002 MATHEMATICS

Aims
This course is designed to provide trainees with a sound knowledge of mathematical concepts as
aids in the conceptualization, interpretation, and application of the technical soft wares and hard
wares as well as to enhance their mathematical problems – solving ability in their various trades.
It is also to form a basis for post secondary technical education.

All candidates are expected to answer questions from General Mathematics while those in
Secretarial Studies and Book-Keeping are in addition to answer questions from Commercial
Mathematics.

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Examination Scheme:

The examination consists of Two Papers:

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002-1 - Paper I (1½ Hrs)
002-2 - Paper II (2½ Hrs) st
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The total mark for both papers is 150.
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1. Paper I: is made up of 50 multiple-choice items for 50 marks. All candidates are

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expected to attempt this paper.

2. Paper II: Consists of three sessions namely A, B and C.
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(a) Section A consists of five questions from General Mathematics. All candidates
are expected to attempt all questions. This section carries 40 marks.
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(b) Section B consists of six questions. All candidates are to attempt any four of the six
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questions except Secretarial and Business candidates who are to attempt only two
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questions. Each question carries 15 Marks.

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(c) Section C consists of four questions from Commercial Mathematics for Secretarial
and Business candidates only. Candidates are expected to attempt any two out of the
four questions. Each question carries 15 marks.

Candidates should be familiar with units-length, area, cubic capacity, mass – and their
abbreviations. Any currency unit used will be defined.

Examination Materials:
Candidates are allowed to use the recommended mathematical statistical tables in the
examination hall for the papers. It is strongly recommended that schools/candidates obtain
copies of these tables for use through the course.

Candidates should bring rules and complete mathematical instrument set for all papers.
Borrowing of instruments from other candidates in the examination hall will not be allowed. The
use of noiseless, cordless and non-programmable calculators is allowed.

If required, the following will be provided for any paper.

(i) Graph paper ruled in 2mm squares

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(ii) Plain drawing sheets for construction work.

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 002 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Topic/objectives Contents Activities/Remarks
1. Number Bases. (i) Number bases – counting in Arithmetic operation in
Count and different bases: Converting from different bases should
perform one base to another; addition, exclude fractions.
Basic subtraction, multiplication and Comparison between
arithmetic division in different bases. place value system and
operations in additive system should
different bases. (ii)_Modules arithmetic be stressed e.g. 4520
means 4 thousands, 5
hundreds, 2 tens and 0
unit: 26 in base eight
means 2 eight and 6 unit
etc.

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Relate to market days
etc. Truth sets (solution

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sets) for various open
st sentences e.g. 3 x 2
a(mod)48+y=4(mod)9
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2. System Difference between S.I. and Imperial The basic units of S.I.
units of linear measures: conversion of units must be emphasized
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Internationale
Unit. S.I. units and vice versa: mm to m; m to e.g the basic units of
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Solve problems km and vice versa; exercises involving mass, length, time, area,
involving S.I. time – hours, minutes and seconds volume are gramme,
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and imperial metre, second, square

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units. metre, cubic metre

respectively. The
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advantages of S.I. units

over the imperial units
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should be deduced by
students; the use of S.I.
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units in science, social

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sciences should be
brought out and exercise
should be related to
practical use.
3. Fractions The law of equivalence of decimals and Decimal fraction should
Solve vulgar/common fractions. Vulgar be confined to two places
arithmetic fractions to decimal fractions and vice e.g. 0.13 x 2.14 etc.
operations versa. Basic processes – addition, Interrelationship between
involving vulgar subtraction, multiplication and division – the different fractional
and decimal applied to decimals and fractions systems e.g. 0.5 x 0.2 =
fractions. (vulgar/common fractions.) ½ x 1/5 and 2/5 = 0.4 –
40% etc should be
stressed.
4. Standard Forms. Standard forms, decimal places and
Express numbers significant figure. Rounding off number
in standard forms and give answer in the required number
and to the required of decimal places ad significant figures;
number of express number in standard forms; A x
significant figures 10n where 1<A<10 and n is either – ve
decimal places. or + ve integer

5. Ratio and Ratio and proportion. Relate these to the

Proportion . Relationship between ratio and students’ work in science
Solve problems on proportion representative fraction and technical subjects.
ratio and Examples and exercises on direct and
proportion. inverse ratios and proportions including
representative fraction.
Direct, inverse and partial variations. Applications to simple

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6. Variation
Joint variations. practical problems.
7. Percentages, Percentages, profit and loss calculation. The means of

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Profit and Loss. Conversion of fraction and decimal to transactions e.g. money,
Apply the percentages and vice versa; percentage
st cheques, money orders,
principles of change, commercial arithmetic including postal orders etc. should
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percentages to profit and loss, small decimal fractions. be mentioned.
fractions and Application of profit and loss to
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decimals. commerce generally.

