UNIT 7:

First Aid Basics, Guidelines, and Procedures

Table of Contents

Introduction 2

Lesson 1: First Aid Principles 4

Learning Targets 4
Health Check 4
Learn about It! 5
Check Your Understanding 11
Health Care 12

Lesson 2: Use of Dressing and Bandages 13

Learning Targets 13
Health Check 13
Learn about It! 14
Check Your Understanding 22
Health Care 23

Lesson 3: Transporting the Victim 25

Learning Targets 25
Health Check 25
Learn about It! 26
Check Your Understanding 32
Health Care 33

Pro-health Challenge 34

Self-Check 36

Bibliography 38

Glossary 39

1
GRADE 9

UNIT 7
First Aid Basics, Guidelines, and
Procedures

Fig. 1. An ambulance.
Source: Makizox, 2016 Fiat Ducato 42 Maxi West Midlands Ambulance Service 3.0, CC BY-SA 4.0

Introduction
Certain situations lead to accidents and events that can pose a threat to the safety of
people. These emergencies require proper knowledge of first aid to deal with for everyone
involved not to have any threats to their safety.

This unit focuses on what first aid is, the roles and responsibilities of a first aider, and some
commonly-used methods for bandaging and victim transport.

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3
Lesson 1: First Aid Principles
Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● discuss basic information about first aid (principles, roles, responsibilities, and
characteristics of a good aider);
● demonstrate the conduct of a primary and secondary survey of the victim; and
● assess emergencies for unintentional injuries.

Health Check
What is First Aid?

Materials
● chalk
● illustration board

Procedure
1. Divide your class into groups with a minimum of at least three members each, and
make sure there is an even number of groups in the class. Each group should have a
piece of chalk and illustration board.
2. Your group will be given 2 minutes to write a minimum of 5 words or statements that
come to mind when you hear the word “first aid.”
3. After the words have been written, rank the words based on how closely related they
are to first aid. Write the ranking down on the illustration board.
4. Pair up with another group and discuss your rankings.

Guide Questions
1. What is first aid? Why is it important?
2. How is first aid performed when you see it done on TV or in the movies?

4
 Learn about It!
First Aid
Many accidents or emergencies happen, and medical
help is often not immediately available in these
situations. Performing first aid, if done correctly, in these
cases can help decrease further injuries and the chances
of mortalities in the victims.

First aid is the care given to an injured or sick person in the absence of immediate medical
attention until it arrives at the scene for more long-term assistance.

First aid can be done on injuries, on sick people, and anyone needing immediate medical
attention. This can reduce the chances of further medical emergencies from happening, and
can help make the situation better for the victim.

Fig. 2. A soldier performing first aid.

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Roles and Responsibilities of a Good Aider
Only the performance of proper first aid can help make the situation better for the victims.
As such, a first aider has specific roles and responsibilities to make this possible. Some of
these are the following:
● Protect the people involved.
● Assess the situation.
● Perform proper first aid.
● Prevent infections from happening. An infection occurs when pathogens get into an
injured area, like a wound. A pathogen is an agent that can cause disease, and
common examples are bacteria and viruses. The first aider must make sure that no
infections happen.
● Comfort the victim.
● Call for help.

Primary and Secondary Survey of the Victim

Some steps must be taken to assess the status of the victim accurately. These are known as
the primary and secondary surveys.

Primary Survey
The primary survey is a way of knowing any urgent medical concerns for the victim. There
is a series of steps in the primary survey that will allow the aider to assess any conditions
that are immediately life threatening to the victim.

The steps to assess the victim can be abbreviated into the mnemonic DRSABCD. This
mnemonic stands for the following:
● D for danger. The first step involves checking for any immediate danger to the victim,
to the aider, or anyone in the vicinity. The aider has to make sure that there is no
immediate danger before coming to the victim’s aid.
● R for response. This involves checking if the victim is conscious and responding.
● S for send for help. Sending and calling for help is crucial since the aim of first aid is
to provide immediate support, and more long-term medical care should be called.
● A for airway. This involves checking if the victim’s airways are blocked. Blocked
airways can lead to labored breathing.

