NON CONVENTIONAL

MATERIALS
Khyathi R - 2020BARC015
Saloni Dessai - 2020BARC023
Bhavana P B - 2020BARC073
MATERIALS.
1. PAPER
SHIGERU BAN

The pioneer in using the material in

architecture is the Japanese architect
and Pritzker Prize winner, Shigeru
Ban.

Ban thought that paper could be a

flexible material as it is derived from
the pulp and can be molded to
whatever shape he wanted.

The cardboard tube structures

developed by Ban are rigorously
engineered to ensure proper stability,
safety and maintenance and includes
special treatments to make them
fireproof and inhibit moisture
penetration.
APPLICATIONS
After the great Hansobe-Awaji earthquake
in 1995 left 310,000 people homeless, Ban
created the first "Paper Log House" using
cardboard tubes for walls and beer
cartons weighed by sandbags as
foundations.

Shigeru Ban has widely been involved in

disaster management projects and most
of his buildings are temporary structures
that could be dismantled and reused for
refugees.

Paper appeals to Ban because it is

low-cost, eco-friendly, low-tech, and
replaceable. He gives the employment
opportunity to local people like
craftsman to construct his building than
going to skilled professionals
APPLICATIONS

The largest structure where paper was used

as structural elements was the Japan
Pavilion at the Expo in Hannover in 2000.A
secondary wood-arch structure above the
tubes held the roof membrane and
provided secondary support for the tubes.

Designed by Shigeru Ban in cooperation

with Frei Otto, the pavilion was a
double-curved surface with the dimensions
of 74 m long, 25 m wide, and 16 m high.
The pavilion was a three-dimensional 1-m
grid shell composed of 440 paper tubes.
The tubes overlapped themselves and were
connected to each other with elastic bands
to allow three-dimensional movement and
rotation during the construction process.

Fireproof paper infused with fibre glass was

used
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS

According to existing research,

Although each paper tube bench
weighs no more than 60 kg, it is able
to support weight up to 1500 kg
each by the flat crush compression
test, equivalent to the weight of 20
people. In order to meet various
needs and performances of
paper-tubes, the further study for
vertical and horizontal compression
of paper-tubes is needed.

Modulus of elasticity
Compression
Tension
0 0
PROPERTIES
● Fire Resistance: Paper tubes are generally considered to
have poor fire resistance. However, flame-retardant
coatings or additives can be applied to improve their fire
performance.

● Service life of paper tube buildings is approximately 15

to 20 years as stated by Ayan (2009).

The paper school in China has been in use for over 10

years and has survived several earthquakes ever since,
and the Takatori Catholic Church, built in 1995 in Japan,
was donated to a city in Taiwan where it remains to this
day.

● Cardboard’s high level of embodied energy is offset by

its thermal performance. The overall lifetime energy
costs are low for cardboard buildings, even considering
the potentially frequent replacements of building
components.
COMPARISON OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CONVENTIONAL
MATERIALS AND PAPER

Thermal performances
were measured; the
thermal conductivity of
the experimented
samples ranged from
0.071 to 0.093 W·m−1 ·K
−1 , thus it is possible to
classify the tested
materials as thermal
insulators.

Thermal conductivity in
W/ m.K

5
5 5
COST COMPARISON OF SIMPLE TEMPORARY HOUSING

Cost in USD/ m2

Lee et al., International Journal of

Applied Science and Engineering, 19(1),
2021243

0
ADVANTAGES

● Paper is a universally found, easily available material of natural

origin. It is cheap in production, eco-friendly and easy to recycle
and re-use.

● Because it is lightweight, it does not require very sturdy

foundations, reducing construction time and cost.

● As the installation process is done using fittings and ties, it is

easy to disassemble and reassemble.

● It's simple and quick installation means that it is not

necessary that the workmanship is specialized.

● The tubular shape offers the possibility of embedding

hydraulic and electrical systems and optimizes thermal
and acoustic resistance (as a function of the air wall inside
the tubes).