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8. Simple Interest Simple Interest – Calculation of Transformation of the

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Solve problems Principal (P), Interest (I), Rate (R) and formula for P.R and T
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involving simple Time (T) using I = PRT should be clear.

interest. 100
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9. Logarithms Based 10 logarithms tables and anti-

Apply logarithms, logarithm tables, calculation involving
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square And square multiplication, division, powers and

root tables in roots using logarithm tables. Examples
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calculations. and exercise from simple to complex

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combination of multiplication, division,

powers and roots of numbers e.g.

√172.7 x 15.42
2.613 etc.
10. Indices Indices as a shorthand notation. Laws of The use of indices in
Apply the laws of indices: science and technical
indices in (a) ax x ay=ax+y subjects should be
simplification and (b) ax  ay=ax-y. emphasized and exercises
calculation. (c) (ax)y = axy should be related to
practical use.
Trainers should be
encouraged to discover
 the laws and deduce the
meaning of ao, a-x, a1
x
x
By considering a 
ax,aoax
and ax.ax=a1, where
2x=1, etc
11. Relationship Indices and logarithms as inverse Students should ONLY
Indices and operations e.g. be familiar with the
Logarithms Y = 10x x = log 10y graphs of graph of Y = 10x
Explain the Y = 10x (0< x < 1) Use of graph for
relationship multiplication and division.
between indices
and logarithms.

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12. Rules of Rules of Logarithms
Logarithms. (a) Log 10 (xy) = Log 10 X + Log 10y

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Identify and apply (b) Log 10 (x) = Log 10x – Log 10y
the basic rules of y st
Logarithms. (c ) Log 10xp = plog10x
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slketches and comparison with
indices to be made.
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Copious examples to lead to the

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verification of these rules e.g.

Log10(30)=log10 (3x10)= log103+log10
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10=log 3+1
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log 81=log1034=4log103=4x0.4771=1.9084 etc

Use logarithm tables in problems on
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compound interest, investment and

annuities
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13. Arithmetic and Sequences and series. Difference Scope and depth of
between AP and GP. Nth terms of AP treatment of these topics
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Geometric
Progressions. and GP. Sum of AP and GP should be limited to
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(a) Identify ordinary level

sequence patterns mathematics.
and calculate the
nth term of a given
sequence in AP
and GP.
(b) Calculate the
sum of AP and GP

14. Sets Meaning of set, universal set, finite and Introduce set as a tool
solve problems infinite sets, empty set and sub-sets. and not as a topic. Do
involving sets Idea and Notation for Union not use set to solve
using Venn (U) intersection (), empty (), exercise that can be
 diagrams complement of A, say (A’), disjoint sets. quickly and easily solved
Venn Diagrams. Use Venn diagrams as by other methods except
a diagrammatic representation of sets for the sake of
e.g. comparison.

Blue Treatment this topic

briefly. Do not use more
white than three sets for
illustration.

Red Include the interpretation

of terms like union,
intersection etc.
Problem solving involving sets and Consider alternative
classification using Venn diagrams. methods advantage and

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appropriateness of
Classification of objects based on solving the same

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students experiences both in school and exercises particularly
in the home. Compare alternative with brighter students.
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methods of solving the same exercise(s)
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15. Logical reasoning Simple statements . True and false Use of symbols: , ,
statements. Negation of 5 statements. 
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Implication, equivalence and valid

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argument. Use of Venn diagrams

preferable.
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16. Surds Simplification and Rationalization of Surds of the form a and

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simple surds. b
ab whee a is rational
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and b is a positive
integer.
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17. Algebraic Like and unlike terms. Ilustrate this with Exercise should include
objects around the students’ operations such as 4x +
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Processes
Solve basic environments e.g. grains-rice and beans 7x, 8y-2y; 3 x 2m;
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arithmetic etc. 4f + 3m – 4f + 2m etc.

operations with Emphasize the use of
algebraic symbols. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and operations – collection of
division of simple algebraic expression. like terms removal and
Insertion and removal of brackets. use of brackets.

