Automatic Room Light Controller With Bidirectional Visitor Counter

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back Ground

Here is a low-cost, invisible to protect your house from thieves or trespassers. A laser
pointer torch, which is easily available in the market, can be used to operate this device. Enclosed
is our group's design project on “AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BI
DIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER”. The objective of this project is to make a controller based
model to control the burglar for particular room and accordingly secured the room. The
knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work such as Applied Electronics II,
Communication system I, Introduction to control, Digital Electronics and so on play major
role in the problem formulation and problem solving of our project design.

1.2 Objective

1.2.1 General Objectives

The general objective of this project is to control the organization from intruders
using Automatic room light controller with bidirectional visitor counter

. 1.2.2 Specific Objectives

 To secure the house from thieves.

 To secure the vehicles.
 To protect the bank robberies

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1.3 Statement of Problem

There are different types of problems in different organizations. Amoung these problems our
project mentions some of them as follows.

 Security problems
 Controlling problems

1.4 Methodology

We use different types of required components for our project and we use a selected softwere,
which is called protosse. The required components are leasted as follows.

 Transistor
 Switches
 Relay
 Laser Torch
 Light Dependent
 Resistor

Those components are defined in detail in chapter three.

1.5 Limitations

It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot

be used when two person cross simultaneously.

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CHAPTER TWO

Block Diagram, Circuit Diagrm and Working Principle

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram

A combination of plain mirrors M1 through M6 is used to direct the laser beam around the
house to form a net. The laser beam is directed to finally fall on an LDR that forms part of the
receiver unit as shown in Figure 2.1. Any interruption of the beam by a thief/ trespasser will result
into energization of the alarm. Any alarm unit that operates on 230V AC can be connected at the
output.

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2.2 Circuit Diagram

Figure 2.2 simulation circuit

2.2.1 Working principle of circuit diagram

The receiver unit comprises two identical DC 6V relays (RL1 and RL2), an LDR, a transistor,
and a few other passive components. When switches S1 and S2 are activated, it drives relay RL1
through the laser switch.

The laser beam should be aimed continuously on LDR. As long as the laser beam falls on
LDR, transistor T1 remains forward biased and relay RL1 is thus in de-energized condition. When

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a person crosses the line of laser beam relay RL1 turns on and RL2 energizes. In this condition,
the laser beam will have no effect on LDR and the alarm will continue to operate as long as switch
S2 is on. When the torch is switched on, the pointed laser beam is reflected from a definite point/
place on the periphery of the house. Making use of a set of properly oriented mirrors one can form
an invisible net of laser rays as shown in the block diagram. The final ray should fall on LDR of
the circuit.

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CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Required Components

SI.No. Name Of The Specification

Component

1 Transistor Ac 188
2 Resistor 100ω (0.5w)

3 Switches Spst (Single Pole Single

Throw)
4 Relays 6v, 100ω 1 C/O Relay
5 Laser Torch
6 Light Dependent
Resistor

Table 3.1: Required component

3.2 Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It
is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much
more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.

The transistor's low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device.
Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling
appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write
a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control
function.

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Transistors can be regarded as a type of switch, as can many electronic components. They are used
in a variety of circuits and you will find that it is rare that a circuit built in a school Technology
Department does not contain at least one transistor. They are central to electronics and there are
two main types; NPN and PNP. Most circuits tend to use NPN.

Transistors are manufactured in different shapes but they have three leads (legs).

1. BASE:- This is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.

2. COLLECTOR:- Is the positive lead.

3. EMITTER:- is the negative lead.

Fig 3.1: Transistor Symbol

Figure 'a' shows an NPN transistor which is often used as a type of switch. A small current or
voltage at the base allows a larger voltage to flow through the other two leads(from the collector
to the emitter).

