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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

CERE 107 2.1 Statement of Objectives

Review Concepts:
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS IN  Experimental Design or design of experiments (DOE) or experiment design, is the
design of any task that aims to describe and explain the variation of information under
CERAMIC ENGINEERING conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.

 An experimental design is a detailed plan for collecting and using data to identify causal
Unit 2. Major Considerations in the Design of relationships. Through careful planning, the design of experiments allows your data
collection efforts to have a reasonable chance of detecting effects and testing
Experiments hypotheses that answer your research questions.

 Design of experiments is an organized way of conducting and analyzing controlled tests

to determine the influence of inputs and their interactions on the output response.
Also, a concept used to organize, conduct, and interpret results of experiments in an
Prepared and Compiled by: efficient way, making sure that as much useful information as possible is obtained by
EMIE SALAMANGKIT MIRASOL, CerE, MSMSE, PhD performing a small number of trials.
Associate Professor II

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

2.1 Statement of Objectives
Topics:
Unit 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments
2.1 Statement of Objectives
2.2 Listing of Factor Variables
2.3 Listing of Response Variables
2.4 Selection of the Mathematical Model
2.5 Choice of Factor Levels
2.6 Determination of the Size of Design
2.7 Determination of the Order of Experimentation
2.8 Manner of Recording of Data

By the end of the chapter, the students must have:

By the end of the chapter, the students must have:
1. identify the major considerations in the design of experiments; and
2. apply design of experiment fundamentals to a research topic
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments
2.1 Statement of Objectives 2.1 Statement of Objectives
 Research Exercise: (10 points)/5 minutes
objectives describe what
your research is trying to In the statement below, identify which is Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
achieve and explain why you Relevant/Realistic, Time-bounded (SMART) component.
are pursuing it.

 It summarizes the approach By the end of 2024, provide 50 production staffs in

and purpose of your project SMT with a 4-hour training program that will provide
and help to focus your
research.
orientation on 5S implementation in a workplace.
 Your objectives should Answer:
appear in the introduction of Specific - 50 production staffs in SMT
Measurable - 4-hour training program
your research paper, at the Achievable - provide orientation on 5S implementation in a workplace
end of your problem Relevant/Realistic – training program that will provide orientation
statement. Time-bounded - By the end of 2024

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments
2.1 Statement of Objectives 2.1 Statement of Objectives
A SMART objective Goal: a broad statement of what you Objective: a step toward accomplishing a
- is one that is specific, wish to accomplish. goal.
measurable, achievable,
relevant, and time-bound. - Goals are broad, general, intangible, and - In contrast to the goal, an objective is narrow,
abstract. precise, tangible, concrete, and can be
- A goal is really about the final impact or measured.
- SMART objectives provide the outcome that you wish to bring about.
details for how a group or - In the case of goals for a grant proposal, Example: By the end of 2024, provide 50 production
organization will achieve a goal make sure they are linked back to your staffs in SMT with a 4-hour training program that will
need statement. provide orientation on 5S implementation in a
- Use words such as decrease, deliver, workplace.
RELEVANT or develop, establish, improve increase,
REALISTIC produce, and provide.

Example: Decrease the amount of pinhole

among the defects in sanitary bowl
production of SMT.
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments
2.1 Statement of Objectives
The important goals in ceramic research are to reduce the cost and to improve the
specific properties of products. Statistical experimental design and analysis are effective
Keep the following in mind when preparing your objectives: tools to assist ceramists to reach their stated forward looking goals.
Statistical design of experiments is the process of planning the experiment so that
 State your objectives in quantifiable terms.
appropriate data will be collected and statistically analyzed. These methods not only help
ceramists to plan and conduct experiments but also assist them in analysis of the resulting
 State your objectives in terms of outcomes, not process.
data.
 Objectives should specify the result of an activity. With good experimental design and analysis, the maximum amount of information can be
obtained from a minimum amount of collected data.
 Objectives should identify the target audience of community being served. Design of experiments is an organized way of conducting and analyzing controlled tests
to determine the influence of inputs and their interactions on the output response.
 Objectives need to be realistic and capable of being accomplished within The fundamental principles of experimental design are:
the program period. - Randomization (a method that protects against an unknown bias distorting the experimental results),
- Replication (increases the sample size), and
- blocking (a method used to improve precision by removing the effect of known nuisance factors).

