Module 6 - Wind Energy
Module 6 - Wind Energy
1.Site specific
2.It requires to water reservoir to store water
or batteries to store electricity
3.It requires back-up system for areas where
wind supply is low
4.High initial cost
Applications
1.Pumping water (domestic water supply, village
water system, crop irrigation, water supply for
poultry and livestock farm, bottling plants, gasoline
stations
2.Power generation (individual household, village
electric supply, supply to grid)
3.Compressed Air Generation - for driving lift pump,
compressors, pneumatic control devices, etc
4.Driving Mechanical Machines - milling grains, low
lift pumping for salt ponds, drainage of water, etc
Classifications of Wind Energy
Converters
Pw = 1/2 a Ar V 3
Where: Pw - wind power, watts
a - air density, 1.25
kg/m3
Ar - area of the rotor, m2
V - wind velocity, m/s
• Performance coefficient - ratio between the
mechanical power actually attained directly at
the rotor and the wind power
Cp = Ps / Pw
Where: Cp - performance coefficient
Ps - shaft power, w
Pw - wind power, w
Rotor Cp
Horizontal Axis
Two bladed 0.47
Farm 0.30
Modern Propeller 0.47
Dutch four arm type 0.17
Vertical Axis
Darrieus 0.35
Savoinius 0.23
Torque Coefficient - ratio of the torque at the rotor to the reference torque
Tip-Speed Ratio - ratio of the circumferential velocity at the tip of the rotor to the
velocity of the incoming wind
= [2 R N] / Vw
where: - tip speed ratio
R - rotor radius, m
N - rotor speed, rps
Number of
Blades
V - wind velocity, m/s
1 6 - 20
2 4-12
3 3-6
4 2-4
5-8 2-3
8 - 15 1 -2
• Airfoil - it is the surface of the blade over which air flows. Lift is
the force measured perpendicular to the airflow while drag is
measured parallel to the flow. The lower the ratio of the drag to lift
the better the airfoil.
• Angle of Attack - it is an angle required to lift an airfoil. Angle of
attack ranged from 2 to 14 degrees.
Cd – drag Cl – lift
coefficient coefficient
• Solidity - it is the ratio of the projected are to the swept
area of the rotor. For farm windmill, the solidity is 0.7
while for high-speed lift type propeller the solidity is
0.01 to 0.1
• Overall system efficiency - it is the ratio of thee power
output of the machine to the power input. Typical
efficiency for wind generators is about 20% and for
windpump is 10%
Power Output - it is the power delivered by lifting a given rate of water
from a certain head or the power generated by the generator for a given
voltage and current delivered.
Ph = w g Q H
• Cut-In Wind Speed - it is the speed of the wind required to start the rotor.
• Cut-Out wind speed - It is the speed of the wind required to stop the
rotor.
• Rated Speed - the speed of the wind recommended by the manufacturer
to optimally operate the wind machine
Component Parts of Wind
Machines
1. Windpump
a. Rotor
b. Tail vane and Side vane
c. Head
d. Transmission and Push rod
e. Pump
f. Tower
g. Tank
h. Well
2. Wind Turbine
a. Wind Generating System
1) Rotor and blades
2) Generator
3) Tail vane
4) Wind control devices
5) Tower
b. Battery Storage System
(1) Control panel
(2) Battery bank
(3) Inverter
(4) Fuse box
c. Utility -Connected System
(1) Control panel
(2) Synchronous inverter
(3) Fuse box
(4) Utility meter
(5) Transformer