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Module 6 - Wind Energy

The document discusses wind energy, including the basic principles of wind power generation and the types and components of wind energy conversion systems. It covers topics like wind sources and patterns in the Philippines, the power output from wind based on speed, rotor design, and applications of wind energy for water pumping, power generation, and other uses.

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cainglettherese
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Module 6 - Wind Energy

The document discusses wind energy, including the basic principles of wind power generation and the types and components of wind energy conversion systems. It covers topics like wind sources and patterns in the Philippines, the power output from wind based on speed, rotor design, and applications of wind energy for water pumping, power generation, and other uses.

Uploaded by

cainglettherese
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WIND ENERGY

1.It is a secondary form of solar energy


2.It is derived from the kinetic energy of
moving air that is converted to mechanical
power through a mechanism called rotor
Principal Sources of Wind in the Philippines

1.Northeast Monsoon - originates from


northern Asiatic land mass and reaches
Philippines in late October to April
2.Southwest Monsoon - originates from
Indian ocean starting mid-June to
September
Basic Principle
1.The kinetic energy of the wind in a unit time increases with the cube
of the wind speed
2.Doubling the wind speed increases the power output be eight times
3.Doubling the rotor diameter will increase the available power by four
times
4.Generally wind machines can only extract about 59% of the wind
kinetic energy (Betz coefficient)
5.Actual performance of the wind machine varies from 10 to 50%
depending on the rotor.
6.Slow running multi-bladed rotor has lower efficiency compared to
fast running two or three bladed rotor.
7.Multi-bladed rotor are slow speed high torque wind machines and are
suitable for mechanical water pumping and grain milling
8.Few bladed rotor are fast running and produces low torque and are
suitable for power generation and consequently for running electric
motors
Advantages

1.Environment free technology


2.Abundant source of wind and the supply is
available throughout the year
3.No fuel cost and minimum very usually no labor is
required to operate
Limitations

1.Site specific
2.It requires to water reservoir to store water
or batteries to store electricity
3.It requires back-up system for areas where
wind supply is low
4.High initial cost
Applications
1.Pumping water (domestic water supply, village
water system, crop irrigation, water supply for
poultry and livestock farm, bottling plants, gasoline
stations
2.Power generation (individual household, village
electric supply, supply to grid)
3.Compressed Air Generation - for driving lift pump,
compressors, pneumatic control devices, etc
4.Driving Mechanical Machines - milling grains, low
lift pumping for salt ponds, drainage of water, etc
Classifications of Wind Energy
Converters

1. Vertical-Axis Rotor - the axis of


rotation of the rotor is
perpendicular to the wind direction
a. no need of turning the machine with the wind
b. has lower efficiency compared to horizontal-axis
rotor
c. requires more material to produce the same power
output that of the horizontal-axis wind machine
d. generally needs high starting wind velocity
e. hardly utilize lift except for Darrieus rotor
2. Head-On Horizontal Axis Rotor - the axis of rotation
of the rotor is parallel with the wind direction.
a. high rotational speed and more power output especially
the few bladed rotors
b. high torque for multi-bladed rotors
c. more efficient compared with vertical-axis rotor
d. requires less material per unit power output
3. Crosswind Horizontal Axis Rotor - the
rotation of the rotor is both horizontal to the
surface of the earth and perpendicular to the
direction of the wind stream.
a. not effective since it is a system that is
dependent with the wind direction
b. complicated design
c. low efficiency
d. no significant advantage over head-on
horizontal axis and vertical axis rotors
• Wind Power - it is the amount of energy available from the wind within a unit
of time expressed in watts

Pw = 1/2 a Ar V 3
Where: Pw - wind power, watts
a - air density, 1.25
kg/m3
Ar - area of the rotor, m2
V - wind velocity, m/s
• Performance coefficient - ratio between the
mechanical power actually attained directly at
the rotor and the wind power
Cp = Ps / Pw
Where: Cp - performance coefficient
Ps - shaft power, w
Pw - wind power, w
Rotor Cp
Horizontal Axis
Two bladed 0.47
Farm 0.30
Modern Propeller 0.47
Dutch four arm type 0.17
Vertical Axis
Darrieus 0.35
Savoinius 0.23
Torque Coefficient - ratio of the torque at the rotor to the reference torque
Tip-Speed Ratio - ratio of the circumferential velocity at the tip of the rotor to the
velocity of the incoming wind

 = [2  R N] / Vw
where:  - tip speed ratio
R - rotor radius, m
N - rotor speed, rps
 Number of
Blades
V - wind velocity, m/s
1 6 - 20
2 4-12
3 3-6
4 2-4
5-8 2-3
8 - 15 1 -2
• Airfoil - it is the surface of the blade over which air flows. Lift is
the force measured perpendicular to the airflow while drag is
measured parallel to the flow. The lower the ratio of the drag to lift
the better the airfoil.
• Angle of Attack - it is an angle required to lift an airfoil. Angle of
attack ranged from 2 to 14 degrees.

Airfoil Cd/Cl Angle of Attack (deg)


Sail and Pole 0.1 5
Flat steel sheet 0.1 4
Arched steel plate 0.02 3-4
Arch steel plate with tube on concave side 0.05 4-5
Arched steel plate on convex side 0.2 14
Sail wing 0.05 2

Cd – drag Cl – lift
coefficient coefficient
• Solidity - it is the ratio of the projected are to the swept
area of the rotor. For farm windmill, the solidity is 0.7
while for high-speed lift type propeller the solidity is
0.01 to 0.1
• Overall system efficiency - it is the ratio of thee power
output of the machine to the power input. Typical
efficiency for wind generators is about 20% and for
windpump is 10%
Power Output - it is the power delivered by lifting a given rate of water
from a certain head or the power generated by the generator for a given
voltage and current delivered.

Ph = w g Q H

Where: Ph - hydraulic power, watts


w - water density, 1000 kg/m3
g - gravitational acceleration, 9.8 m/s2
Q - water flow, m3/s
H - lifting head, m
Pg = VI cos 

• Cut-In Wind Speed - it is the speed of the wind required to start the rotor.
• Cut-Out wind speed - It is the speed of the wind required to stop the
rotor.
• Rated Speed - the speed of the wind recommended by the manufacturer
to optimally operate the wind machine
Component Parts of Wind
Machines
1. Windpump
a. Rotor
b. Tail vane and Side vane
c. Head
d. Transmission and Push rod
e. Pump
f. Tower
g. Tank
h. Well
2. Wind Turbine
a. Wind Generating System
1) Rotor and blades
2) Generator
3) Tail vane
4) Wind control devices
5) Tower
b. Battery Storage System
(1) Control panel
(2) Battery bank
(3) Inverter
(4) Fuse box
c. Utility -Connected System
(1) Control panel
(2) Synchronous inverter
(3) Fuse box
(4) Utility meter
(5) Transformer

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