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3.2.1 Simple Use of A Transistor

Figure 3.2: Use of a Transistor

The circuit shown in Figure ‘b’ is based on an NPN transistor. When the switch is pressed a
current passes through the resistor into the base of the transistor. The transistor then allows current
to flow from the +9 volts to the 0vs, and the lamp comes on. The transistor has to receive a voltage
at its ‘base’ and until this happens the lamp does not light. The resistor is present to protect the
transistor as they can be damaged easily by too high a voltage / current. Transistors are an essential
component in many circuits and are sometimes used to amplify a signal

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3.2.2 Types of transistor

Transistors are categorized by:

 Semiconductor material: graphene, germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon

carbide, etc.

Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, "other types"

Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs)

Maximum power rating: low, medium, high

Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio frequency (RF), microwave (The
maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term fT, an abbreviation for
"frequency of transition". The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields
unity gain).

 Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair
 Physical packaging through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array,
power modules
 Amplification factor hfe(transistor beta)

Thus, a particular transistor may be described as silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power,
high frequency switch.

Limitations

 Silicon transistors typically do not operate at voltages higher than about 1000 volts (SiC
devices can be operated as high as 3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubes have been
developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.
 High-power, high-frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-air television
broadcasting, is better achieved in vacuum tubes due to improved electron mobility in a
vacuum.

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 Silicon transistors are much more vulnerable than vacuum tubes to an electromagnetic
pulse generated by a high-altitude nuclear explosion.
 Silicon transistors when amplifying near the saturation point typically fail and create
distortion. Vacuum tubes under the same stress conditions fail more gradually and create a
distortion that is more pleasant to the ear.
AC188 Germanium PNP Medium Power Amplifier Transistors

Absolute Maximum Ratings: (TA = +25°C unless otherwise specified)

Collector–Base Voltage, VCBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .……. 32V

Collector–Emitter Voltage (RBE = 68Ω), VCER . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ….. . .32V

Emitter–Base Voltage, VEBo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . …... ….10V

Collector Current, IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . …… …...1A

Base Current,Ib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….……...40mA

Total Device Dissipation (TC = +25°C), PD . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . …….. . . . . . . …... .550mW

Operating Junction Temperature, Tj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..... …………–55° to + 90°C

Storage Temperature Range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . …….... ……… –50° to + 90°C

Figure 3.3:AC188 Transistor

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AC188 Transistor Specifications

Ge PNP Power BJT V(BR)CEO (V)=15 I(C) Abs.(A) Collector Current=1.0 Absolute Max. Power
Diss. (W)=1.0 I(CBO) Max. (A)=200u h(FE) Min. Static Current Gain=100.

3.3. Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on
or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch
contacts as shown in the diagram.

Figure 3.4: Circuit Symbol For A Relay Figure 3.5: Relay Switch Contacts

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the
first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and
mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay,
but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs
(chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current

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to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555
timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for
example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. For further information
about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on switches. Most
relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you
take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off.

3.3.1Reed relays

Reed relays consist of a coil surrounding a reed switch. Reed switches are normally operated with
a magnet, but in a reed relay current flows through the coil to create a magnetic field and close the
reed switch.

Figure 3.6: Reed Relay

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Reed relays generally have higher coil resistances than standard relays (1000 for example) and a
wide range of supply voltages (9-20V for example). They are capable of switching much more
rapidly than standard relays, up to several hundred times per second; but they can only switch low
currents (500mA maximum for example).

The reed relay shown in the photograph will plug into a standard 14-pin DIL socket ('IC holder').
Here in this project, we have two circuits. We have to switch ON the second circuit automatically
when any disturbance arrived to LASER beam which is going to the LDR. If any disturbance
arrived to laser beam then common terminal of relay in main circuit is automatically connected to
the normally opened terminal of RELAY-1. Now second circuit will be switch ON and the
RELAY-2 will connect to the output. i.e. to the ALARM. When we switch OFF manually then
only the alarm will be of

3.4.Resistor

A linear resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage
across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to
the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. Resistors are common elements
of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment.
Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire
made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed
circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial

resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying
that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention
to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The
temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications.