Use of letters to represent numbers. The importance of

Solution of exercises in symbolic forms defining precisely what
e.g. if 2 pencils cost 50 kobo, hoe much the symbol represents
would 3 pencils of the same type cost? should be emphasized.
How much will Y pencils of the same Simple cases only should
type cost? If Bayo who has 3 mangoes be treated.
has 2 less than Joy, how many mangoes Substitution of values
 has Joy? Construction and evaluation of into the formulae should
formulae be included.
Change of subject of formulae e.g. if V =
¼ d2h express d in terms of V and h
etc.
18. Simple Equations Simple equations, illustrate the meaning The expression “cancel
Solve problems of equality with reference to simple out” should be avoided.
involving simple equations by using the idea of simple
equations. balance.

Bring out the meaning of equality sign

by adding or subtracting quantities to
each side or by multiplying and dividing
each side by a common factor (excuding
each side by a common factor (excluding

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zero).

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Solving of simple equations e.g.
2y+6=4y+2 etc. st
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Simple equations in one variable.
Substitute different values for unknown
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in literal statements of the form k + 7 =

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13. It may also be expressed in words to

find the correct value e.g. to what can I
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add 7 to obtain a result of 13?.

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19. Algebraic Simultaneous linear equations. Solution Check the accuracy of

Process; of simultaneous linear equation of the answer by substitution.
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Linear form. This should be

simultaneous encouraged.
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Equation. Solve x + y = 8;
linear 2x + 3y = 4 using
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simultaneous (a) elimination method

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equations in two (b) subtraction method

variables. Application to word problems
20. Algebraic HCF and LCM. Exercises on HCF and Application of expression
Expressions. LCM of given algebraic expression. and factorization of
(a) Solve simple algebraic terms to the
equations Simplification of algebraic fractions simplification of
involving (with monomial denominators). expression such as:
fractions.
(b) Factorise Simple equations involving fractions i.e. 1+1=5
simple quadratic 1=4 4x x 4x
expressions. x+3 x-4
1 + 1 = y+x
Solve a variety of simple equations with x y xy
 practical applications to word problems.
Note: It is used for rapid
Factorable and non-factorable calculation.
expressions.
Use appropriate
Non-quadratic expressions. method(s)
Introduction of brackets and
Removing common factors in non-
quadratic expressions.

Application of perfect squares and

difference of two squares. Factorisation
of expressions of the form;
a2 + 2ab + b2, and a2-b2 etc

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and their application.

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Factorisation of simple quadratic
expressions. Exercises on factorization
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of simple quadratic expressions e.g. a2 +
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7a + 12 = (a+3) (a+4) etc.
21. Graphs of Co-ordinates, meaning of Cartesian The intersection of the
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Algebraic plane. Linear equations in two variables. two lines is the solution
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Expression Tables of values, Linear graphs, of the two linear

Solve Quadratic graphs equations. When the two
simultaneous Examples on co-ordinates of points. lines do not meet (i.e.
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linear and Compile table of values to draw: parallel), there is no

quadratic equations (a) Linear Graphs solution. Also where the
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graphically. (b) Two linear graphs graph of a quadratic

(c) Quadratic graphs, intersect with the x, axis,
using the same axes. Consider cost the points of the
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situations leading to graphs of the form: intersection are the

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y = ax; y = ax + b etc. solutions of the quadratic

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equation.
22. Quadratic Definition of quadratic equations. The use of the ‘scissors
Equations. Solution of quadratic equation by methods’ can also be
(a) Solve quadratic factorization. introduced.
equations using Solution of quadratic equation by
appropriate completing the square. Expansion of Compare this method
method. expressions like (a+b)2 with the factorization
(b) Construct Given an expression of the form method and emphasize
quadratic y = x2 + ax, and trainers should be able the advantage of one over
equations with to find a constant term, k which can be the other.
given roots. added to make the expression a perfect
(c) Solve word square e.g. (x2 + 8x)+16=(x+k)2 etc Compare this method
problems Deduce the formula of quadratic with the previous
 involving equation (ax2 + bx + c) from completing methods.
quadratic the square.
equations. Difference between an
Solution of quadratic equation by equation and expression
formula method e.g. should be emphasized.
X = - b+ b2-4ac
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Construction of quadratic equation with

given roots e.g. Given the roots x = 2;
x=3  (x-2) (x-3)= 0
 x2-5x+6=0
Given x = -2 and x = 3
 (x+2) (x-3) = 0

