BUILDING UTILITIES 1

FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

UTILITIES 22 PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING

These are infrastructures provided to consumers 1. All premises intended for human use or habitation
that are sometimes considered to be ‘public’ shall provide a supply of pure and wholesome water,
services. neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject
to backflow or back-siphonage.

They are supplied to the public and are essential for 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall
the normal functioning of society. Normally, it comes be supplied with water in sufficient volumes and
under some form of public control. pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and
without undue noise.
Generally considered to include:
3. Plumbing shall designed and adjusted to use the
• Electricity minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
• Gas performance and cleaning.
• Water
• Sewage 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be
• Communication Services designed and installed to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.

BUILDING UTILITIES 5. Every building abutting on a street, alley, or easement

with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing
This means ‘covered equipment’ permanently fixtures to the sewer system.
mounted/installed on or in a building. Provide the
following services within a building: 6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one
water closet, one kitchen-type sink, a lavatory, and a
• Heating bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of
• Ventilating sanitation and personal hygiene.
• Air Conditioning
• Electrical Power 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-
absorbent material, free from concealed fouling
• Hot Water
surfaces, and shall be located in ventilation
• Elevator/Escalator Services enclosures.
• Central Vaccum
• Natural Gas Services/Communication 8. The drainage system shall be designed,
constructed, and maintained to safeguard against
WELL DESIGN BUILDING = fouling, a deposit of solids, clogging, and inadequate
cleanouts so the arrangement of pipes may be readily
VITRUVIAN TRIAD
cleaned.

Venustas - Beauty (Human) 9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-Approved

materials, free from defective workmanship,
Fermitas - Strength (Skeletal System) designed and constructed by Registered Master
Utilitas - Utilities (Nervous System) Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage 17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable
system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. provisions shall be made for the disposal of building
sewage by some accepted method of sewage
11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
designed to provide adequate circulation of air free
from siphonage aspiration or forcing of trap seals 18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be
under ordinary use. subjected to backflow of sewage, suitable provision
shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and be
installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in
the building. serviceable condition by Registered Master
Plumbers.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage
system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly
spaced to be accessible for their intended use.
11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be
designed to provide adequate circulation of air free 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
from siphonage aspiration or forcing of trap seals preservation of the strength of structural members
under ordinary use. and the prevention of damage to walls and other
surfaces through fixture usage.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and be
installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to 22. Sewage or other waste from the plumbing system
the building. that may be deleterious to the surface or sub-surface
waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such any waterway unless first rendered innocuous through
tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
the workmanship

14. Substances that will clog the pipes produce COMPONENTS

explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints, or • Water Distribution System
interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process • Fire Protection System
shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage • Plumbing Fixtures
system. • Sanitary Drainage System
• Storm Drainage System
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
• Fuel Gas Piping System
contamination of food, water, sterile, goods, and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device, or appliances shall be connected
indirectly to the building drainage system.

16. No water closet shall be located in a room or

compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

WATER CYCLE
SUPPLY

THE PLUMBING CYCLE WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION

These are networks whose edges and noes are

pressure pipes and either pipe junctions water sources
or end-users, respectively.

Their function is to provide end-users with potable

water with a sufficient pressure level. A WSS can be
decomposed into hierarchically arranged tires.

Sources
METHODS OF WDS LAYOUT
Angat Dam - Angat reservoir and dam are located 38
DISTRIBUTION
• Dead-end System
kilometers north of Metro Manila at the Angat River in
San Lorenzo, Norzagaray, Bulacan. Has ending. The water doesn’t flow continuously. The
pipe network is divided into several sub-networks:
To supply the domestic and industrial water Mainline
requirements of residents in Metro Manila. Subline
Branch line
To provide irrigation to shout 31,000 hectares of land in Service Connection. Also considered as a ‘Tree System’.
20 municipalities and towns in Pampanga and Bulacan. Advantages:
Pipes can laid easily.
To generate hydroelectric power to feed the Luzon grid.
Discharge in pipes can be determined very easily and
To reduce flooding in downstream towns and villages.
accurately. Cheaper than other systems.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