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments
2.1 Statement of Objectives
Design of Experiments (DOE) is also referred to as Designed
Tips for writing good goals and objectives
Experiments or Experimental Design - all of the terms have the same
 Tie your goals and objectives directly to your need statement. meaning.

 Include all relevant groups and individuals in your target population. DOE, or Design of Experiments - a branch of applied statistics that uses
-planning,
 Always allow plenty of time to accomplish the objectives.
-conducting,
 Do not confuse your outcome objectives for methods. -analyzing, and
-interpreting controlled tests to explain the variation of information under
 Figure out how will you measure the change projected in each objective. If conditions hypothesized to reflect the variation.
there is no way to measure an objective, it’s not measurable and should be
rewritten. It’s a powerful data collection and analysis tool that investigates
how different factors or variables affect an outcome or response of
 Don’t forget to budget (allocate time) for the evaluation (measurement) of your
objectives. interest.
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Components of Experimental Design

Experiment - a systematic procedure carried out under controlled conditions
There are three aspects of the process that are analyzed by a designed experiment:
in order to
- discover an unknown effect, 1. Factors, or inputs to the
- to test or establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known effect. process.
Classification of Factors: can be either
When analyzing a process, – controllable variables or
- often used to evaluate which process inputs have a significant impact on - uncontrollable variables.
the process output and what the target level of those inputs should be to
achieve a desired result (output). Example: controllable factors:
- color of the corn and
Experiments can be designed in many different ways to collect this - amount of water, fertilizer
information, and it's helpful to have software that guides you in the most - type of soil.
accurate direction to answer your research questions.
The controllable variables will be referred
to throughout the material as factors.

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Experimental unit - object upon which the Components of Experimental Design

treatment is applied
1. Factors, or inputs
Factors or input parameters - variables which Uncontrollable factor - An Uncontrollable factor that causes variability under normal
affect the response variable.
operating conditions, but we can control it during the experiment using blocking and
Classified as either controllable (factors that can
be changed or modified in an experiment or a randomization (generally considered as
process) or uncontrollable (factors that cannot be Noise Factor).
changed) variables.

Treatment - condition applied to the

Potential factors can be categorized
experimental unit using the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.
Levels or setting of each factor – pertain to the
quantity or quality that will be used in the
experiment.

Response variable - the variable of interest or

pertains to the outcome of the process that gages
The purpose of experimentation – analyzing each factor to
the desired effect (influenced by their factors and
determine which of them provides the best overall outcome or Figure – Example of Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram
their levels). the same quality.
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments
Exercise: Identify the factors (input), levels (settings), response (outputs) in the experiment
Components of Experimental Design conducted in this article from the abstract.
There are three aspects of the process that are analyzed by a designed experiment: Answer:
2. Levels, or settings of each factor in factors (input),
- Stoichiometric 0.65PMN-
the study.
0.35PT ceramics
- calcined powders
Examples: - ball milling methods
- temperature and time setting, and (conventional, energy)
- particular amounts of water, - Pressing (hydraulic, cold
fertilizer, and isostatic)
levels (settings),
- type of soil. - Sintering temperature
(fix),
- Milling time and hour
- Relative density
response (outputs)
- Particle size distribution
- Electrical properties
- Relative density

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Components of Experimental Design Mathematical model

There are three aspects of the process that are analyzed by a designed experiment: - A well-defined mathematical object consisting of a collection of variables
3. Response variables, or output of the and rules governing their values.
experiment. - A mathematical models can be broadly defined as a formulation or
- Number of popcorn made equation that expresses the essential features of a physical system or
- Height of the plant process in mathematical term.
Experimenters often desire to avoid
optimizing the process for one response at - In general, it can be represented as a functional relationship of the form:
the expense of another. Dependent variable = 𝑓 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
For this reason, important outcomes are
measured and analyzed to determine the - Models are created from assumptions inspired by observation of some real
factors and their settings that will provide phenomena in the hope that the model behavior resembles the real
the best overall outcome for the critical-to- behavior (miniature model-to minimize time and cost in design process).
quality characteristics - both measurable
variables and assessable attributes.
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Mathematical Models in Engineering (MME) Mathematical Modeling

- is a dynamic field of research that explores the application of mathematical - Complements, but does not replace, theory and experimentation in
principles to engineer solutions for complex real-world problems. scientific research.