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 x2 –x-6 = 0
Application of solution of linear and

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quadratic equation in practical problems.
Formulate problems leading to quadratic
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equations.
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(a) Co-ordinate plane axes ordered (a) the coordinate of the
pairs. maximum and
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(d) Graphs of Linear (b) Computation of tables of values Obtaining minimum

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and Quadratic (c) Drawing graphs of linear and points from the
function. quadratic functions. graphs.
(b) Intercepts on the
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(d) Interpretation of graphs

axes.
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(e) Graphical solution of the form

y=mx+k and ax2 +bx+c=y. (c) Identifying axis of
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(f) Drawing of a tangent to a curve. smelly recognizing

(g) Use of tangent to determine sketched graphs
Recognising sketched
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gradient.
graphs. Use of quadratic
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graph to solve a related

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(a) Solution of linear equation e.g. Graph of y

inequalities in one variable. = x2 – 5x+6 to solve x2-
(e) Linear Inequalities (b) Representation on the number 5x+4=0
line. (a) By drawing relevant
(c) Graphical solution of linear tangent to determine
inequalities in two variables. the gradient.
(b) The gradient M1 of
the line joining
points
(x1,y,) and (x2,y2)
M1 = y2-y1
X2-x1
include word problems.
23 Plane figures Properties of plane figure e.g. rectangle, Students should be
Identify plane triangle, rhombus parallelogram, square, encouraged to discover
figures by their kite, trapezium. Quadilateral, polygon the properties for
properties and circles. Relate the shape to solid and themselves and faces of
lead the students to draw them. shapes.
24. Perimeters and Meaning of perimeter and area of plane Lead the students to
Areas of Plane figure. Calculation of perimeters of develop the formulae for
Figures plane figures, squares, rectangles etc. the perimeter of square,
Circulate the Use string to measure round the rectangle, and a circle.
perimeter and boundaries of plane figures. The use of the units cm
areas of simple and m should be used in
geometric plane the activities.
figures.

Areas of regular and irregular shapes: Lead the students to

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25. Areas of
Regular and (a) Triangle = ½ base x height discover that there is no
Irregular Shapes (b) Rectangle = length x breadth direct relationship

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Calculate the areas (c) Rhombus = one side x height between perimeter, area
of regular and (d) Parallelogram = one parallel side of shapes e.g. shapes
irregular shapes x height
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(e) Square = side x side do not have the same
(f) Kite area.
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(g) Trapezium = ½ height x sum of

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parallel sides
(h) Quadrilaterals = ½ diagonal x (sum
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of sides)
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26. Lines and Angles Definition of a point, line, parallel lines, It is pertinent that
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Identify the straight lines, curve; and perpendicular students discover these
different types of lines. special properties of
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lines and angles. angles themselves.

Identification of different angles e.g.
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acute, obtuse, right angles, reflex, 300,

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600, 900, 1200, 1900 etc. Complimentary,

and suplementary; adjacent angles,
vertically opposite angles, alternate and
corresponding angles. Angle
measurement.
27. Polygons Types of triangle and quadrilateral e.g. Students should discover
(a) Identify the isosceles right angled, scalene, obtuse, the relationship between
types of triangles equilateral triangles rhombus, these plane figures e.g.
and polygons. parallelograms. Squares, kite etc. Types rectangle, rhombus are
of polygon e.g. pentagon, hexagon, special parallelogram, a
(b) Apply the sum heptagon, octagon, decagon, practical square is a parallelogram
of the angles of a illustration of types of polygon. but a parallelogram may
triangle to not be a square etc.
 calculate any Application of the sum of a triangle to Illustrate this method
interior or exterior calculate interior or exterior angles of a with several examples
angle of a triangle. triangle. before generalization is
arrived at. The use of
(c) Apply the sum of Angle sum of a convex polygon. right angle(s) should also
interior angles of a Application of sum of interior and be emphasized.
polygon of n sides exteriror angles of a polygon. Formulae
to calculate any of the sum of the interior and exterior
interior or exterior angles of a convex polygon e.g. divide
angle. an n—sided polygon
Into: (a) n – sided polygon
(b) n triangles e.g.