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Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the
anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in
power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are

Physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes
be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications
can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise
characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and
temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor.
They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using
a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form
factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in
the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An
ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very
large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilo ohm (1 kΩ = 103Ω),
and mega ohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.

The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in Siemens (SI unit),
sometimes referred to as a mho. Hence, Siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S = Ω − 1. Although
the concept of conductance is often used in circuit analysis, practical resistors are always specified
in terms of their resistance (ohms) rather than conductance.

Practical resistors are rated according to their maximum power dissipation. The vast majority of
resistors used in electronic circuits absorbs much less than a watt of electrical power and require
no attention to their power rating. Such resistors in their discrete form, including most of the
packages detailed below, are typically rated as 1/10, 1/8, or 1/4 watt.

Resistors required to dissipate substantial amounts of power, particularly used in power supplies,
power conversion circuits, and power amplifiers, are generally referred to as power resistors; this
designation is loosely applied to resistors with power ratings of 1 watt or greater. Power resistors

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are physically larger and tend not to use the preferred values, color codes, and external packages
described below.

If the average power dissipated by a resistor is more than its power rating, damage to the resistor
may occur, permanently altering its resistance; this is distinct from the reversible change in
resistance due to its temperature coefficient when it warms. Excessive power dissipation may raise
the temperature of the resistor to a point where it can burn the circuit board or adjacent components,
or even cause a fire. There are flameproof resistors that fail (open circuit) before they overheat
dangerously.

Note that the nominal power rating of a resistor is not the same as the power that it can safely
dissipate in practical use. Air circulation and proximity to a circuit board, ambient temperature,
and other factors can reduce acceptable dissipation significantly. Rated power dissipation may be
given for an ambient temperature of 25 °C in free air. Inside an equipment case at 60 °C, rated
dissipation will be significantly less; a resistor dissipating a bit less than the maximum figure given
by the manufacturer may still be outside the safe operating area and may prematurely fail

Figure 3.7: Resistor Figure 3.8: Circuit Symbol

Function

Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a light-
emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

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3.5 Light Dependent Resistor

The resistance of light dependent resistor falls as the luminance increases. They can be used to
build a simple, low cost photometric device. They appear to work well with medium to high light
levels (greater than 10 lux). Unlike photodiodes they do not saturate at high light levels. The
spectral response is similar to that of the human eye with the greatest sensitivity being in the green
range (approx. 500 - 550 nm). The relationship between luminance and resistance is non-linear
being a straight line when plotted on analog-log graph. Whilst some suppliers do provide
datasheets, information can be limited to the range of resistance at at light levels and a typical
resistance at some representative point. Thus it can be necessary to perform some form of
calibration, although without reference to some absolute standard, the results should be used for
measuring relative luminance, rather then absolute luminance

Figure 3.9: Light Dependent Resistor

Uses for Light Dependent Resistors

Light dependent resistors are a vital component in any electric circuit which is to be turned on and
off automatically according to the level of ambient light - for example, solar powered garden lights,
and night security lighting. An LDR can even be used in a simple remote control circuit using the
backlight of a mobile phone to turn on a device - call the mobile from anywhere in the world, it
lights up the LDR, and lighting (or a garden sprinkler ) can be turned on remotely!

Light Dependent Resistor Circuits

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There are two basic circuits using light dependent resistors - the first is activated by darkness,
the second is activated by light. The two circuits are very similar and just require an LDR, some
standard resistors, a variable resistor (aka potentiometer), and any small signal transistor

Figure 3.10: LDR activated by darkness

In the circuit diagram above the LED lights up whenever the LDR is in darkness. The 10K variable
resistor is used to fine-tune the level of darkness required before the LED lights up. The 10K
standard resistor can be changed as required to achieve the desired effect, although any
replacement must be at least 1K to protect the transistor from being damaged by excessive current.

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Figure3.11: LDR activated by lighting

By swapping the LDR over with the 10K and 10K variable resistors (as shown above), the circuit
will be activated instead by light. Whenever sufficient light falls on the LDR (manually fine-tuned
using the 10K variable resistor), the LED will light up.