Selection of the mathematical model

- Mathematical modelling is the process of constructing, testing, and
improving mathematical models.
- It should be general in the sense of containing parameters that can be
adjusted to strengthen, weaken, or modify the behavior of each process.

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Mathematical Modeling Mathematical Modeling Process

- It is often used in place of experiments when experiments are:
- too large,
- too expensive,
- too dangerous, or
- too time consuming.
- Can be useful in “what if” studies; such as to investigate the use of
pathogens (viruses, bacteria) to control an insect population.
- Is a modern tool for scientific investigation.
- Has emerged as a powerful, indispensable tool for studying a variety of
problems in scientific research, product and process development and
manufacturing. *Seismology *Drug design *Climate modeling
*Medicine *Materials research*Biology
*Environment Analyze - Predict
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Mathematical Modeling Process – Identify Real-World Problem: Mathematical Modeling Process

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Mathematical Modeling Process - Working Model Mathematical Modeling Process

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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Mathematical Modeling Process Mathematical Modeling Process

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Mathematical Modeling Process Sample Size and Replicates

Sample size is the number of experimental units in the study.

•Sample size is usually determined by the trade-off between statistical

considerations such as
- power of tests,
- precision of estimations, and
- the availability of resources such as
- money,
- time,
- manpower,
- materials,
- technology etc.
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Sample Size and Replicates Sample Size and Replicates

Why replicates?
Sample size
-When a treatment is repeated under the same experimental conditions, any
•Generally, difference in the response from prior responses for the same treatment is due to
the larger the sample size, the Think about in a study, how many random errors.
better it is for statistical inference; subjects do I need?
however, the costlier is the -Small sample size – not enough -Thus replication provides us some information about random errors.
study. power to detect the effect
-Large sample size – waste of -If the variation in random errors is relatively small compared to the total variation
•An important consideration in an resources (time, money) in the response, we would have evidence for treatment effect.
experimental design is
•Thus, calculate the minimal sample
• how to assess power or precision as size to detect the estimated effect at
a function of the sample size (sample experimental design phase!
size planning/power calculation)?

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Sample Size and Replicates Order of Experimentation

Replicates Experimental Design Process
-For many designed studies, the sample size is an integer multiple of the total
number of treatments.
-This integer is the number of times each treatment being repeated and one
complete repetition of all treatments (under similar experimental conditions) is
called a complete replicate of the experiment.
The design of a study
Example: consists of making
decisions on the
In a study of baking temperature on the volume of quick bread prepared from a following:
package mix, four oven temperatures: low, medium, high and very high were •Set of explanatory factors.
tested by randomly assigning each temperature to 5 package mixes (all of the •Set of response variables.
same brand). •Set of treatments.
•Set of experimental units.
Thus the sample size is 20 (= 4 x 5), •Method of randomization and blocking.
the number of treatments is 4 (4 levels of temperatures) and •Sample size and number of replications.
there are 5 complete replicates of the experiment. •Outcome measurements on the experimental units - the response variables.
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Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Recording Data Recording Data

Data collection The general purpose of data recording is to set in writing and assure the
- is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring, and preservation of the data collected in the course of field or laboratory studies.
analyzing accurate information.
The experimental design of each study determines the types of data to be
An experimental study is a standard method of data collection that collected in terms of the objectives and resources available for the study.
involves the manipulation of the samples by applying some form of
treatment prior to data collection.

It refers to manipulating one variable to determine its changes on

another variable. The sample subjected to treatment is known as
“experimental units.”

Chapter 2. Major Considerations in the Design of Experiments

Recording Data
Sources of Data

References:
Montgomery, D. C. (2013). Design and Analysis of Experiments Eight Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (QA279.M66 2013)
Refereed Journals, Bulletins and e-book from the Internet
https://www.moresteam.com/toolbox/design-of-experiments