Lee et al., International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 19(1), 2021243
SHORTCOMINGS

● The greatest threat to paper is humidity. Water causes the bonds between the fibre molecules to
break, thus turning paper into pulp, which will lose the physical properties essential for
load-bearing structures, such as strength and stiffness.

● Other potentially destructive threats to structures made of paper include fire, fungi and insects.

● Structures made out of paper tubes are extremely lightweight and fragile, hence the analytical
modes of estimation in engineering them, the accounted safety factor and the precision in
production and execution is significantly larger than conventional structures

● Materials like glue, coating or resins, which are used to connect the various elements of
cardboard structures or to protect them from water and fire, may cause cardboard elements to be
unsuited to recycling. When it comes to the sustainability of paper building, this is a decisive
factor.

● Limited applications in multi storey structures

FUTURE APPLICABILITY

● Though Shigeru Ban’s projects have already proven the potential of cardboard, it is
important to point out that their use is still experimental and demands more technical
studies and codes for its more broader application in the construction industry.

● The biggest threat for paper-based products in architectural structures is the lack of
standardized construction guidelines. Paper may have different properties depending on
the resource material, pulping and paper process, and finishing process i.e. calendaring,
coating, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to determine standardized values for paper products in
general.

● There is still a lack of complementary research to embrace paper products as a building

material from the mechanical, thermal and acoustic point of view with the respect to the
methods of lamination and impregnation, and their impact on pro-ecological features of
the material (Łątka,2022)
REFERENCES

● https://www.archdaily.com/913567/cardboard-from-industrial-workhouse-to-shigeru-bans-master-material

● Dhivya, K., & Yogapriya, G. (2021). Approach of sustainability using paper as a building material in Shigeru Ban works. Journal
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 6(7), 01-04.

● Latka, J. F. (2017). Paper in architecture: Research by design, engineering and prototyping. A+ BE| Architecture and the Built
Environment, (19), 1-532.

● Łątka, J. F., Jasiołek, A., Karolak, A., Niewiadomski, P., Noszczyk, P., Klimek, A., ... & Jezierska, D. (2022). Properties of
paper-based products as a building material in architecture–An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Building Engineering, 50,
104135.

● Liuzzi, S., Rubino, C., Martellotta, F., & Stefanizzi, P. (2023). Sustainable Materials from Waste Paper: Thermal and Acoustical
Characterization. Applied Sciences, 13(8), 4710.

● Aldawi, F., Alam, F., Khan, I., & Alghamdi, M. (2013). Effect of climates and building materials on house wall thermal
performance. Procedia Engineering, 56, 661-666.
2. BAMBOO
BEGINNINGS

● In the Philippines and Polynesia, bamboo has been

used for hundreds of years to build inexpensive,
hurricane-resistant housing, sometimes called “nipa
huts.”

● In most of its earliest applications, bamboo was

typically left whole, in its round form and bundled or
tied together to form structures. The nipa huts were
made of bamboo that had been split and woven
together. Later, artisans began to sculpt and shape the
bamboo by compressing and training it into shapes like
arches and squares to make it easier to work with as a
building material.
BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

● Bamboo is a tall tropical plant with hard and hollow

stems. Bamboo is a natural product which is widely
used in the construction of partition walls floorings,
ceiling panels and for roofing.

● It is one of the fastest-growing plants in all over the

world and a renewable resource which can be
cultivated in different types of soil.

● Utilization of Bamboo for construction is achieved by a

structural frame technique which is related to same
approach applied in usual timber frame design and
construction. In the case bamboo, floor, walls and roof
are interconnected and often rely on the other for
overall stability

A thorough treatment of Bamboo is required to protect it against insects and rot before it is put into use. Commonly a
mixture of Borax and Boric acid are utilized for this purpose. Another procedure generally employed is to boil cut
bamboo to remove the starches that draw insects.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
FOUNDATION
There is very limited use of
bamboo as foundation
material because when in
contact with moisture laden
surface they decay fast.
However, this issue can be
tackled to quite an extent
though proper treatment
using appropriate chemicals.
The various types of
foundations constructed with
bamboo are: a) Bamboo
which is in direct contact
with ground surface. b)
Bamboo fixed to rock or
preformed concrete footings
c) Composite bamboo or
concrete columns d) Bamboo
piles
WALLS

