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Concrete

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Sushil Achhami
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22 views5 pages

Concrete

Uploaded by

Sushil Achhami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General requirements for good foundation:

The foundation systems are required to meet the following important requirements:-
01. The basic requirement for any structure regarding its load resisting capacity is that the structure
shall be constructed in such a way that the combined dead loads, live loads, horizontal loads like
earthquake and wind load can be resisted carried and transmitted to the ground safely without any
structural damage, deflection and distortion.
02. Foundation should be taken sufficient in deep into the ground so that the structure is not affected
by ground movement such as swelling. Shrinking, freezing. The landslide also should not affect the
stability of the building. The structure should be safe against the damage and distress.
03. Foundation base should be rigid so that the differential settlement are minimized, especially in a
case when superimposed loads are not evenly distributed over the foundation.
04. Foundation should also be so located that its performance is not affected due to any unexpected
future influence like earthquake and overloading.
05. Foundations must be designed to resist the ultimate loading cases combination to resist both
overturning and sliding.
06. Foundation should resist attack from chemicals in soil. Groundwater and soil may contain
different types of chemicals which are harmful to the foundation concrete, the most aggressive of
which are sulphates. Sulphate attack can usually be offset by using sulphate resisting cement, but
even this will not be a perfect alternative to the problem unless sufficient care is taken in placing the
concrete, by vibrating and curing.
07. Foundation should be taken deep enough to resist the overturning, though soil bearing capacity
is good at sufficient depth. And also deep enough so as to be free from swelling and swelling.

OBJECTIVES OF SITE INVESTIGATION WORK

Following are the objectives of site investigation or subsurface exploration.

1. To know about the order of occurrence of soil and rock strata.


2. To know about the location of the groundwater table level and its variations.
3. To determine engineering properties of soil.
4. To select a suitable type of foundation.
5. To estimate the probable and maximum differential settlements.
6. To find the bearing capacity of the soil.
7. To predict the lateral earth pressure against retaining walls and abutments.
8. To select suitable soil improvement techniques.
9. To select suitable construction equipment.
10. To forecast problems occurring in foundations and their solutions
Stages in Site Investigation

Site investigation or sub-soil exploration is carried out stage-wise as given below.

1. Site Reconnaissance
2. Preliminary site exploration
3. Detailed exploration
4. Preparation of soil investigation report

1. Site Reconnaissance

Site reconnaissance is the first stage of site investigation. In this stage, visual inspection of the site is done

and information about topographical and geological features of the site are collected. The general

observations made in site reconnaissance are as follows :

1. Presence of drainage ditches and dumping yards etc.


2. Location of groundwater table by observing well in that site.
3. Presence of springs, swamps, etc.
4. High flood level marks on the bridges, high rise buildings, etc. are observed.
5. Presence of vegetation and nature of the soil.
6. Past records of landslides, floods, shrinkage cracks, etc. of that region.
7. Study of aerial photographs of the site, blueprints of present buildings, geological maps, etc.
8. Observation of deep cuts to know about the stratification of soils.
9. Observation of Settlement cracks of existing structures.

2. Preliminary Site Exploration

Preliminary site exploration is carried out for small projects, light structures, highways, airfields, etc. The

main objective of preliminary exploration is to obtain an approximate picture of sub-soil conditions at low

cost. It is also called general site exploration. The soil sample is collected from experimental borings and

shallow test pits and simple laboratory tests such as moisture content test, density, unconfined

compressive strength test, etc. are conducted. Simple field tests such as penetration methods, sounding

methods, geophysical methods are performed to get the relative density of soils, strength properties, etc.

The data collected about subsoil should be sufficient enough to design and build light structures.

Following are some of the general information obtained through primary site exploration.

1. Approximates values of soil's compressive strength.


2. Position of the groundwater table.
3. Depth and extent of soil strata.
4. Soil composition.
5. Depth of hard stratum from ground level.
6. Engineering properties of soil ( disturbed sample)

3. Detailed Site Exploration

Detailed exploration is preferred for complex projects, major engineering works, heavy structures like

dams, bridges, high rise buildings, etc. A huge amount of capital is required for a detailed site exploration

hence, it is not recommended for minor engineering works where the budget is limited. For such type of

works, data collected through preliminary site exploration is enough. In this stage, numerous field tests

such as in-situ vane shear test, plate load test, etc. and laboratory tests such as permeability tests,

compressive strength test on undistracted soil samples are conducted to get exact values of soil properties.

Different methods of site exploration which are used in both preliminary and detailed site exploration are

explained in the link given below.

4. Preparation of Report of Sub-Soil Exploration

After performing preliminary or detailed site exploration methods a report should be prepared. A sub-soil

investigation or exploration report generally has the following sections :

1. Introduction
2. Scope of site investigation
3. Description of the proposed structure, purpose of site investigation
4. Site reconnaissance details
5. Site exploration details such as number, location and depth of boreholes, sampling details etc.
6. Methods performed in site exploration and their results.
7. Laboratory tests performed and their results.
8. Details of Groundwater table level and position.
9. Recommended improvement methods if needed.
10. Recommended types of foundations, structural details, etc.
11. Conclusion.
3. Difference between shallow and deep foundation

There are certain factors that should be considered during the selecting the foundation.

1. Type of structure

2. Type of loading pattern


3. Location of the building (region of building)
4. Soil condition
5. Water table level
6. Types of material that will used in construction
7. Lifespan of structure

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