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 ● B for breathing. Checking for the victim’s breathing comes after. Common ways of
checking involve looking for chest movements, checking a person’s mouth and nostrils
for any air exiting them, and monitoring regular breathing.
● C for CPR. CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a method to restore responses in
a victim. It involves pressing on the victim’s chest and compressing and restoring air to
the victim.
● D for defibrillator. A defibrillator is a device that uses electricity to restore the heart’s
beating. This is used in situations where a victim’s heartbeat becomes dangerously
irregular or when it completely stops.

Fig. 3. A defibrillator.
Source: Ernstl, Defibrillator Monitor, CC BY-SA 2.5

Secondary Survey
After the primary survey, the secondary survey is conducted to get an idea of the victims’
other health conditions. Any conditions that are related to the emergency, as well as any
past circumstances, are taken into account and surveyed.

The secondary survey can be summarized with the mnemonic SAMPLE.

● S for signs and symptoms. Self explanatory, this step involves checking for relevant
signs or symptoms related to the emergency.
● A for allergies. This involves checking for the victim’s allergic reactions and allergy
history.

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 ● M for medications. The victim’s regular regimen of medicines should also be checked
since this can give an insight into the conditions of the victim.
● P for past medical history. This is a survey of any existing or previous medical
conditions that the victim has had.
● L for last intake. This involves checking for the victim’s last meal, as it may have
triggered any negative reactions.
● E for events leading to the situation. This checks for the series of events that may
have led to the emergency.

Fig. 4. Checking what medicines the victim regularly takes is part of the secondary survey.
Source: Pöllö, Tablets pills medicine medical waste, CC BY 3.0

Assessing Emergencies for Unintentional Injuries

Unintentional injuries are some of the leading causes of adverse health effects, and
sometimes even death. The proper assessment of emergencies and situations that arise
from accidental injuries is necessary to minimize the risks involved.

Assess Your Capabilities

The first aider must first assess his or her capabilities before coming to someone else’s aid.
Some considerations to note are the following:
● Am I physically prepared to help?
● Do I know enough to be able to help?
● Am I mentally prepared to perform first aid?

8
Assess the Environment
The safety of the environment must also be noted before first aid is performed. The first
aider must put his or her safety before the victims’, as the aider can potentially become a
victim that may get in the way of a medical operation.

Some things to note about the environment include present and potential hazards, anything
that can harm the aider or any bystanders, and the like.

Assess the Situation

The events that led to the situation, as well as any possible consequences that the event
may have should also be properly assessed. What was the cause of the emergency? How did
it come about? How did the victims get injured? Is there a chance that more people could get
hurt? These are some questions that the first aider needs to assess.

Assess the Victim

Most importantly, the first aider must be able to assess the status of the victims, any threats
to their lives, and be able to prioritize giving aid to those whose help is needed more. After
an assessment, the first aider must then be able to follow the proper steps to reduce injuries
to the victims.

Fig. 5. Assessing the safety of the environment is necessary for a successful rescue.

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10
 Check Your Understanding

A. Identify what is being described by the statements below.

1. These are disease-causing agents.

2. This happens when #1 gets into a wound.
3. This refers to the care given to an injured person immediately after an incident
occurs.
4. This is a way of knowing and assessing the immediate medical concerns of the
victim.
5. This comes after #4 and is a way of assessing the victim’s medical history.
6. This is what CPR stands for.
7. This is a device that uses electricity to restore the heart’s proper rhythm.
8. This is the mnemonic for #4.
9. This is the mnemonic for #5.
10. These are some of the most common disease-causing agents.

B. Write true if the statement is correct, and false if it is not.

1. The first aider must put the safety of the victim above his or her own.
2. First aid can replace long-term medical care.
3. Improper first aid can do more harm than good in some situations.
4. The primary survey aims to assess the situation that led to the victim’s injury.
5. The secondary survey assesses the victim’s medical history.

Answer the following questions.

1. Why is the primary survey necessary?

2. What is the significance of doing the secondary survey?
3. Why must the first aider prioritize his or her safety above the victim?

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 4. What are examples of situations where the first aider must not perform first aid?
5. Why should calling for medical help be one of the first steps that an aider must do?

Health Care

Quick Write

Find a partner, and each of you will pick one of the following, with no duplicates:
● the importance of assessing your capabilities before first aid;
● the importance of assessing the situation before first aid.

Answer the following questions on your own, based on which problem above that you
picked:
1. This assessment is necessary because ______________________.
2. Failure to properly assess this can cause ____________________.
3. Things to watch out for during assessment include ____________________.
4. Doing this assessment properly involves ____________________.

