BIOLOGY MARKING FOR THIRD TERM 2022 - 2023 (100 MARKS)

DATE: 23/06/2023 CLASS: S6 MCB

1. a) Glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration
b) A
c) animals such as human
2. a) A= Transcription, B= Translation
b) Because the process is called Protein synthesis and protein has been obtained as final product
c) some viruses such as Reverse-transcribing viruses replicate using reverse transcription, a process for
making DNA from RNA templates. They are requiring a virus-encoded RNA-dependent DNA
polymerase (reverse transcriptase).
3. a) in hypothalamus
b) If you get either too hot or too cold, sensors in the periphery and the brain tell the temperature
regulation center of your brain—in a region called the hypothalamus—that your temperature has strayed
from its set point

c) if you’re sitting in a hot room and are dressed warmly, the temperature center in the brain will need
to trigger responses that help cool you up. This stimulation has three major effects:

 Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate allowing more blood from the body core to flow to the surface
of the skin allowing the heat to radiate into the environment.
 As blood flow to the skin increases, sweat glands are activated to increase their output. As the sweat
evaporates from the skin surface into the surrounding air, it takes heat with it.
 The depth of respiration increases, and a person may breathe through an open mouth instead of
through the nasal passageways. This increases heat loss from the lungs.

4.a)

b) i) Species richness is a measure of the number of different types of species in an ecosystem. A large
number of different species in a habitat represents a higher species richness, and an overall more diverse
ecosystem. =B
ii) Species evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of each species.=A
 iii) A high index value suggests a stable site with many different niches and low competition (high
richness and evenness)
5. a)
i) and ii)

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b)

Anaphase I is a step in meiosis I. In this phase two chromosomes of each bivalent separate and move towards the
opposite poles due to spindle action. In anaphase II of meiosis II, the sister chromatids are pulled apart. This
separation of homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids in anaphase I and II respectively is called
disjunction.
c)

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6. D
7. a) A= tRNA,B=mRNA,C=rRNA
b) D= Codon, E=Anticodon
c) DNA triplet/coden/mRNA triplet codes for specific amino acid
• order of triplet/bases determines the order of amino aicds
• tRNA has complementary triplet/anti codon
• tRNA attached to specific amino acid
• activation of amino acids
• 2 tRNA binding sites on ribosome
• codon and anticodon bind
• A to U and C to G
• adjacent amino acids join
• peptide bond
d) polypeptide molecule only contains amino acids, DNA has nucleotides 2) polypeptide molecule has
peptide bonds only, DNA has phosphodiester 3) polypeptide molecule is only one chain, DNA has two
strands joined together

8. a) Three of chromosome 13 / an extra chromosome 13; Accept

trisomy 13

b) In meiosis; Homologous chromosomes / sister chromatids do not separate;

c) Mutation / extra chromosome in gamete/egg/sperm (that formed zygote); All
cells derived (from a single cell/zygote) by mitosis; OR All cells derived from
a single cell/zygote by mitosis; Mitosis produces genetically identical cells /
a clone.

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a) an extra chromosome 13

b) 1. In meiosis I/II 2. Nondisjunction occurs meaning homologous chromosomes do not separate

3. Leading to diploid gametes which are fertilised by haploid gametes 4. Forming 3 chromosomes
in zygote
c) mutation in gamete -all cells derived from a single cell by mitosis
9. a) i) A=Nitrogenous base, B=carboxylic group, C= HYDROGEN, SIDE CHAIN
COMPONENTS OF AMINO ACID
ii) and iii)

iv) On the cell ribosome during protein synthesis

b) it is made up of more than one polypeptide chain, hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood and is
made up of four subunits, two each of the α and β types. The quaternary structure such as hemoglobin is
a protein is the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement. Each
of the subunits has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. The subunits are held together by
hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains.
10. a) 118 mmHg
b) Maximum pressure developed upon ejection of blood from left ventricle into arteries during systolic
pressure
c) opening and closing of semi-lunar valve
d) millisecond intervals

The diagram given represents a structure found in a leaf.