Disadvantaged PVC Pipes

Pressure isn’t constant
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes are commonly used as part of
Causes of disposition of sediments.
a sink, toilet, or shower drain line.
Limited discharge is available for firefighting
PPR Pipes
• Grid Iron Water Distribution System Polypropylene Random Copolymer Pipes are plastic-
type pipes. Made of polypropylene and ethylene
Contain
copolymers. Important solution in modern plumbing
Mainline
when matched to cold galvanized pipes for all hot water
Sub Mains Branch Lines.
Water is not stagnant systems.
Advantages CPVC Pipes
Water flows continuously without sediment and dead
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes can be created by
ends. Head loss is minimal.
adding chlorine to PVC Piping.
Disadvantage
Pipes should be big in diameter and long in length. PEX Pipes
Can be determined the discharge. Cross-linked Polyethylene. Affordable and flexible
plastic tubing is commonly used for water supply lines.
• Ring Water Distribution System
ABS Pipes
Also called the ‘Circular System’ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Pipe is similar to PVC
Advantages Pipes. Black color is the color of ABS Pipes.
No stagnation of water and has consistent pressure
Repair works can be done without affecting the larger Copper Pipes
network Can last upwards of 50 years and is commonly found in
A large quantity of water is available for firefighting sinks, showers, tubs, and other fixtures. Costly than
Disadvantages other pipes.
Need large diameter and longer pipes.
More number of cutoff valves are necessary PARTS OF COLD WATER DWS
Skilled workers are necessary for laying pipes.

• Radial System Service Pipes

Pipes from street to building serve.
The whole area is divided into small distribution
districts or zones. Individual distribution. Water Meter
Advantages A device used to measure in liters or gallons.
Water distribution with high velocity and high pressure.
Disadvantages Horizontal Supply Main
More pricey. Principal water distribution from water from tranches
and risers to fixtures.

TYPES OF PLUMBING PIPES Risers

Water supply pipes extend vertically.
Cast Iron and Galvanized Pipes
Rarely included in new construction but mostly can be Fixture Branch
found in homes built in the 20th century. It is incredibly The pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water
distribution pipe.
durable. Typically used as sewer pipes
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

Controls and Valves DEFECTS IN WDS

Use for control repair and isolation of the water
distribution system. Storage tanks
Water Hammer Faucets in the lower levels are shut
off.
TYPES OF COLD WATER DWS
Back Siphonage Also known as black flow. Water
pressure is not consistent. Caused by not properly
• Upfeed System angled piping.
Direct Upfeed Water is provided by the city Expansion/Contraction Pipes expand and contract
water companies using normal pressure from due to changes in temperature.
the public water main.
Advantages: Eliminate extra cost for pumps. Friction Head Loss When liquid flows through the
Disadvantages: Affected during peak. pipe makes contracts to the pipe enclosure.

• Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)

When pressure supplied by city water is not VALVES, FITTINGS AND FIXTURES
strong.
Advantages: With compact pumping
Disadvantages: Water Supply is affected by Function of Valves
power interruption.
Control of the water system.
Start or shut down a system.
• Downfeed System (Overhead) or Gravity Regulate Pressure.
System Check Backflow.
Water is pumped into the large tank on top and Control the direction of water.
distributed by gravity.
Advantages: Not affected by power
interruption. Disadvantages: Occupy valuable Rules Regarding Location of Valves
spaces. Locate and distribute valves in such a manner that
they can isolate a certain section of the network in
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER case of system breakdown (before each branch).
SYSTEM Upfeed System and Gravity Return System Locate valves where they are not too visible while
remaining accessible to users.

• Upfeed System and Gravity Return System

With a continuing network of pipes to provide TYPES OF VALVES
consistent circulation of water.
• Downfeed and Gravity Return System Hot
waters rises on to the highest point of the • Gate Valve
a.k.a ‘Full-way Valve’.
plumbing systems and travels to the fixtures
Use to completely close or open the water
via gravity (closed pipe system).
line. Doesn’t control the flow of water. The
first valve is where the water supply flows.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

CONSIDERATION IN CHOOSING MATERIALS

• Globe Valve
Can reduce water pressure. Controls the flow • Quality and durability.
of the water. Only one side of the valve is inlet. • Resistance to external and internal contact
Plug Type Disc Valve - For throttling with foreign matters.
Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type) - For • Resistance to acid waste and other chemical
shutting elements that will pass into it. Cost of
Composition Disc Valve - For steam and hot materials and labor.
water

PIPES AND FITTINGS

• Check Valve
To prevent backflow. After of pump
Swing Check Valve - Typical • Coupling/ Socket Short Length. Used to join
Lift Check Valve -Pressurize Vertical Check longer pipes.
Valve • Extension piece/nipple
Horizontal Check Valve • Reducer Allows for a change in pipe size to
meet flow requirements/to adapt to existing
• Foot Valve piping.
Located at the lower end of the pumps. To • Reducing Elbow Used to join two pieces of
prevent loss of priming. pipes.
• Male Adaptor Thread inside
• Safety • Female Adaptor Thread inside
Valve • 45 Degrees Street Elbow
Used in water systems, heating systems, and • 90 Degrees Street Elbow
compressed air lines. Need an excessive • Union To separate and reconnect without any
pressure. horizontal movement in the pipe.
• Tee Two outlets at an angle of 90 degrees
each and one main connection line. For
TYPES OF FAUCET/BIBBS branch line For bidet and lavatory
• Reducing Tee Two outlet is equal in size while
the other one is smaller
• Compression Cock • Cap To protect end pipes, female pipe
• Can rotate 360 degrees. • Cross connects four pipes
• Operate by the compression of a soft packing. • Plug for end pipes, for maale pipes
• Key Cock • Double hub
• Hose Bibb
• Can rotate 90 degrees.
• Operates tapering plug ground to fit a metal
PLUMBING FIXTURES
sheet. Receptacles are used to provide, receive, and
• Ball Faucet discharge water, liquid, and water-carried wastes into
• The ball is connected to the handle. a drainage system with which they are connected.
• Pull upward to open.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