Share your answers with your partner afterward.

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Lesson 2: Use of Dressing and Bandages

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● discuss the function of dressing and bandages;
● explain the principles of the wound dressing; and
● demonstrate appropriate bandaging techniques for unintentional injuries.

Health Check
Act It Out: First Aid

Procedure:
1. Divide your class into groups. Each group should have at least five members.
2. You are to act out the assessment of the safety of performing first aid in the following
situations:
● vehicle fire;
● earthquake;
● stampede;
● any situation of your choice.
3. Make sure that specific roles are assigned to your groupmates.
4. The skit should last no more than 5 minutes.

Guide Questions:
1. What are situations to watch out for?
2. How can these pose a threat to the rescuer, the victims, and the bystanders?

13
 Learn about It!
Bandages and Dressing
Bandages and dressings can be used for protecting
injured body parts or setting them so that they do not
move as much, as movement can sometimes lead to
more injuries. Dressings, in particular, can also be used
for covering wounds and injuries to prevent infections
and further bleeding.

Generally, bandages are classified based on the fold. The most basic unfolded dressing is
the triangular bandage, with the tip with the larger angle known as the apex.

Folding the apex down once makes a broad fold bandage, and folding the upper end of the
broad fold down makes a narrow fold bandage.

Fig. 6. The folds of a bandage.

https://www.hatraining.com/first-aid/bandages-and-slings/

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Compression wraps are also useful for some types of injuries. A compression wrap is a type
of bandage that can help suppress swelling. These are commonly used for sprains.

Alternatives
If a bandage or dressing is not immediately available, some alternatives may be used. Some
of these include the following:

● A clean piece of tissue paper and some tape or adhesive can be used for covering
wounds.
● A clean strip of cloth can be used as a bandage.
● A sock with the tips cut off can be used as an emergency bandage for the wrist and
ankles.
● A flat piece of wood can be used as a splint for broken or dislocated bones.
● Adhesive tapes can be used for setting splints and cloth bandages in an emergency.
● Feminine pads can be used as an emergency wound dressing since they can soak up
blood efficiently.

Bandaging Techniques
There are several bandaging techniques based on where the injury is located. Some of these
include the following:

For the Forehead

Forehead injuries may sometimes require emergency bandaging to properly manage the
injury while waiting for medical help. The steps for forehead bandaging include:
1. The center of the broad fold bandage should be on the injured area on the forehead.
2. Wrap both ends of the bandage at the back of the head, and bring them back to the
front.
3. Bring the ends close to the injured area.
4. Knot the ends, but make sure it is neither too tight or too loose, just enough to set the
bandages.

For the Ears, Cheeks, and Jaw

An injury to the ears, cheeks, or a dislocated jaw need to be protected before medical help
arrives. The following steps can be used:

15
1. Fold the triangular bandage into a large fold. Place the center of bandage on top of
the injury.
2. Bring the two ends of the bandage to the opposite side of the injury by wrapping the
bandage around the head. Make sure that one side passes on top of the head, and
the other under the chin.
3. Bring the two ends together and cross them so that one end goes to the back of the
head and the other to the forehead.

Fig. 7. Crossing the bandage.

http://basiclifesaving.org/ear-or-cheek-bandage-application/

4. Bring both ends to the opposite side of the head by allowing one end to pass behind
the head and the other in front of the forehead. Do not cover the eyes.
5. Knot the ends above the ear.

Fig. 8. End product.

http://basiclifesaving.org/ear-or-cheek-bandage-application/

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Burned Hands or Feet
Hand burns should be protected from the outside environment to prevent infections. The
following steps should be taken in bandaging a burned hand:
1. Place a triangular bandage on a flat surface. The affected side should be placed in the
center of the open bandage.
2. Bring the upper tip of the bandage to the forearm and cover the hand. Leave one inch
of space above the tips of the fingers when folding.

Fig. 9. Covering the hand and folding.

http://basiclifesaving.org/hand-or-foot-bandage-for-burns/

3. Bring and fold the bandage on the left-hand and right-hand side to the sides of the
hand.
4. Get the fold on each side and bring them up without moving the hand. Cross them to
the opposite side.