Study the same and answer the questions that follow.

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 1. Name the parts labeled A and B.
2. What is the biological term for the above structure?
3. What is the function of the part labeled A?
4. Mention two structural features of A, which help in the function mentioned in (3) above.
5. Where is this structure likely to be found in a leaf?
6. The above structure helps in the process of transpiration. Explain the term transpiration.
7. How many other cells are found surrounding this structure as seen in the diagram?

Solution
1. Parts labeled A and B:

1. In the given diagram, A is the Guard cell and B is a Stoma.

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 1. Guard cells: A stoma is surrounded by two bean-shaped cells called guard cells. They
regulate gaseous exchange in and out of plant leaves as epidermal cells by modulating the
opening and closing of apertures known as stomas.

2. Stoma: Stoma (plural: Stomata) is a pore on the surface of leaves and other aerial portions
of most angiosperms that allows CO2 to be taken in for photosynthesis while also allowing
water vapor to be lost through transpiration.

2. Biological term for the given structure:

 The biological term used for the given structure is ‘Stoma’.

 Stoma (plural: Stomata) is a pore on the surface of leaves and other aerial portions of most
angiosperms that allows CO2 to be taken in for photosynthesis while also allowing water
vapor to be lost through transpiration.

3. Function of the part labeled A:

 In the given diagram, parts labeled A are Guard cells.

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  There is a pair of guard cells that encircle the stoma found in the leaf epidermis.

 Guard cells regulate CO2 and O2 input and outflow from leaves, respectively.

 By opening and closing the stomata, they also help in controlling the rate of transpiration.

4. Structural features of A, which help in its functioning:

 The design of guard cells and their bean shape make it easy to close and open the stoma to
control gaseous exchange and water release.

 The walls of guard cells vary in thickness. It has a thick inner wall towards the stomatal
pore and a thin outer wall.

 Guard cells regulate the opening and closure of stomata by regulating their turgidity and
flaccidity.

5. Location of the structure given in diagram:

 Stomata are mostly present on the lower epidermis of leaves.

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  But their exact location varies from plant to plant.

6. Transpiration:

 Plants take a huge volume of water from the soil, but only a small portion of it is utilized
by the plant, and the majority of this absorbed water is released as water vapor from the
plant's aerial parts. The process of losing water is known as transpiration.

7. Other cells surrounding the given structure:

1. There are five other cells surrounding the stoma of the leaf in the given diagram.

2. These cells are epidermal cells and are known as accessory or subsidiary cells.

3. The primary purpose of subsidiary cells is to offer strength and aid the guard cells in their
functions.

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11. a) Diagram1
b) Diagram 2 and 3
c) Analogous structures show convergent evolution whereas homologous structures show divergent
evolution
12. a) 8 nucleotides
b) phosphodiester bond
c) A= cytosine, B= Guanine, C= adenine

13. i) BBFF
ii) by crossing the alleles of homozygous dominant black and homozygous dominant long fur to
produce BBFF
b) i) the symbols to be used are ‘aa’ for one with disorder and ‘AA’ for normal person
it means XaXa with disorder and XAXA for normal female
ii) normal man x heterozygous female
XAY X XAXa
XA Y
X X X XAY
A A A

Xa XAXa XaY
The chance for a born boy to have a disorder is ¼=25%=XaY
c) The law of segregation states that every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is
passed on to the offspring. The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one pair of
genes is independent of inheritance of another pair.
14. a) between RuBP and GP during CO2 fixation
b)
Compound No of No of
C phosphates
atoms
i)Ribulose bisphosphate 5 2
(RUBP)
ii)Glycerate 3-phosphate 3 1
(GP)

