ØFrequency Distribution

Table
ØMeasures of Central
Tendency
ØMeasures of
Variation/Spreadness

Prepared by:
Prof. Divine Grace B. Flores
What is Frequency Distribution?
Frequency distribution is used to
organize the collected data in table
form. The data could be marks scored by
students, temperatures of different towns,
points scored in a volleyball match, etc.
Procedure for Constructing a Frequency Distribution
Step 1: Arrange the scores in ascending order and Ddetermine the range
RANGE= Highest Score - Lowest Score
Step 2: Decide the approximate number of classes in which the data
are to be grouped. In most cases there are 5 to 20 classes.

HA Surges fromula
k = 1 + 3.322logN

Step 3: Determine the approximate class interval

i = R/k

Step 4: Decide the starting point. The lower class limit or class
boundary should cover the smallest value in the raw data. It is a
multiple of class intervals.

Step 5: Determine the remaining class limits or boundaries.

Example;
Consider the raw data below in a array form which is
about the scores of 40 students in a test, construct a
frequency distribution table.
Ascending Order:
118 139 149 161
120 133 180 138 120 140 149 165
140 150 170 153 124 142 150 167
161 149 124 168 128 142 150 168
148 139 161 142 129 142 151 170
130 143 137 147 130 143 152 175
156 151 128 118 130 146 153 180
133 147 156
165 138 147 167 137 147 158
146 150 149 129 138 148 159
152 130 148 159 138 148 161
142 142 175 158
STEP 1: Range= 180-118= 62
STEP 2: k= 1+3.322logN= 1+3.322log40= 6.32 = 6
STEP 3: i=R/k = 62/ 6 = 10.33 = 10
Step 4: Begin with the lowest score 118 and count 10 scores to
complete the lower class limits. So we will have 118-127,
this will be your starting point from the bottom.
STEP 5: To complete all the class limits, add 10 (interval) to 118 and
add 10 to 127 and the process continues up until 178-187.
You should stop at 178-187 since this upper class limits already
covered the highest score 180.
178-187
168-177
158-167
148-157
138-147
128-137
118-127
CLASS LIMITS (X) FREQUENCY
(f)

178-187 1
168-177 3
158-167 6
148-157 10
138-147 11
128-137 6
118-127 3
Total 40
 Measure of Central Tendency
This provides a very convenient way of describing a
set of scores with a single number that describes the
performance of the group. It is also defined as a single value
that is used to describe the “Center” of the data.
Measure of Central Properties
1. Mean
Tendency
2. Median
3. Mode Mean • It is easily affected
by the extreme
The most scores.
c o m m o n l y u s e d • It may not be an actual
m e a s u r e o f t h e score in the distribution
center of data and it • It can be applied
i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o to interval level
of measurement
a s t h e a r i t h m e t i c • It is very easy
average.” to compute.
Example 1:

Scores of 15 students in Mathematics 1 quiz consist of

25 items. The highest score is 25 and the lowest score is 10.
Here are the scores: 25, 20, 18, 18, 17, 15, 15, 15, 14, 14, 13,
12, 12, 10, 10. Find the mean of the given scores.

� 228
���� = = = 15.2
� 15

Analysis:
The average performance of 15 students who participated in
a mathematics quiz consisting 25 items is 15.2. This means that
students who got below 15.2 did not perform well in the said
examination. Student who got scores higher than 15.2 performed
well in the examination compared to the performance of the whole
class.
 ���
���� =
�
Example 3: The scores of 40 students are tabulated below
(X) f Xm (Class fXm
Mark) ���
���� =
178-187 1 182.5 182.5 �
168-177 3 172.5 517.5 5930
���� =
158-167 6 162.5 975 40
148-157 10 152.5 1525 ���� = 148. 25
138-147 11 142.5 1567.5
128-137 6 132.5 795
118-127 3 122.5 367.5
Total 40 5930
To get the class mark add 178 to 187 and divide by 2, the process
continues until the last row
Analysis:
The average performance of 40 students who
participated in an exam is 148.25. This means that students who
got below 148.25 did not perform well in the said examination
and those who got scores higher than 148.25 performed well in
the examination
Example 4
Find the General Weighted Average of Anna for the 1st Sem.Of the SY
2017-2018.

Subjects Grade (X) Weight (Wt)

Filipino 1.25 3
English 1.00 3
Biology 1.25 6
Psychology 1.00 3
Humanities 1.50 3
Literature 1.25 3
NSTP 1.50 3
PE 1.00 2
∑Wt = 26

��� 32.00
��� =
��
= 26
= 1.23
 Measure of Central Tendency Properties
Median It divides the • It may not be an actual
observation in the data set.
distribution into 2 equal • It can be applied in
parts. ordinal level

Example 5: Find the median score of 6 students in mathematics:

5, 10, 8, 12, 15,16
Solution:
To get the median for ungrouped data, arrange first
the score: 5, 8, 10, 12, 15,16. Since there is no middle score
here, get the 2 scores 10 & 11 then divide by 2.
Median = (10+12) / 2= 22/2= 11