Fig. 10. Crossing the bandage to the opposite sides.

http://basiclifesaving.org/hand-or-foot-bandage-for-burns/

17
 5. Wrap each fold around the wrist downwards, then wrap them back upwards above
the wrist.
6. Knot the ends and make sure that the knot is not too tight. Tuck away the ends of the
knot.
7. Loosen the bandage around the palm area.

Fig. 11. End product.

http://basiclifesaving.org/hand-or-foot-bandage-for-burns/

Sprained Ankle
A compression wrap should be used for wrapping a sprained ankle to help manage the
swelling. The following steps can be done:
1. Position the foot at a 90-degree angle, and the wrapping should begin at the place
where the bones of the toes meet the bones of the foot itself.
2. Start wrapping from the side of the foot, and wrap one around the ball of the injured
foot.

Fig. 12. Wrapping the ball of the foot.

https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/zm2802

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 3. Wrap again, and wrap your way towards the heel. Before the curvature, wrap it
around the ankle in a figure-8 manner.

Fig. 13. The figure-8 wrap.

https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/zm2802

4. Continue wrapping in front of the heel and fasten the ends.

Injuries to the Arm

For an injury to the upper arm, the following steps can be done to create a sling:
1. Place the hand of the injured arm near the opposite shoulder, crossing the torso.
2. Place the apex of the triangular bandage at the elbow of the injured arm. The
bandage itself should be under the arm and touching the torso.

Fig. 14.A bandage placed against the torso and the arm.
http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-techniques/how-to-make-an-arm-sling.aspx

19
3. Bring the bottom part of the bandage upwards.

Fig. 15. Folding the bandage upwards.

http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-techniques/how-to-make-an-arm-sling.aspx

4. Knot the ends above the collarbone. Adjust the sling.

Fig. 16. End product.

http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-techniques/how-to-make-an-arm-sling.aspx

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Principles of Wound Dressing
When applying dressings for covering wounds, the first aider must always make sure that
the dressing is sterile and free from dirt and other agents that can infect the wound. There
are also some other principles that must always be kept in mind.

● Careful Handling. Careful handling of the body part where the wound is found is
necessary, as rough handling can aggravate the bleeding in the wound. Proper
pressure can also be applied to the injury to stem the bleeding depending on how
deep the wound is. The primary concerns of a first aider are to stop bleeding and
prevent infections of the wound.

● Bandage or Dressing Size. The dressing should also be of an appropriate size, which
is slightly larger than the size of the wound itself. This ensures than the adhesive used
to stick the bandage on does not get to the injury. Adhesives on wounds can be
painful when removed, and may even make the bleeding worse or get in the way of
healing.

● Bandage or Dressing Fit. The fit of the bandage or dressing should not be too tight
as to cut off circulation to the affected body part, nor too loose to not allow proper
covering or proper pressure to be applied onto the affected area.

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Check Your Understanding

A. Arrange the following steps of wrapping a burned hand.

1. Place a triangular bandage on a flat surface.

2. Bring the upper tip of the bandage to the forearm and cover the hand.
3. Get the fold on each side and bring them up without moving the hand and
cross them to the opposite side.
4. Knot the ends and make sure that the knot is not too tight.
5. Loosen the bandage around the palm area.
6. Place the hand on the triangular bandage.
7. Bring and fold the bandage on the left-hand and right-hand side to the sides
of the hand.

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 8. Wrap each fold around the wrist downwards, then wrap them back upwards
above the wrist.
9. Tuck away the ends of the knot.

B. Write true if the statement is correct, and false if it is not.

1. A narrow bandage has more folds compared to a triangular bandage.

2. A compression wrap is commonly used on swollen body parts.
3. A triangular bandage should be used for making a sling for an injured arm.
4. A broad fold bandage is only folded once.
5. There are no alternatives to bandages.
6. Rough wound handling can make the bleeding worse.

Answer the following questions.

1. Why are bandages a necessary part of a first aid kit?

2. Why are compression wraps used for swollen body parts?
3. How is a triangular bandage versatile in terms of use?
4. Why should the eyes not be covered in ear, cheek, and jaw bandaging?
5. Why should a burned body part be covered?

Health Care
Charades
For this activity, regroup with the classmates that you were with for the warm-up activity.
You will be playing a game of charades.

