ENGAGE CARAGA:

ENGAGING CARAGA LGUS ON THE USE OF GEO-SAFER

FLOOD HAZARD MAPS FOR BUILDING RESILIENCE AND
REDUCING VULNERABILITY
PROJECT 5.
CAPABILITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES ON FLOOD RESILIENCE AND REDUCING
VULNERABILITIES

BASIC MAP READING AND COMPOSITION OF MAPS

RESOURCE PERSON:
ENGR. KENDEL P. BOLANIO
DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND GEOSCIENCES
CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

 Definition of Map
 Uses of Maps
 Basic Map Contents
 Map Elements
 Basic Map Symbology
 Map Design
WHAT IS A MAP?

▪ A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the

real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct
spatial location at a reduced scale.

https://www.amazon.com/Handmade-Countries-Geographical-Educational-Geography/dp/B086D48RQ1
USES OF MAPS

▪ Agriculture
• Planning geographic location of agricultural support services
• Tool for the conduct of agricultural surveys
▪ Agrarian Reform
• For identifying areas for CARP
• For processing applications for Emancipation patents
▪ Economic or Physical Framework Planning
• For monitoring and evaluation by geographic location
• For planning urban and regional growth centers and countryside development
USES OF MAPS

▪ Health
• As a guide for sampling enumeration surveys
• For planning location and monitoring of health services
▪ Social Welfare and Development
• For planning relief operations
▪ Lands
• Land surveys and evaluation, tax mapping
▪ Public Works
• For infrastructure planning, design and development, and utilities mapping
BASIC MAP CONTENTS

▪ Primary Content
• Actual subject of the map or its main theme, i.e., land use, geology, topography
▪ Secondary Content
• Includes grids, graticules and values of longitude and latitude around the maps
sheet, i.e., administrative boundaries and roads
▪ Supportive Content
• Are the marginal information such as the title, scale, scale bar, legend, location
diagram, projection, explanatory text, north orientation, date and author
BASIC MAP CONTENTS

Supportive
Primary Content
Content
Secondary
Content
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS
Title

North Arrow

Scale

Map Body Projection

Grid
Legend

Author

Data Source

Inset Map
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Map Title
• Defines the information and
purpose of the map
• It usually includes the map theme
and the geographic location.
• It should be in a larger font and
should match the needs of the
theme of the audience.
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Legend
• The Legend lists all the unknown or
unique map symbols used on the
map and what they depict.
• Key element for map reading
• It provides explanation and
classification of the map elements.
• Without the legend, it is hard to
understand the symbols used on a
map.
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Scale
• Scale is the relationship between a distance on the map and the true
distance on the ground measured in the same unit. Ex. 1:10,000
• Small (e.g., 1:250,000) vs. large (e.g., 1:10,000)
• There must be only one scale for the map.
• 1:10,000
o 1 mm : 10,000 mm
o 1 mm : 10 m
o 1 cm : 10,000 cm
o 1 cm : 100 m
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

Scale: 1:16,000,000 Scale: 1:15,000

BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Ways to Show the Map Scale

• Graphic scale is a line or with the distance represented by the length of the
line/bar marked on the ends of the line/bar (also called scale bar)

• Fractional scale like 1:5,000 or 1:1,000,000

BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Inset Map
• An inset map is a small map relative
to the primary map.
• The general location or context of
the main body
• This shows an area of the primary
map in more detail by zooming in to
a portion of the primary map.
• This gives an overview of the primary
map’s location by zooming out from
the primary map.
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ North Arrow
• Provides the user the proper
perspective in interpreting the
information on the map.
• This allows the user to determine
the direction of the map.
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Source of Data, Date, and Author

• Source of information and its date or the date of the survey or period
covered
• Name of the author/producer of the map
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Explanatory Text
• Added for the purposes of further clarification, interpretation and
evaluation of the contents of the maps.
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Labels
• They are used to provide
descriptive and important
information onto or next to the Labels
features on the map.
• Labels on the map need to be
placed with purpose.
• They should not be overlap
because they become unreadable.
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS

▪ Grid
• Grid is a reference system made of straight lines intersecting one another at
right angles.
• Represents information as an array of equally-sized square cells arranged in
rows and columns
• Most maps are Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS
150km by 150 km grid
▪ Grid

Grids are expressed in the native X

and Y coordinates of the coordinate
system of the layer.
BASIC MAP SYMBOLOGY

▪ Data depicted on maps are themselves symbolic representation of

geographic phenomena and the Earth’s surface
▪ Only at a scale of 1:1 could physical data be depicted at its true size and
in complete detail. However, this is not practical.
▪ All features must undergo a process of simplification, generalization
(sometimes exaggeration), and finally symbolization.
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ In cartography, seven symbol variations are called visual variables which are
used in the construction of symbols.
▪ These variables are perceivable to our eyes and are available as primary
building stones of cartographic representation.
• Position
• Form
• Orientation
• Color
• Value
• Texture
• Size
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Position
• Coordinates (latitude and longitude or x and y) applicable to points, lines
and areas
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Form
• Symbols or styles for points, lines and areas
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Orientation
• Rotation angle of points
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Color
• Perhaps the most powerful and most frequently used visual variable in
symbol design
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Colors Used in Maps

• Blue - lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, reservoirs, highways, local borders
• Red - major highways, roads, urban areas, airports, special interest sites,
military sites, place names, buildings, borders
• Yellow - built-up or urban areas
• Green - parks, golf courses, reservations, forest, orchards, highways
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Colors Used in Maps

• Brown - deserts, historical sites, national parks, military reservations or
bases, contour (elevation) lines
• Black - roads, railroads, highways, bridges, place names, buildings, borders
• Purple - highways, (also used on USGS topographic maps to represent
features added to the map since the original survey)
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Value
• Applied to color visual variable
• Values on the grey scale ranging from white to black
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Texture
• refers to the pattern used to fill the body of the symbol
VISUAL VARIABLES

▪ Size
• indicates the dimensions of the symbol
VISUAL VARIABLES

•?

•?

•?

•?
VISUAL VARIABLES

• Size

• Texture

• Color

• Form
TYPES OF INFORMATION

▪ Nominal Data
• refers to textual, descriptive
information about the
phenomena being mapped.
o E.g., arable land pasture land built
up area forest
TYPES OF INFORMATION

▪ Ordinal Data
• data with clear element of order,
though not quantitatively
determined.
o E.g., barangay municipality
province, region
TYPES OF INFORMATION

▪ Interval Data
• Ranking of data and the interval
between the data is qualitatively
determined; however, the zero
point is arbitrary.
o E.g., temperature, altitude, year of
establishment, sea level

Source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog160/c3_p8.html
TYPES OF INFORMATION

 Nominal
TYPES OF INFORMATION

 Ordinal
TYPES OF INFORMATION

 Interval
LETTERING OF A MAP
MAP DESIGN

▪ Driven by two (2) goals:

• To create a map • To create a map

that appropriately that communicates
serves the map user efficiently, with
and the map’s simplicity and
intended use clarity
MAP DESIGN
▪ Results in maps that effectively communicate geographic information to
the intended audience

An ineffective communicator An effective communicator

DAGHANG SALAMAT SA PAGPAMINAW!