CLASSIFICATIONS

Soil Fixtures
• Water Closets
• Urinals
• Slop Sinks
Scullery
• Kitchen Sinks
• Laundry Tubs
• Bar SInkes
Bathing
• Lavatories
• Bathtubs
• Shower Baths
• Bidets
• Foot/Sitz Tub
• Shower Receptors
• Shower Compartment

SOIL FIXTURES

Flush Tank Types

- Close Coupled Flush Tank
- Typical
Integral Flush Tank
- Built-in the toilet itself.
Low Flush Tank
- Reduce water consumption
High Flush Tank
- Known as a ‘high cistern toilet’

TOILET ACCORDING TO MOUNTING

• Floor Mounted
• Wall Mounted
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

GENERAL REGULATION Horizontal drainage lines connecting to other horizontal

drainage lines
Grade of Horizontal Piping
- 45 deg wye branches
- Horizontal drainage pipes shall be run in practical - Wye & 1/8 bend branches combination
alignments and at a uniform slope between
manholes of not less than 20 mm/m or 2% toward Vertical drainage lines connecting to horizontal drainage
the point of disposal. lines

- 45 deg wye branches

Sewer Drainage

- Where plumbing fixtures are installed, it shall

connect to public sewer system and private sewer
system
- Where it is impracticable to obtain a 2% slope due
to the following constraints. Damage To Drainage system or Public Sewer
- Excessive depth of the proposed drainage line
- It shall be unlawful to deposit into the plumbing
system the ff:
Ashes, rags, cinders, solids, grease, flammable,
poisonous or explosive liquids, gases, oil, others.

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Industrial Waste

- It must be first rendered innocuous through

subjection to some acceptable form of treatment

Location

- Shall be located in any lot other than the lot where

the site of the building, structure or premises are
served by such facilities.

Workmanship
Changes in Direction of Drainage Flow
- It shall be unlawful to conceal cracks, holes, or
- Horizontal to Vertical other imperfection in materials by welding, brazing
- Horizontal to horizontal or soldering the defects of by using therein or
- Vertical to horizontal thereon any paint, wax tar, or other sealing or repair
agents.
Horizontal drainage lines connecting to a vertical stack - Burred ends of all pipes and tubing shall be reamed
to the full bore of the pipe or tubing and all chips left
- Sanitary tee
inside the pipe or tubing shall be removed.
- Wye and 1/8 bend
- Wye combination
- Double sanitary tee
- Vertical installation of double sanitary tees may be
used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two (2)
pipe sizes recognized for these purposes are: 51,
63, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm diameter.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

Prohibited fittings & practices for drainage system Protection of piping materials and structures

• DOUBLE HUB FITTING - The bottom of all pipe trenches deeper that the
- Single tee branch footing of any adjacent building or structure and
- Double tee branch parallel to its must be at least forty-five (45) degrees
- Side inlet branch therefrom.
- Bend - All piping passing under or through wall shall be
- Running thread protected from breakage with embedded metal
- Band or saddle pipe sleeves.
• Tap saddle - No building sewer shall be installed under or within
• Double hub sanitary taped tee may be used on 0.6 meter of any building or structure, nor less than
vertical lines as a fixture connection. 0.3 meter below the finish ground surface.
• No drainage or vent piping shall be drilled and
tapped for making connections there to and no cast
iron soil pipe shall be threaded.
• No waste connection shall be made to a closet
bend or stub of a water closet or similar fixture
• No vent pipe shall be used as a soil or waste pipe,
nor shall any soil or waste pipe be used as a vent.
Also, single drainage and venting systems with
unvented branch lines are prohibited. - Void between pipes and sleeves through concrete
• Single drainage and venting systems with unvented floors in the ground shall be appropriately sealed
branches lines. with bitumen.
• The enlargement of a 76mm closet bend or stub to
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
102mm diameter shall not be considered as an
obstruction. Drainage Conveying wastewater or sewage to sewer lines
• Mixing of dissimilar metals occurs the points of
Waste Managing or controlling waste for proper disposal
connection shall be confirmed to exposed or
accessible location. Vent Relieving pressure on drainage system to aid proper
• All valves, pipes and fittings shall be installed in flow of wastewater.
correct relationship to the direction of flow.
Sanitation Cleaning wastewater and for safe reuse and
utilization.
Independent System
Soil Pipe Conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or
fixtures having similar functions, with or without the
The drainage system of each new building and of new work discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building
installed in any existing building shall be separate and sewer.
independent from that of any other building and when
available, every building shall have an independent Waste Pipe Conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of
connection with a private or public sewer. fecal matter.