Designate one member as the “actor.” The actor will choose from one of the following words
and must use actions to describe it without using any words. The other members must
guess which word is being acted out. The choices are the following:
● arm sling ● sprained ankle ● dislocated jaw
● hand burn ● ear injury ● forehead injury

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Each groupmate is only given two guesses. After the action is correctly guessed, the
groupmates that did not guess correctly must demonstrate the proper way of bandaging
these injuries.

Repeat this activity until all groupmates have acted.

1. Why are bandages necessary for each of these situations?
2. What can be used in place of a bandage if it is not available?

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Lesson 3: Transporting the Victim

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● demonstrate proper techniques in carrying and transporting the victim of
unintentional injuries.

Health Check
Mind Map: Transport During Emergencies
Find a partner for this activity. Follow the steps below.

Procedure:

1. Form a group with a minimum of four members each.

2. Fold a piece of paper in half. On the left side, write the word “emergencies” at the
center. Write the word “transport” at the center of the right side.
3. Write ten words on the left side of the paper related to the word “emergencies.” Do
the same for the other side of the paper, with the words related to “transport.”
4. Think of 5 words or ideas related to both “transport” and “emergencies” and write
them in the middle of the paper.

Guide Questions:

1. Why is transport needed during emergencies?

2. What can happen if proper transport is not done?

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 Learn about It!

Transport After First Aid

There are cases when a victim must be transported away
from danger or transported for more accessible medical
attention.

Devices for transporting victims, like stretchers, are not always available. This means that
rescuers must be well-versed in how to transport victims.

Significance
Proper technique is needed to properly transport the victims without aggravating their
injuries. Many drag and carry techniques involve assessing the status of the victim and the
environment to properly transport the victim safely.

Drag techniques involve pulling the victim through the ground, while carry techniques
involve lifting the victim for transport. Each of these techniques has their situations that they
are ideal for, advantages, and disadvantages.

Things to Watch Out For

Some of the things that a rescuer has to watch out for before transporting the victim are the
following:
● The terrain and environment should be surveyed, as many drag techniques cannot be
used on a bumpy ground.
● The distance that the victim should be transported should also be taken into account
since some transport techniques are more tiring compared to the others.
● The consciousness of the victim is also important as some techniques can only be
used on conscious victims.
● The injuries of the victim should be taken into account since some techniques are
somewhat bumpier to use compared to others, which can aggravate an injury.

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One-Person Transport
Some drag and carry techniques that can be performed by one rescuer include the
following:

One Person Carry

This method is performed on a light person by putting one hand under the victim’s knees,
and another supporting the back.

Ankle Drag
This method is also known as ankle pull, and should not be used on a bumpy ground. It can
be performed using the following steps:
1. Grab the victim’s ankle or pants at the ankle area.
2. Pull by using your legs while keeping your back straight.
3. Make sure that the victim’s head is intact. Beware of any bumps on the ground.

Fig. 17. The ankle drag method.

https://adminopsnet.usc.edu/sites/default/files/all_departments/FireSafetyEmergPlanning/CERTLiftsandCarries.pdf

Pack Strap Carry

This method is easier for carrying a victim over longer distances.
1. Both arms of the victim should be placed around your shoulders and cross them.
2. Grab the opposite wrists and place them close to your chest.
3. Do a slight squat and push your hips outward and into the victim.
4. Place the weight on your hips and balance the weight on your body while supporting
the victim.

27
 Fig. 18. The pack strap carry.
US Navy
(https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/First_aid/Pack_strap_carry#/media/File:Pack_
strap_carry.jpg), Pack_strap_carry.jpg, Public domain

Blanket Pull
As the name implies, a blanket is needed for this transport method.
1. Roll the victim onto a blanket, face up. Make sure the head is around 2 feet away from
the blanket’s edge.
2. Wrap the corners of the blanket around the person.
3. Pull the blanket by using your legs while keeping your back straight.

Fig. 19. The blanket pull method.

https://adminopsnet.usc.edu/sites/default/files/all_departments/FireSafetyEmergPlanning/CERTLiftsandCarries.pdf

28
Two-Person Carry
The following are some of the methods that two rescuers can use:

Two-Handed Seat Carry

This method can carry unconscious or barely-conscious victims over long distances.
1. Both rescuers should face each other while placing a hand on each other’s shoulders.
The right hand of one rescuer should be on the left shoulder of the other rescuer,
while the left hand of the other rescuer should be on the right shoulder of the first
rescuer.
2. The unused hand of both rescuers should grasp each others’ wrists.
3. Both rescuers should squat slightly, and allow the victim to sit on the arms grasping
the wrists, and the back should be supported by the arms gripping the shoulders.