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(n-2) triangles
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n triangles formula
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for sum formula for sum interior
angle of interior angles
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angle = (n-2)x1800 = nx (1800) -3600

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Use similar method to arrive at the

formula for the sum of exterior angles of
a polygon i.e. 4 right angles or 3600
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28. Constructions. Measuring and drawing angles. Use Parallel and

Construct simple protractors and rulers to measure and perpendicular lines
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geometrical draw angles. Construction of parallel should be constructed

constructions and perpendicular lines. Bisection of a using ruler and set-square
line segment. Bisection of an angle.
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only. Line segment and

angles bisection should
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Construction of angles equal to a given be carried out using

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angle e.g. 300, 450 600 900, 1050, 1200 etc compasses and straight
Construction of triangles and edge ruler. Division of a
quadilaterals using set-square, protractor line segment into a given
and a pair of compasses. number of equal parts or
into parts in a given ratio
should be carried out.
Checking the accuracy of
constructions.

Neatness and accuracy

should be emphasized.
29. Loci. Definition of locus. Ilustrate locus based Limit the locus of points
Define and on geometric principles with a variety of to two dimension. Locus
 construct loci of constructions and measurements on of points should be
moving points in paper and also by considering practical shown to be directly
two dimensions. situations e.g. sports tracks and fields, related to parallel lines,
tethering goat etc. Loci of points that perpendicular bisectors,
are: angle bisectors etc.
(a) at a given distance from a given
point.
(b) at a given distance from a given
straigth line.
(c) Equidistance from two given
points.
(d) At a given segment of a straight
line subtends a given angle
(constant angle locus).
Midpoint and intercept theorems. Note that the mid-point

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30. Mid-point and
Intercept Application of the mid-point and theorem is a special case
Theorems. intercept theorems to solve exercises of one of the intercept

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Apply the related to the proportional division of theorems.
intercept and mid- lines.` st
point theorems to
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solve exercises.
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31. Similar Triangles Properties of similar triangles, Compare Note that in similar
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Apply the angles and sides of similar triangles by triangle:

properties of measurement, sliding, rotation or tracing. (a) corresponding angles
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similar triangles to Application of the properties of similar are equal.

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solve exercises on triangles to solve simple problems on (b) ratio of responding

plane geometrical areas and volumes of similar plane sides is a constant.
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figures and solids. geometrical shapes and solid

respectively. Illustrate that the bisector
angle on a triangle
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divides the opposite side

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in the ratio of the side

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containing the angles.

32. Chord and Theorems associated with the chord and Deductive proofs of these
Tangent of a Circle. tangent of a circle; theorem are not required.
(a) Illustrate with (a) equal chord substends equal angle Role learning of the
examples the at the circumference; theorem without
theorems (b) the angle which an arc subtends at understanding the
associated with the the circumference; principles should be
chord and tangent (c) angles in the same segment are discouraged
of a circle. equal;
(b) Apply the theorem (d) angles of the opposite segment are
associated with su[pplementary in a cyclic
Chord and tangent quadrilatreral;
of a circle to (e) angles in a semicircle is a right angle;
 construction (f) an angle in a major segment is acute
exercises. and angle in a minor segment is
acute and angle in a minor segment
is obtuse;
(g) the rectangle contained by the
segment of one is equal to the
rectangle contained by the others
(both externally and internally);
(h) a tangent is perpendicular to the
radius of a circle;
(i) If two circles touch, the point of
contact is on the line of centre;
(j) the tangents of circle from an
extended point are equal;
(k) the direct and transverse common

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tangents to two circles are equal.

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Application of the theorems associated
with chord and tangent of a circle to
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construction of chains, belts, gears and
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sprockets, etc. Project work should be
encouraged.
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33. Congruent Meaning of congruent. Conditions of

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Triangles. congruency e.g.