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 iii)Triose phosphate 3 1
(TP)
Ribulose monophosphate 5 1
(RuP)
c) GP to TP
d) Some of the triose phosphate (two molecules out of the twelve) is removed from the cycle, to be
converted into glucose, or other molecules such as starch, lipid or protein
f) they take place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
g) i. glucose and fructose
ii) condensation reaction

15. a) Node of Ranvier

b) Myelin is made by oligodendrocytes in your brain and spinal cord (your central nervous system
[CNS]) and by Schwann cells in your peripheral nervous system. Your peripheral nervous system is the
network of nerves outside of your CNS. These nerves communicate between your CNS and the rest of
your body.
c) The myelin sheath is a protective membrane that wraps around part of certain nerve cells
This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.
16.

a) P: myosin / thick filament; R: actin / thin filament; Q: Z line / disc.

b) The muscle is relaxed; the troponin and tropomyosin molecules are covering the
myosin-binding sites on the actin / thin filaments; myosin cannot bind to actin to
form cross bridges.

c) Diagram C; greatest overlap between thick and thin filaments; maximum number of
cross-bridges can form between thick and thin filaments; greatest force applied by
movement of myosin heads; in the state shown in diagram D the sarcomere cannot
shorten any more.

d) The sarcomere cannot shorten any more, without crumpling the thick and thin
filaments; the thin filaments cannot move any closer together / thick filament has
reached the Z line.

e)

i. The myosin heads can only tilt in one direction. They are arranged so that when
they do this they pull on the thin filaments in such a way that the sarcomere is
shortened; they cannot pull (or push) the thin filaments the other way.

ii. Most skeletal muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs; contraction of an

antagonist pulls on the muscle so sarcomeres lengthen; thin filaments slide
past thick filaments to give, less overlap between them / wider I band; for
example when the biceps is contracted and shortened it can be pulled back
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 into its longer state by contraction of the triceps muscle.

17. a) The proximal convoluted tubule has a microvilli cell lining to increase the surface area for
material absorption from the filtrate
 The tubule is a single cell thick and connected by tight junctions, which function to create a thin tubular
surface with no gaps

There are also a large number of mitochondria within these tubule cells, as reabsorption involves active
transport
 Substances are actively transported across the apical membrane (membrane of tubule cells facing the
tubular lumen)
 Substances then passively diffuse across the basolateral membrane (membrane of tubule cells facing the
blood)

The tubules reabsorb all glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones, along with most of the mineral
ions (~80%) and water
 Mineral ions and vitamins are actively transported by protein pumps and carrier proteins respectively
 Glucose and amino acids are co-transported across the apical membrane with sodium (symport)
 Water follows the movement of the mineral ions passively via osmosis

 Symport mechanisms move two or more substances in the same direction at the same time,
whereas antiport mechanisms move two or more substances in opposite directions across the cell
membrane. Both mechanisms may utilize concentration gradients maintained by ATP pumps.
This is a mechanism described by the term “secondary active transport.” For example, a
Na+ ATPase pump on the basilar membrane of a cell may constantly pump Na+ out of a cell,
maintaining a strong electrochemical gradient. On the opposite (apical) surface, a Na +/glucose
symport protein channel assists both Na+ and glucose into the cell as Na+ moves down the
concentration gradient created by the basilar Na+ ATPase pumps. The glucose molecule then
diffuses across the basal membrane by facilitated diffusion into the interstitial space and from
there into peritubular capillaries.
b) This loop of Henle main function is to reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate.
This conserves water for the organism, producing highly concentrated urine.

Homeostatic mechanisms to regulate the extracellular fluid volume

Regulating potassium, calcium and magnesium excretion at the lowest energy costs

Homeostasis of the acid-base balance via bicarbonate and ammonia excretion

Regulating the composition of urinary protein

c) The length of the loop of Henle varies from animal to animal as per their living environment. A
crucial adaptation in the structure of Henle's loop to dry environments or the xerophytic
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conditions is that the animals living in these conditions have a long loop, which helps to
increase the water resorption activity

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