Fig. 20. The two-handed seat carry.

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Four-Handed Seat Carry
This method should only be used on a conscious victim.
1. Grasp your right wrist with your left hand. The other rescuer does the same.
2. Grasp the other rescuer’s left wrist. The other rescuer does the same.
3. The result should be square-shaped support.
4. The victim sits on this support and rests each arm on the rescuers while being carried.

Fig. 21. The four-handed seat carry.

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Chair Carry
Only sturdy chairs with a minimal chance of breaking should be used in this method.
1. Make the victim sit down on the chair.
2. The rescuer behind the victim grasps both sides of the back of the chair, and the
rescuer in front grasps both front feet of the chair.
3. The chair should be tilted so that the back part is lower. Carry the victim to the
direction where he or she is facing.

Fig. 22. The chair carry.

https://adminopsnet.usc.edu/sites/default/files/all_departments/FireSafetyEmergPlanning/CERTLiftsandCarries.pdf

Three-Man Carry
A method of carrying a victim using three rescuers is the three-man carry.
1. The victim should lie down, face up.
2. One rescuer kneels near the shoulders and head. The other should be near the waist,
and the last should be near the feet. All rescuers should be in one line on one side of
the victim.
3. All rescuers lift the victim at the same time and place the victim on their knees. The
rescuer at the head area should take charge in synchronizing the lift.
4. All rescuers rotate the victim at the same time so that the victim is facing the torsos of
the rescuers. Both hands are placed under the victim. The head should be supported
by one hand.
5. All rescuers stand at the same time.

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Check Your Understanding

A. Arrange the following steps of the three-man carry.

1. All rescuers rotate the victim at the same time so that the victim is facing the
torsos of the rescuers.
2. All rescuers should kneel in one line on one side of the victim.
3. All rescuers stand at the same time.
4. All rescuers lift the victim at the same time and place the victim on their
knees.
5. The victim should lie down, face up.

B. Arrange the following steps of the blanket pull.

1. Wrap the corners of the blanket around the person.

2. Roll the victim onto a blanket, face up. Make sure the head is around 2 feet
away from the blanket’s edge.
3. Pull the blanket by using your legs while keeping your back straight.

C. Write true if the statement is correct, and false if it is not.

1. Any chair can be used for the chair carry.

2. The four-handed seat carry should only be used on an unconscious victim.

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 3. The two-handed carry can be used on an unconscious victim.
4. The pack strap carry is ideal for long distances.
5. The ankle pull should not be used on a bumpy ground.

Answer the following questions.

1. Why should the four-handed seat carry only be done on a conscious victim?
2. Why should the one person carry only be performed on lighter victims?
3. Why is the two-handed seat carry ideal for unconscious victims?
4. Why is the ankle drag method should never be used on a bumpy ground?
5. Why should the direction of the chair carry be to wherever the victim is facing?

Health Care

Charades
Group yourselves into groups of 6 for this activity.

Designate two members as the “actors.” The actors will choose from one of the following
words and must use actions to describe it without using any words. The other members
must guess which word is being acted out. The choices are the following:
● ankle drag ● two-handed seat carry
● pack strap carry ● four-handed seat carry
● blanket pull

Each groupmate is only given two guesses. After the action is correctly guessed, the
groupmates that did not guess correctly must identify the situations when these methods
become necessary.

Repeat this activity until all pairs have acted.

1. What is the significance of knowing different transport methods?
2. What should be assessed to know which transport method to use?

33
 Pro-health Challenge
A Video on Transport and Bandaging

Goal
Your goal is to create a video that shows one method of transporting a victim, and one
method of bandaging an injury.

Role
You are students who are aware of the proper methods of bandaging and transporting
victims, and you wish to share this knowledge with the public.

Audience
Your audience will include the members of the school community.

Situation
Everyone needs to always be prepared for emergencies, and knowing bandaging methods
and transport methods is a good way of being ready.