Apply the (a) Side-Side-Side (SSS)
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conditions of (b) Side-Angle-Side (sas

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congruency to (c) Side-Angle-Angle (SAA)

solve exercises on (d) Right Angle-Hypotenus-Side (RHS)
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triangles Application of conditions of congruency

to solve related problems.
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34. Properties of Properties of: Practical illustration of

Quadrilaterals. (a) Parallelogram this topic is important;
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Solve problems (b) Rhombus trainers are encouraged

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involving the (c ) Rectangle to discover the

properties of (d) Square relationships between
parallelograms Application of parallelogram properties and among these plane
to solve exercises. figures.

35. Circles-Arcs, Parts of a circle – arc, radius diameter,

Radius, sector and segment.
Diameter, Sector Sector and segment.
and Segment. Length of arc of circles.
Calculate lengths Perimeter of sectors and segments.
and areas related Draw circles, draw in various sectors and
to the circle list in pairs the angle at the centre (Ø)
and the arc (L) measured with string for
 each circle. For each sector, compare
the ratio
Ø=L
3600 2Пr Ø
hence, deduce the

formula L = 2Пr Ø
3600
Work ample examples on perimeters.

Application of trigonometric ratios when

required to determine lengths of chords.

Areas of sectors and segments of a

circle.

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Draw circle, cut into a number of sectors
of equal angles at the centre e.g. 300 600,

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900, etc
Measure the angle and compare the
ratios:
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Ø and A
3600 Пr
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deduce the formula:

A= 2Пr Ø
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3600
Use trigonometric ratios to determine the
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length of the chord i.e.

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r o r
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Ø Ø
2r sin Ø
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Calculation of the area of a segment

sector area minus triangle area.
Deduce and use the formula:
= ½ r2 sin Ø

36. Mensuration Pythagors Rule. Calculation of lengths Use a square of a + b or

Pythagoras using the Pythagoras rule. any number you choose.
Theorem
Apply the Use diagram to show that
principles of a2 + b2 = c2
 Pythagoras’ to
solve problems
involving right-
angled triangles.
37. Areas and Types of solid figures e.g. cuboids, It is pertinent that trainers
Volumes of solids cylinder, cone, pyramids, prisms, are allowed to discover
Calculate the hemisphere ande frustum of cone and these solid figures with
surface area and pyramid. the aid of objects around
volume of solid them e.g. tins, sugar box,
figures Surface areas of : bowl, buckets etc.
(a) Cuboids (b) cylinder (c) cone (d)
pyramids (e) prisms (f) hemisphere (g) Emphasise the formulae
frustum of cone and (h) pyramid. for the total surface area
of solids e.g. cylinder =
Volumes of solid figure listed in (a) to (2лr2 + 2 лrh) square

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(b) contents above. Fill hollow cubes and units etc.
cuboids with unit cubes.

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Derive formulae of cuboids; proceed to Unit cubes can be got
show that the volume of a right- from sugar cubes, cubes
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triangular prisms is half of the volume of made from local clay,
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its related cuboids. Make cardboard wood, cubes by a local
model of cone and cylinder of same carpenter or students in a
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height and the same circular base. woodwork class.

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Compare volumes of contents of cone

and cylinder to discover the formulae for
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the volume of cone. Volumes of

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containers, hollow solids, pipes and

hollow bricks.
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Calculation of volumes of given

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containers, hollow solids, pipes and

hollow bricks.
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38. Longitude and Definition of latitude and longitude as

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Latitude angles. Definition of latitude and

Calculate longitude from the geographical point of
distances along view.
lines of latitudes Relationship and comparison between
and longitudes. the two definitions above.
Revision of surface area and volume of
sphere. Treat simple examples.
The earth as a sphere.
Calculations of distances on the lines of
latitude and longitudes. Work examples
involving known places and check
results from good atlases.
39. Irregular (a) Regular and irregular plane figures.
Geometric (b) Areas of irregular plane figures
Figures Use mid-ordinate and trapezoidal rules Trainers suggest
Solve exercises to calculate the areas of irregular plane examples.
involving areas of figures.
irregular figures.
40. Everyday Practical presentation of data using Students can work in
Statistics. histogram, bar chart, line-graph and pie- groups and results
(a) Interpret graphs chart. discussed by the whole
and charts. class.
(b) Calculate Interpretation of graphs and charts.
statistical average Frequency distribution of equal and Discuss which of the
with equal and unequal forms. central measures i.e.
unequal forms. mode, median and mean
Identification of mode, and median in a is most useful.