Bamboo is extensively
used for construction of
walls and partitions.
Posts and beams are the
main elements normally
constructed with
bamboo provide
structural framework for
walls. They positioned in
a way to be able to
withstand forces of
nature. An infill is used
between framing
elements to add
strength and stability to
the walls.
FLOORING NAILS
COMPARISON OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CONVENTIONAL
MATERIALS AND BAMBOO

Thermal performances
were measured; the
thermal conductivity of
the experimented
samples ranged from
0.071 to 0.093 W·m−1 ·K
−1 , thus it is possible to
classify the tested
materials as thermal
insulators.

Thermal conductivity in
W/ m.K

5
5 5
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS

Modulus of elasticity
Compression
Tension

0 0
ADVANTAGES

● Tensile strength: Bamboo has higher tensile strength than steel because its fibers run axially.

● Fire Resistance: Capability of bamboo to resist fire is very high and it can withstand temperature up to 4000 C.
This is due to the presence of high value of silicate acid and water.

● Elasticity: Bamboo is widely preferred in earthquake prone regions due to its elastic features.

● Weight of bamboo: Bamboos due to their low weight are easily displaced or installed making it very easier for
transportation and construction.

● Unlike other building materials like cement and asbestos, bamboo poses no danger to health.

● They are cost effective and easy to use.

● They are especially in great demand in earthquake prone areas.

 SHORTCOMINGS

● They require preservation

● Shrinkage: Bamboo shrinks much greater than any other type of timber especially when it loses water.

● Durability: Bamboo should be sufficiently treated against insect or fungus attack before being utilized for
building purposes.

● Jointing: Despite prevalence of various techniques of jointing, structural reliability of bamboo is questionable.
REFERENCES

● https://theconstructor.org/building/bamboo-as-a-building-material-uses-advantages/14838/

● Dhinesh, B., & Yogapriya, G. (2021). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Strictus),
February 2014

● https://civiljungle.com/bamboo/

● https://www.indovance.com/knowledge-center/bamboo-benefits-as-a-mainstream-and-sustainable-building-material/#:~:t
ext=Bamboo%20has%20an%20extremely%20robust,bamboo%20has%20a%20wider%20spread.

● https://bamboocreative.org/workshops/
ARCHITECTS.
SANTIAGO CALATRAVA
me,there
“To me, thereare
aretwo
two overriding
overriding principles
principles tofound
to be be found in nature
in nature whichwhich
are most appropriate for building; one is the
optimal
are mostuse of material, for
appropriate the building;
other the one
capacity of optimal
is the organisms
useto of
change shape, to grow, and to move.”
material,
the other the capacity of organisms to change shape, to grow, and to
move.”

Along with being a talented architect and structural

engineer, Calatrava is also a sculptor and painter. While
he has claimed to not follow any particular architectural
style or movement, he has drawn inspiration from the
works of engineers and sculptors.

Calatrava is fascinated by the concept of movement in

buildings and sculptures. He has often tried to
translate this idea of the flexibility of structures into
many of his projects with varied success.
CONCEPTS

TURNING TORSO OCULUS METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART

CONCEPTS

AUDITORIO DE TENERIFE
 WHITE CONCRETE ALUMINIUM PANELS WHITEWASH

GLASS STEEL RIBS PARAMETRIC DESIGN

SHIGERU BAN

“I’m not inventing anything new,

I’m just using existing material differently.”

Shigeru Ban is a Japanese architect, known for his innovative

work with paper, particularly recycled cardboard tubes used to
quickly and efficiently house disaster victims.

