION OF THE CHURCH

SECULAR MATTER = Western
part of church

SACRED FUNCTION = Eastern

PORCHES
part of the church

- addition of choir in western end of

church

- “double ended” plan (second transept

& second crossing)
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ROMANESQUE
highlights
v Church became the important promoter of culture

v Monasteries played particular important role

acted as cultural outpost

v Monasteries owned land to ensure economic

survival and power

v Monasteries serve as refuge from external

threats

v Ancient books were copied and translated

v Research and teachings were carried out

v Monks were advisors to princes

 SAMPLE
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURES

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architecture&psig=AOvVaw0nySKpFe48eVTp0q_rA07a&ust=1614008226562000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCMiQ8q6n--4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
EXAMPLE
OF
BUILDINGS
1. Churches with
Monastery at side

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EXAMPLE
OF
BUILDINGS
2. Military architecture
(in a form of castle)

3. Manor House,
Townhouse,
Farmhouse

AT NIORT, FRANCE
EXAMPLE
OF
BUILDINGS

3. Manor House,
Townhouse,
Farmhouse
 • CONSTRUCTION BEGUN 1029,
CONSECRATED 1040
• ONE OF THE EARLIEST SURVING
SANT VICENÇ CHURCH IN THE PROMINENT SUBSET
OF CATALAN-LOMBARD STYLE
DE CARDONA • STONE VAULT, INSTEAD OF WOOD
• EXTERIOR DECORATED WITH
ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION
AND SCULPTURE

BARREL
VAULT

TRANSVERSE
ARCH

COMPOUND
PIER

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 • IT WAS BUILT BETWEEN THE 1019 AND
1040, AND IS LOCATED IN THE CENTER
OF THE CASTLE OF CARDONA
SANTIAGO DE • EXTERIOR MASSIVE WALLS, ROUNDED
COMPOSTELLA •
ARCHES
ARTICULATION OF SPACE CLEAR ON
CATHEDRAL INTERIOR, REFLECTED BY TRANSVERSE
ARCHES
• MASONARY SAFER THAN FLAT TIMBER
ROOFS OF ROMAN PERIOD,
PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE

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 • LUND DOMKYRKA IN SWEDISH. IT
LUND WAS BUILT IN 1104-1145, AT THE
HEART OF THE OLD EPISCOPAL CITY
CATHEDRAL LUND (SWEDEN). IT IS THE OLDEST
CATHEDRAL IN SCANDINAVIA

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lund_Cathedral_2017-08-17.jpg/1200px-
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1145.jpg!Large.jpg
 DURHAM
CATHEDRAL

• RELIGIOUS BUILDING LOCATED

IN THE CITY OF DURHAM,
ENGLAND
• BUILT IN 11TH CENTURY. IT
WAS WILLIAM THE
CONQUEROR HIMSELF WHO
ORDERED THE
CONSTRUCTION, ABOUT 6
YEARS AFTER THE CONQUEST
IN THE YEAR 1072.
• IT IS AN ENGLISH
ROMANESQUE STRUCTURE. IT
IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS
NORMAN ARCHITECTURE,
SINCE IT WAS THE TIME WHEN
THE NORMANS, A MEDIEVAL
TRIBE COMING FROM
SCANDINAVIA, OCCUPIED
PA.RTS OF GREAT BRITAIN
https://th.bing.com/th/id/R67724bf28a471e5e3e4bae1043abeb49?rik=ag%2fZTDjV https://th.bing.com/th/id/R67724bf28a471e5e3e4bae1043abeb49?rik=ag%2fZTDjVPw%2bYaA&riu=h
• IT IS THE OLDEST SURVIVING Pw%2bYaA&riu=https%3a%2f%2fptop.only.wip.la%3a443%2fhttp%2f4.bp.blogspot.com%2f- ttp%3a%2f%2f4.bp.blogspot.com%2f-
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VAULTED CEILING OF SUCH A sl=&pid=ImgRaw
SANT’AMBROGIO,
MILAN

• SANT’AMBROGIO BASILICA,
BASILICA IN MILAN, ITALY, THAT IS
AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF
LOMBARD ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE. ALTHOUGH THE
CHURCH WAS ORIGINALLY BUILT
BETWEEN 379 AND 386
• THE REBUILT VAULTED NAVE AND
AISLES DATE FROM 1128,
THE ATRIUM FROM ABOUT 1050,
AND THE NARTHEX FROM 1095–
96.
• THE VAULTS OF THE AISLES
BETWEEN THE COLUMNS OF THE
SAME SIZE WITH HALF A SIDE OF
THE NAVE BETWEEN THE
COLUMNS, PILLARS ARE
SUPPORTED AND SUSTAINED
MINOR WOMEN’S GALLERY. https://th.bing.com/th/id/R315d4c62676c5554198a660c371acf6a?rik=%2fVM8l%2bB
iHQRTkw&riu=https%3a%2f%2fptop.only.wip.la%3a443%2fhttp%2fmeetitaly.it%2fwp-
content%2fuploads%2f2017%2f03%2fsant-
ambrogio.jpg&ehk=4Dv2ihP6%2f7LZiEtYaD1BZB48UyWYYqxbB7l7Vier52k%3d&risl=& https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-lh83FtbwzBE/T-
pid=ImgRaw uEqbVgfqI/AAAAAAAAAX4/LEDhPcLSVpg/s640/DSCN7989.JPG
 • CASTEL DEL MONTE IS A 13TH-
CENTURY CITADEL AND CASTLE
SITUATED ON A HILL IN ANDRIA IN THE
APULIA REGION OF SOUTHEAST ITALY.
IT WAS BUILT DURING THE 1240S BY
CASTEL DEL THE EMPEROR FREDERICK II, WHO
HAD INHERITED THE LANDS FROM HIS
MONTE MOTHER CONSTANCE OF SICILY
• THE SITE IS OF OUTSTANDING
UNIVERSAL VALUE IN ITS FORMAL
PERFECTION AND ITS HARMONIOUS
BLENDING OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS
FROM NORTHERN EUROPE

https://th.bing.com/th/id/R726b06316ef3d46a0f96e88a490f0324?rik=FbmpKv9g8V3xRw&riu=https%3a%2f%2fptop.only.wip.la%3a443%2fhttp%2fwww.billsargent.com.au%2ftra
vels%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2017%2f07%2f20170630_Castel-Del-
Monte3.jpg&ehk=zCbMMUggQYcRt6zAfkVQVnwpJZt9wOkyqno57mU6fAY%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fa/8b/46/fa8b46859810044e252849db474d0e84.jpg