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set of data.
Methods of determining

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Calculation of mean mode and median median mode for
of grouped data. st grouped data, including
equal class interval for
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grouped data.
Meaning of the terms: Probability, Treat theoretical
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41. Probability.
(a) Define probability Events, Mutually exclusive events, probability as a limiting
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terms. independent events. value of experimental

(b) Solve problems on Trials. probability as a number
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theoretical and Experimental probability. of trials become large.

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experimental Throwing dice or tossing of coins.

probabilities. Number of boys and girls in different
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classes and corresponding probability of

a girl.
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Theoretical probability. Use the addition law to

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Theoretical consideration of short solve exercises

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parents producing short containing the word or or

Children. Consider also 1 short parent either/or.
and 1 tall parent and probable offspring.
Mutually exclusive events. Exercises on
probability of mutually exclusive events.
Addition and multiplication laws of
probability. Illustrate the addition law in
mutually exclusive events. Also
illustrate the multiplication law in
independent event. Interpretation of and
or both/and; or either/or.
42. Trigonometry. Trigonometric Ratios
Apply Define the trigonometric ratios and their
 trigonometric inverse:- Sine-cosecant, tangent-
ratios to solve cotangent using right-angled triangle.
simple problems
Trigonometric Ratios of angles greater
than 900
Use the Cartesian plane to determine the
trigonometric ratios of angles greater
than 900
Tables of trigonometric ratios.

Use table to find value of trigonometric

ratios and vice versa.
Application of trigonometric ratios. Use
trig. Ratios to solve exervises related to:
(a) heights and distance and angles of

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elevation and depression;
(b) area of a triangle using the formula

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½ ac Sin B and
(d) area of polygons.
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43. Trigonometry Sine and Cosine Rules – Statement only. Note when to apply each
Apply sine and Application of sine and cosine rules to of the rules
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cosine rules to solve related problems e.g. problems in

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solve problems triangles, bearing etc.

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44. Vectors and (i) Vector as a directed line, segment, Column notation
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transformation in magnitude, equal vectors, sums and emphasis on graphical

a plane. differences of vectors. representation.
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(i) Vectors in a plane. (ii) Parallel and equal vectors. Notation Ο

(ii) Transformations in (iii) Multiplication of a vector by a Vector Ο ) for the
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the Cartesian Scalar. zero

coordinate plane. (iv) Cartesian components of a vector
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(v) Reflection. The reflection of points

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(vi) Rotation. and shapes in the x and y

(vii) Translation. axes and in the lines x =
k, and y = k where k is a
rational number.
Determination of the
mirror lines of points.
shapes and their images.
Rotation about the origin.
Use of the translation
Vector.
 COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS
Topic/Objective Contents Activities/Remark
1. Significant Figures Significant figures.
Identify the problems of Identification of significant digits as
significant digit as it it relates to zero e.g.
relates to zero. (a) a zero that falls between
significant digits e.g. 50502
(b) a zero that falls after a significant
digit especially when number
contains decimal points e.g.
13,840
(c) a zero that falls after the last
significant digits of a whole

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number e.g. 67000

2. Statistical Computation Meaning of “Average” Use of an

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(a) State different kinds of average as:
averages and their uses. (a) it provides for a summaryst
(b) Calculate statistical (b) it provides for a common
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problems as related to denominator
basic business problems. (c) as a measure of typical size
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Kinds of average:
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(a) moving average;

(b) median
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(c) mean;
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(d) weighted average

(e) quartile and percentile, range,
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interpercentile and interquartile

range.
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Mean of distribution and its

calculations, range, variance and
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standard deviation.
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3. Ratios and Proportions. Ratios and proportion. Express two Study of application
Solve exercises on or more quantities as a ratio. Divide such as speeds,
proportions and a given quantity in a given productivity,
proportional parts. proportion. Sole problems in direct consumption and
and indirect ratio and proportion. reciprocal.
The concept of partnership in simple
business operations. Solve exercises
in simple business operations.
Meaning of percentages.
Conversion between fractions
decimals and percentage.
4. Percentages. (a) Calculation of percentage increase When treating
Solve exercises in (b) Explain the concepts “buying fractions, decimals
percentages related to price” , “cost price” and “selling and percentages,
buying and selling price” buying and selling
(c) Solving problems in buying should be taken into
price, cost price, and selling price. account.
(d) Explain “Make-up” and
percentage
(e) Explain “Mark-down” and
“mark-down percentage”.