Analysis: The median score is 11. Fifty percent (50%) of

the scores are above 11 and 50% are below 11.
 �
�� � = � � + (
−���
(X) f cf LB 2
)
���������
178-187 1 40 177.5
LBmdnclass= Lower Bound of the
168-177 3 39 167.5 median class
158-167 6 36 157.5 cfp= cumulative frequency of the
previous
148-157 10 30 147.5 fmdnclass= frequency median class
138-147 11 20 137.5 i= interval 40
�� � = 137.5+ (
−9
128-137 6 9 127.5 2
)10
11
118-127 3 3 117.5 =147.5
Total 40
ü To complete the cf column, copy the frequency on the last row which is 3. add 3 to 6= 9,
add 9 to 11= 20, add 20 to 10, until you got the total frequency on the first row which is 40.
ü To complete the LB column, just subtract 0.5 to the lower limit of each row. Like 178-0.5,
168-0.5 and so on
ü To find the LB of the median class, compute for n/2 =40/2=20. then locate 20 in the
cf column. If there is no exact 20, then choose the cf within or closer to 20.
Analysis:

The median value is 147.5, which means

that 50% or 20 of the scores are less than
147.5 and 50% or 20 of the scores are more
than 147.5
Measure of Central Tendency Properties

Mode The score or • It can be used when the

data are qualitative as
scores that well as quantitative.
occurred most in the • It may not be unique.
distribution. • It is not affected by extreme
values.
• It may not exist.

Example 6:
Scores of 5 students in mathematics;
5, 8, 10, 10, 15

Answer: 10 is the mode. Since 10 is the most

frequent scores in the distrtibution.
 �1
(X) f LB �� = �� + i
� 1+ � 2
178-187 1 177.5
168-177 3 167.5 d1 = fmdn class-fprecding= 11-6=5
158-167 6 157.5 d2 = fmdn class-fprevious= 11-10= 1
148-157 10 147.5
5
138-147 11 137.5 �� = 137.5 + ( )10
5+1
128-137 6 127.5
�� = 145.83
118-127 3 117.5 �� = 146
Total 40

Analysis:
The mode value is 146, which maeans that 146 is the most
frequent score in the distribution.
 Types of Mode
• unimodal
• bimodal
• trimodal/multimodal

1. Unimodal- is a score distribution that consist of one mode.

Example: 1,2,3,3,4,5 (Mode is 3)
2. Bimodal- is a score distribution that consist of two modes.
Example: 1,2,3,3,4,5,5 (Mode is 3 and 5)

3. Trimodal/Multimodal-a score distribution that consist of

three or more modes.
Example: 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6 (Mode is 3, 4, 5)
 Measures of Variation/Spreadness
It is the extent to which the value is spread out.These
measures describe the extent of “scattering” of
individual items about the average or point of central
location.
Measure of Variation Properties
Range – The difference • It is quick and easy
to understand
between the highest and the lowest
• It is a rough estimation of
score in the distribution.
variation
• It is easily affected by the extreme
Interpretation of Range Value scores.
When the value is large, the
scores in the distribution are more dispersed,,
widespread or heterogeneous, when the
range value is small the scores in the
distribution are l es s d i s p er s ed , l e s s
scattered, or homogenous.
Measure of Variation Properties
Inter-quartile range- • Reduces the influence of
distance between the third extreme
quartile values
and first quartile . • Not as easy as to calculate as
the
range.
• Only considers the middle 50%
of the scores in the
distribution.
• The point of dispersion is the
median value
Quartile Deviation – It is • Not easy to calculate
the amount of spread between • Considers only the middle 50%
the first quartile and the of the scores distribution.
median, or median and the
third quartile
Example 7:
Find the range of the two groups of score distribution.

Group A Group B Range of GroupA = 25

35 30 Range of Group B = 15
30 26
28 25 Analysis:
26 23 Since the range of Group A is
25 17 greater than the range of Group B,
17 17
this means that the scores of Group
A are more spread than the scores
15 16
in group B or the scores in group B
12 16
are less scattered than the scores in
10 15
group A.
 Mean Absolute Deviation
It measures the average deviation of the values from
the arithmetic mean. It gives equal weight to the deviation of
every score in the distribution
�−����
��� =
�

Example 7:
Find the mean deviation of the scores of 10 students in
Mathematics test. Given the scores 35, 30, 26, 24, 20, 18, 18, 16, 15,
10.

Solution: Compute first for mean= 21.2

35−21.2 + 30−21.2 + 26−21.2 ... + 10−21.2
��� =
10

13.8 + 8.8 + 4.8 + 2.8 + 1.2 + 3.2 + 3.2 + 5.2 + 6.2 + 11.2
��� = = 6.04
10
 Measure of Variation Properties

Standard D eviation: • Used when the data are in

This is the most important interval
measures of variation. It is the average or in ratio level of measurement
of all the scores that deviates from the • The most important measure
mean value. of variation or dispersion
Interpretation of standard deviation • It can be applied to interval or
1. If the value of the standard deviation in ratio level of measurement
is large, on the average, the scores in
the distribution will be far from the
mean. Therefore, the scores are
spread out around the mean value.
The distribution is also known as
heterogenous.
2. If the value of standard deviation is
small on the average, the scores in
the distribution will be close to the
mean. Hence, the scores are less
dispersed o r the scores in the
distribution are homogenous.
 Mean= 148.25

(X) (f) Xm Xm-Mean (Xm-Mean)2 f(Xm-Mean)2

178-187 1 182.5 34.25 1173.0625 1 173.0625
168-177 3 172.5 24.25 588.0625 1 764.1875
158-167 6 162.5 14.25 203.0625 1 218. 375
148-157 10 152.5 4.25 18.0625 180.625
138-147 11 142.5 -5.75 33.0625 363. 6875
128-137 6 132.5 -15.75 248.0625 1 488.375
118-127 3 122.5 -25.75 663.0625 1 989.1875
Total 40 8177.5
 Solution:
Standard deviation Variance
8 177.5
�= = 14.48 �2 = 209.67/209.68
39