Many of his notable designs are structures which are

temporary, prefabricated, or incorporate inexpensive and
unconventional materials in innovative ways. In 2014, Ban won
the Pritzker Prize, for his innovative use of material and his
dedication to humanitarian efforts around the world.
CONCEPTS CENTRE POMPIDOU- METZ

THE JAPANESE PAVILION

CONCEPTS

THE CARDBOARD CATHEDRAL

CAMPERS HOUSE OF SHOES

TIMBER

STEEL JOINERY

TIMBER
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES.
SHOTCRETE
ABOUT

Shotcrete is a method of applying concrete projected at high

velocity primarily on to a vertical or overhead surface. The
impact created by the application consolidates the concrete.

Although the hardened properties of shotcrete are similar to

those of conventional cast-in-place concrete, the nature of the
placement process results in an excellent bond with most
substrates, and rapid or instant capabilities, particularly on
complex forms or shapes.
APPLICATION

STABILIZE CLIFFS
● Shotcrete is used in new construction and repairs and is suitable
for curved and thin elements

● used for a variety of fancy concrete structures, including artificial

rock walls, zoo enclosures, canopy roofs, refractory linings, pools,

TUNNEL BINDING
and dams.

● Sometimes used in tunneling to bind the walls of the tunnel to

prevent leaks and fragmentation.

● Stabilize cliffs

● Shotcrete is commonly used to line tunnel walls, in mines,

subways, and automobile tunnels.

POOLS
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Shotcrete is applied using a wet- or dry-mix process. The wet-mix shotcrete

process mixes all ingredients, including water, before introduction into the
delivery hose. The dry-mix shotcrete process adds water to the mix at the
nozzle.

This construction technique was invented by Carl Akeley and first used in 1907.
The concrete is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or
fibers.

For structural uses, shotcrete is usually applied over a framework of reinforcing

bars and steel mesh.

The concrete or mortar is formulated to be sticky and resist flowing when at

rest to allow use on walls and ceilings, but exhibit sufficient shear thinning to
be easily plumbable through hoses.
 EXAMPLES

Los Olas Corridor Improvements – Shade At the heart of the the new Richard Gilder A shotcrete curvilinear wall Interior of
Canopy. The pavilion canopy is 24 ft high and Center for Science, Education, and the main hall of the Museum of the
has a footprint of 77 ft by 64 ft. The roof, with Innovation at the American Museum of History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. The
its wavelike undulations, cantilevers up to 29 Natural History (AMNH), opening to the three-dimensional (3-D), curvilinear
feet from the columns. The sumptuously public on May 4, is a five-story atrium made wall symbolizes the Red Sea parting
curved, three-dimensional, canopy roof was from shotcrete, or sprayed concrete.The for the Hebrews’ exodus from Egypt,
constructed using the wet-mix shotcrete five-story atrium is traversed by bridges on and it forms the main spatial element
process and ACI-certified shotcrete two levels and has numerous openings into for the interior of the Museum of the
nozzleman. the circulation that rings the space. History of Polish Jews.
Miami Beach’s
New World
Symphony
Concert Hall
PROS
Economical
The shotcrete process requires less formwork and can be more economical than conventionally placed
concrete.

Complex forms
Good for particularly complex forms or shapes.

Versatility
Can take any shape, is easily coloured, and can be sculptured after application

Resistance
Shotcrete has the characteristics of high compressive strength, good durability, water tightness and frost
resistance.

Density
Employing the shotcrete method properly ensures the concrete will be compact and durable. The high
velocity at which the mixture is sprayed drives particles into every crevice on the receiving surface,
resulting in a mass typically more durable and long-lasting than other methods can provide.
CONS

Needs quick application

When employing shotcrete, a quick application is necessary to ensure effective results. If the mixture is
not utilized fast enough, it could start to dry beforehand, creating a substance too hard to spray.

Expertise

If done improperly, shotcrete could create a situation worse than other methods; a spray is more likely to
get into unwanted areas. This could also increase the risk for potential damage and cost of cleanup.

Dust

The dust content for dry-mix will be a much bigger factor to consider when choosing an application
method, as dry ingredients are being used. More exposure to dust drastically increases health risks like
lung-related diseases from inhalation of silica, dermatitis and burns on the skin, etc.
THIN SHELLS
ABOUT
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
EXAMPLES
PROS AND CONS
APPLICATION