Exception. Where on building stands in the rear of another Vent Pipe A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation
building on an interior lot, and no private sewer line is of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative
available nor can be constructed to the rear building through pressure exerted on trap seals.
an adjoining court, yard or driveway, the building drain from
Stack The vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent
the front building may be extended to the rear building if the
piping extending through one or more stories and extended
existing size is adequate for both buildings and gravity flow is
possible. thru the roof.

Branch Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser
or stack.
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

Fixture Drain The drainpipe from the trap of a fixture to the VENT PIPING SYSTEM
junction of that drain with any other pipe.
Pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage
Horizontal Branch Is a drain pipe extending laterally from a system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to
soil or waste stack or building drain with or without vertical protect trap seals from siphonage and backpressure
sections or branches, which receives the discharge from one
Main Vent The principal artery of the venting system to which
or more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste
vent branches are connected.
stack or to the building drain.
Stack Vent The extension of a soil or waste stack above the
Horizontal Pipe Any pipe or fitting installed in a horizontal
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
position or which forms an angle of not more than forty-five
(45) degrees with the horizontal. The uppermost end above the roof is called stack vent
through roof (SVTR).
Branch Interval Storey height, not less than 8 feet/2.43 m,
within which the horizontal branches from one floor or storey Branch vent A horizontal vent connecting one or more
of a building are connected to the stack individual vertical vents with the vent stack or stack vent.
Main Soil Pipe Any system of continuous piping which is the Dry vent A vent that does not carry water or water borne
principal artery of the system where branches are waste
connected.
Unit vent an arrangement of venting so installed that one
Soil Stack A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and vent pipe will serve two traps
wastewater.
Circuit Vent A group vent pipe which starts in front of the
House sewer in that part of a plumbing system extending extreme fixture connection on a horizontal branch and
from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside connects to the vent stack.
face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with
the street sewer or to any point of discharge and conveying Looped vent a type of ventilation system used on fixtures in
the drainage of the one building site. a room away from a wall or partition. Used in spaces without
partitions.
House Drain Is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
plumbing system which receives the discharges from soil, Relief vent a vertical vent line that provides additional
waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or
conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building. acts an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as
a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks.
Main sewer A common sewer directly controlled by public
authority to which all abutters, have equal rights of Yoke vent A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste
connections. “Every building abutting on a street alley or stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an
easement with public sewer shall connect its plumbing adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and highest
fixtures to that sewer system” spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the
stacks.
Public sewer a common sewer directly controlled by public
authority Wet Vent that portions of a vent pipe through which
wastewater also flows through
Septic tank a watertight receptacle which receives the
discharge of sanitary plumbing system or part thereof, Local vent a pipe or shaft serving to convey foul air from a
designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic plumbing fixture or a room to the other air
matter through a period of detention and to allow the liquids
to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system
of open-jointed sub surface piping’s or a seepage pit meeting
the requirements of the national plumbing code. 2 PARTS
Digestive chamber, leaching chamber
 BUILDING UTILITIES 1
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEWER

To Branch

• Referred to as any horizontal piping installed

• Analogous to an electrical circuit serving different
electrical fixtures
• tapped to soil stacks

To stack

• Referred to any vertical pipeline in sanitary system

channeling sewage to retention vaults
• Must have access to the open atmosphere to allow
air inside the stack. This is to; satisfy the principles
of hydraulics that for every water lost, air must take
DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE place in order to prevent; BACKPRESSURE, BACK
From Fixture SIPHONAGE

• Most fixtures require traps to prevent passage of; To building Drain

Methane and other hazardous gases and; Vermin • May be intended for; Sanitary, Storm, Industrial,
and other unwanted organism to our buildings. Combined
• Some fixtures on the other hand, do not required • Sizing the house drain requires identification of the
trapping due to; integral traps are already installed drainage fixture Units (d F U)
on the fixtures itself and utilization of offsets, but it • Must have a clean out for maintenance
has special requirements when such is used.
• Most fixtures require tapping to branches to To retention Tanks
channel sewage to retention vaults
• Retention tanks are classified into; cesspool, privy,
• Some fixtures utilize indirect waste piping due to;
septic tank
health hazard and Sanitation and cleanliness of
• In some cases, areas with centralized sewage
fixtures/equipment’s.
treatment plants do not require retention tanks

THIS TO NOTE!!

- Always use sanitary fittings for drainage systems

- Sanitary fittings promote efficient flow of water
where throttling is reduced.