Performance
Choose one bandaging method one transport method discussed in this unit. You are to
create a video that focuses on the following:
● when to use the methods;
● how to perform the methods; and
● things to watch out for, while performing the methods.

Make your video clear, concise, informative, and creative.

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Standard
Your work will be judged on the following criteria:

Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score

(0-12 points) (13-16 (17-20 points)
points)

Content
(Focus on details/events are
clearly evident; it is clearly
related to the topic.)

Organization
(Logical progression of
details/events; clear
transitions between ideas.)

Language
(spelling, mechanics,
grammar, and usage)

Accuracy of methods

Creativity

Accessibility and clarity of

information

Key Guide Question

What are the different methods for bandaging and transporting victims, and when
should they be used?

Reflective Questions
1. What is the significance of bandaging and transporting a victim?
2. Why should the situation be assessed?
3. What are things to watch out for, while doing the methods?

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 Self-Check
Check I can…

Identify the roles and responsibilities of a first aider.

Explain the significance of primary and secondary assessment.

Practice primary and secondary assessment.

Properly perform bandaging and victim transport techniques.

Demonstrate proper judgment on when to use bandaging and victim

transport methods.

Reflect

I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________.

I got ____ checks because _______________________________________________________.
I need to improve on _______________________because _____________________________.
I need to practice _________________________ because _____________________________.
I plan to _____________________________________________________________________ .

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 Wrap Up

Transport Method Number of When to Use

Rescuers
One-man carry 1 For lighter victims
Blanket pull 1 If a blanket is available, ground is not bumpy
Pack strap carry 1 For transporting over longer distances
Ankle pull 1 If ground is not bumpy
Two-hand carry 2 For unconscious victims, transport over long
distances
Four-hand carry 2 For conscious victims, transport over long
distances
Chair carry 2 If a sturdy chair is available
Three-man carry 3 If there are enough rescuers

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 Bibliography
n.d. Basic Lifesaving Solutions: Ear or Cheek Bandage Application.
http://basiclifesaving.org/ear-or-cheek-bandage-application/.
n.d. Basic Lifesaving Solutions: Forehead Bandage Application.
http://basiclifesaving.org/forehead-bandage-application/.
n.d. Basic Lifesaving Solutions: Hand or Foot Bandage for Burns.
http://basiclifesaving.org/hand-or-foot-bandage-for-burns/.
n.d. CHEMM: Primary Survey and Secondary Survey.
https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/appendix8.htm.
Eisenburger, P, and P Safar. 1999. "Life supporting first aid training of the
public—review and recommendations." Resuscitation 3-18.
n.d. HA First Aid Training: Bandages and Slings.
https://www.hatraining.com/first-aid/bandages-and-slings/.
n.d. Health Link British Columbia: Applying a Compression Wrap for a Sprained Ankle.
https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/zm2802.
Miles, S. 1969. "Aspects of Emergency Care." British Medical Journal 485-487.
n.d. St. John Ambulance: How to make an arm sling.
http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-techniques/how-to-make-an-
arm-sling.aspx.
n.d. St. John Ambulance: The Primary Survey.
http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/what-to-do-as-a-first-aider/the-primar
y-survey.aspx.
n.d. St. John Ambulance: The Role of a First Aider.
http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/what-to-do-as-a-first-aider/the-role-of-
a-first-aider.aspx.
n.d. USC Administrative Operations: Lifts and Carries.
https://adminopsnet.usc.edu/sites/default/files/all_departments/FireSafetyEme
rgPlanning/CERTLiftsandCarries.pdf.
n.d. Victoria State Government: First Aid Basics and DRSABCD.
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/first-aid-b
asics-and-drsabcd.

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 Glossary
A broad fold bandage is done by folding the apex down once in a triangular bandage.

First aid is the care given to an injured or sick person in the absence of immediate medical
care until said medical care arrives at the scene for more long-term assistance.

A narrow fold bandage is made by folding the upper end of the broad fold down.

One-person transport methods involve transporting a victim with a lone rescuer.

The primary survey is a series of steps that will allow the aider to assess any conditions that
are immediately life-threatening to the victim.

The secondary survey is conducted after the primary survey in order to get an idea of the
victims’ other health conditions.

Three-person transport methods involve transporting a victim with three rescuers.

A triangular bandage is a basic unfolded bandage that is triangular in shape.

Two-person transport methods involve transporting a victim with two rescuers.

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