Using an LDR in the Real World

Figure 3.12: LDR in Real World

Typically a relay is used - particularly when the low voltage light detecting circuit is used to switch
on (or off) a 240V mains powered device. A diagram of that part of the circuit is shown above.
When darkness falls (if the LDR circuit is configured that way around) the relay is triggered and
the 240V device - for example a security light - switches on.

Here in our project LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) plays a great role. Our LDR will be activated
by the darkness. For better usage cover the LDR with a paper. For LDR we have two electrodes

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beside the semiconductor. When the light will be incident on the electrode then the semi-conductor
goes to saturation region and semiconductor will act as conductor. If the light will not incident on
the electrodes then semiconductor will goes to the insulation mode. So the current will not pass
through the circuit.

3.6 Switch

They are different types of switches according:

 Switch Contacts - pole, throw etc

 Standard Switches - SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT.
 Special Switches – multi way, key, tilt, reed etc.

Selecting a Switch: There are three important features to consider when selecting a switch:

Contacts (e.g. single pole, double throw)

Ratings (maximum voltage and current)

Method of Operation (toggle, slide, key etc.)

Switch Contacts

Several terms are used to describe switch contacts:

Pole - number of switch contact sets.

Throw - number of conducting positions, single or double.

Way - number of conducting positions, three or more.

Momentary - switch returns to its normal position when released.

Open - off position, contacts not conducting.

Closed - on position, contacts conducting, there may be several on positions.

For example: the simplest on-off switch has one set of contacts (single pole) and one
switching position which conducts (single throw). The switch mechanism has two positions: open
(off) and closed (on), but it is called 'single throw' because only one position cond

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Switch Contact Ratings

Switch contacts are rated with a maximum voltage and current, and there may be different
ratings for AC and DC.

The AC values are higher because the current falls to zero many times each second and an arc is
less likely to form across the switch contacts.

For low voltage electronics projects the voltage rating will not matter, but you may need to
check the current rating. The maximum current is less for inductive loads (coils and motors)
because they cause more sparking at the contacts when switched off.

Figure 3.13. Switch Circuit

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Budget

No. Device Quantity Unit price (Birr) Total price

(Birr)
1 PCB 1(20cm*20cm) 120 120
2 Siren(Alarm) 1 250 250
3 Transistor ** 1 20 20
4 Switches ** 2 25 50
5 Mirror(reflector) 6(25cm2 40 240
)

6 1 30 30
Resistors**
7 LDR 1 50 50
8 Laser torch 1 30 30
9 Jumper** 30cm 20 20
11 DC-Relays** 2 60 120
Total 645 930
Contingency 10%
Grand Total 64.5 93.0
Table 4.1. Budget and price

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4.2 Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion

Using laser rays we can secure house from the thieves by installing a burglar alarm at home/office
ensures the safety of home and family, both of which are priced possessions. When an intruder
attempts to break into anybody's home, the last thing they would want to be confronted with is a
security system. Gone are the days when burglars robbed an empty house. Now a days burglars
can rob homes in broad daylight. There are a multitude of options available in the market today
and that is what makes the selection of a security system tougher.

Recommendations

By connecting a camera we can also capture the image of the object which comes in between the
laser beam. Providing more mirrors we can give the security around building. By connecting
sensors we can capture the image which would be automatically sent to our mobiles or police
station, but it requires more time and ask expensive equipment.

Generally we think our project will be constructive and we hope it will be implemented
to work in the many organazation, such as Bancking, secured Govermant office, etc.

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References

 JACOB MILLMAN and Christos C.HALKIAS, INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS-Analog

and Digital Circuits and Systems, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition 1991 P.No 49-52, 109-113,
118-125.
 GSN Raju, Electronics Devices and Circuits- 2nd edition, IK international 2006, P.No. 57-
62, 156-163
 www.allaboutcircuits.com
 www.educypedia.be/electronics/electronicaopening.htm
 www.datasheetcatalog.com

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