5. Profit and Loss Meaning of “profit and Loss” and

Solve exercises involving (a) Difference between
profit and loss (b) “Gross Profit” and “Net profit”,
“Gross Loss” and “Net Loss”

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(c) Calculation of gross and net
profit as percentage of sales.

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(d) Calculation of probability ratios,
gross profit and net profit as
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percentages of sales.
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Meaning of Aliquot parts
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6. Aliquot Parts
Commission and (a) Exercises involving ratio e.g.
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Discount dividing profit between A,B, and

Solve problems involving C in the ratio 4:2:1 or 4:2:3
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Aliquot parts commission (b) Commission where commissions

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and discount are to be received or paid as a

percentage of profit.
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(c) Difference between discount and

commission.
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(d) Trade discount, cash discount

and quantity discount.
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(e) Solve problems involving

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discount and commission.

7. Costing Costing
Identify the various (a) Elements of cost e.g. buying
element by costs prices, tax, commission transport
and discount, labour, storage
delivery charges.
(b) Calculation of unit cost of a
product taking into accounts the
elements of cost.
(c ) Solve problems involving cost.
8. Budgeting. (a) Meaning of budgeting
Applying the principle of (b) Budgeting techniques
simple budgeting. (c) Elements of budgeting i.e.
income, expenditure etc.
(d) Preparation of simple budget for
a family or small firms.
(e) Comparison of actual with the
budget.

9. Cost and Selling Price Cost and Selling Prices

Solve problems involving (a) Calculation of gross profit as a
cost and selling price. percentage on cost
(b) Calculation of gross profit as a
percentage of selling.
(c) Calculation of gross price when

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profit on cost percentage and
price are given.

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(d) Calculation of selling price when
profit as a percentage and cost
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price is given.
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10. Simple and Compound Difference between simple and The formula and
compound interest. tabulation methods
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Interest.
Solve simple problem Simple Interest – exercises on of calculating
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involving simple and simple interest. compound interest

compound interest. Compound interest – exercises on should be taught.
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compound interest.
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11. Depreciation Meaning of depreciation.

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Calculate depreciation. Difference between depreciation and

present value. Methods of
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computing depreciation e.g.

(a) straight – line method
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(b) reducing balance method,

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(c) sum of the digits method,

Calculation of depreciation.

12. Instalmental Payment Difference between instalmental

and Hire Purchase payment and hire purchases.
Solve problems Solve problems on hire purchases,
involving instalmental instalmental payment and
payments and Hire mortgages.
Purchase.
13. Rates. Exchange rates. Rates and their
Convert one currency to uses. Conversion of one currency to
another currency i.e. another currency.
foreign exchange.
14. Rates, Income Tax, Use of rates in relationship with
Insurance and various payments like taxes,
Freights. insurance, freight rates etc.
Solve problems Calculation of various rates.
involving income tax, Computation of income tax at
rates on insurance and various income levies.
freights.
15. Payrolls Wages and payroll. Enumeration of The merits and
Prepare payment of elements involved in preparing wage demerits of the use
wages e.g. salaries, allowances, overtime of computer in
bonus, tax, rent and other rates, preparing payrolls
professional payments, pension etc. and wages should be
Preparation of payroll cards, wage mentioned.
sheet, pay slips etc. Preparation of
cash analysis for wage payment.

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Preparation of wage packets for
individuals

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16. Stock and Shares. Meaning of stock, shares, debentures
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Solve simple problems and bonds. Enumeration of different
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in stock and shares kinds of stocks and shares e.g.
preferential, ordinary, debenture
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shares. Solve simple exercises on

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stocks, shares, debentures and

bonds.
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17. Bankruptcy Definition of bankruptcy.

Solve problems Calculation of dividends in
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involving bankruptcy. bankruptcy. Solve problems in

bankruptcy.
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